Caracterização microestrutural de junta soldada com arco submerso e análise da propagação de trincas em um tubo de aço API X 70

In this work a study of an API 5L X70 steel, which is used in the manufacture of oil and gas pipelines, has been made. This class of steel show high strength and ductility values, and has been increasingly studied due the growing demand of oil and natural gas, which in consequence, increases the needing of new pipelines to transport them. The material studied has been directly taken from a tube provided by TenarisConfab, and a special attention has been given to the fatigue crack growth rate study, which proved that a crack will grow at different rates according to the tube position where it is growing

Diretrizes para execução dos estudos geológico-geotécnicos e ambientais voltados à implantação de dutovias

Due to the new discoveries of oil and gas reservoirs, and also the increasing production of bio-fuels, the brazilian general pipeline system is being vertiginously extended. On the other hand, there is a lack of clear parameters that would allow a better utilization of the geological-geotechnical studies in the process of environmental licensing of pipeline systems. Therefore, this paper presents guidelines that would orientate the environmental licensing procedures to build pipeline systems, and also the geological-geotechnical studies that would support the characterization of the physical context. The method applied in this study consisted in the existing data survey and in their organization, analysis and review. In doing so, there is a well-subsidy integration of the many steps of the pipeline system implementation, the required environmental licenses and the investigation methods of the correlated physical context. As a result, it’s presented a flowchart of the guidelines, detailing the interaction between the environmental licensing, the geological-geotechnical studies and the phases of the pipeline’s project.

Avaliação da tenacidade em um aço microligado, grau API, para aplicação em linhas dutoviárias de petróleo e gás

In order to study the mechanical properties of micro alloyed steel API 5L X70, a material used to manufacture pipes for pipeline transportation lines for use in oil and gas, a study was made of toughness, tensile strength, impact strength, hardness and microstructure steel. To perform these various tests were made where they can acquire the characteristics of the material. Were performed at the Faculty of Engineering in Guaratinguetá in the Department of Materials and Technology and the tensile tests, Charpy impact test, metallography and hardness testing of material API 5L X70, all tests were done with the help of technical laboratories. With these data can be an analysis of the material about his tenacity, his toughness and fragility, its hardness, its yield strength and its maximum voltage. After being asked the analyzes discussed the results showed that the micro alloyed steel API 5L X70 steel is a very tenacious, it absorbs impact energy of 300 Joules though without a break for the full body of evidence showing its tenacity

Análise microestrutural de tubos API N80 soldados pelo processo HF/ERW para prospecção de petróleo e gás

On the grounds of the great advances achieved over recent years, the process HF/ERW (High-Frequency/Electric Resistance Welding)welded pipe have played an active role in the oil and gas industry for deep water applications, at high and extremely low temperatures, under high pressure and in highly corrosive environments, gradually replacing manufactured pipes by other processes. However, studies have shown that defects in the welded joints are a the leading causes of pipelines failures, which has required the determination of toughness values in this region, in compliance with the strict recommendations of the codes and standards with manufacturers and construction companies, on the oil and gas sector. As part of the validation process required toughness values, this research project focuses on a microstructural analysis in HF / ERW tubes microalloyed, steel grade API 5CT N80, designed to explore oil and gas in deep waters, the subject of strategic relevance to the country because of the recent discoveries in the Santos mega fields: Tupi and Libra (pre-salt). In this scientific work will be presented and discussed the results of mechanical tensile and Charpy, a few CTOD tests curves (showing the trend of toughness values to be obtained), and the microstructures of the base material obtained by optical microscopy, with special emphasis on the formation of non-metallic inclusions in the welded joint

Modelagem do resfriamento para a zona termicamente afetada pela soldagem de tubos de aço carbono

Because the high consumption of welded pipe for exploration and conduction oil and gas, optimization of manufacturing processes is necessary to obtain better productivity, efficiency and cost reduction. The objective of this study is to analyze the forms of heat transfer during the welding of pipes using longitudinal submerged arc process them to propose a model for the temperature distribution in the welded region. For this analysis are addressed as the heat transfer modes operate in the specified welding process and the necessary considerations for the mathematical model were obtained. The calculations were performed and the simulations needed to obtain the temperature distribution in the tube were carried out. Therefore, the practice was satisfactory and the results showed a range of temperatures along the pipe for a particular model and the future suggestions for improvement of this work

Estudo do comportamento em fadiga de um tubo de aço microligado, grau API 5L X70

This work focuses on a study on the fatigue behavior of a microalloyed steel API 5L X70, used in pipes lines to transport oil and gas. These types of steels have excellent mechanical resistance values and ductility and therefore increased their study driven by increased demand for oil and especially natural gas, which consequently raises the need to build new pipelines to transport these products. The oil extraction units, composed of the risers (pipelines connecting the oil well to the ship), are dimensioned to remain installed for periods of 20 to 30 years in the marine environment, a hostile environment for high pressure, corrosion, low temperatures and the stresses caused by the movement of water and tides. For analysis, the S-N (stress versus number of cycles) curves were obtained from data collected from bodies-of-proof cylindrical longitudinal, transverse and that one removed from the weld area of the pipe, tested in accordance with ASTM E466. Tensile tests were performed for characterizing the mechanical properties of the samples and welded joints, concluded that the values meet the specifications of the standard API 5L. To characterize microstructural material, also metallographic analysis was made of regions of the base metal and the HAZ. The results of fatigue tests demonstrated a higher life for the specimens removed from the longitudinal direction the pipe, followed by those in the transverse direction and, finally, the welded joint. The origins of the fatigue cracks were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

Práticas de gestão da melhoria contínua e aprendizado e suas contribuições para a capacidade de inovação na indústria de construção naval do Brasil

After years of stagnation, the naval construction industry in Brazil has been experiencing a period of recovery caused by investments in the oil and gas sector and the implementation of governmental programs that aimed to regenerate it. However, efforts in learning and innovations are needed in order to reinsert the country in this activity and achieve international levels of competitiveness. Based on literature about learning processes and continuous improvement practices and their impact in the innovative and productive processes, this paper aims to identify the main tendencies, mechanisms and procedures to improve the construction and management processes in the Brazilian naval construction industry. The methodology used for the data analysis classifies obtained information from magazines and annals of congresses of the sector, according to the established analysis categories (phenomena). Such categories study information related to the productive and technological processes of the industry, the main internal and external relations of the industrial park, the management of resources and processes, policies, investments, etc. The data was collected in the period 2004-2010, and more than 500 registers that show a dominance of the investment phenomenon, especially in the increase of productive capacity, were catalogued. In addition to this, there is evidence of modernization in the manufacturing plan and the equipment, diverse forms of cooperation, implementation of human resources management practices and engineering or processes and products. Hence, a process of catching up governs and is guided by modernization and increase training in this industry.

China e a Ásia Central: petróleo, segurança e os Estados Unidos

In the last two decades, the United States have substantially increased their presence in Central Asia. Therefore their presence left China in an uncomfortable position, as China seeks to build a stable and peaceful environment in its near abroad, having under its influence all the countries of Central Asia. One of the ways used by the Chinese government to get closer to the countries of this region is through the oil. Being so, the Chinese oil companies buy rights of exploitation of oil and gas reserves in Central Asia and through this establishes and deepens friendly ties with these countries. This practice became known as oil diplomacy. This new tool of the Chinese government has a double effect: it increases the projection of the Chinese power and dilutes the American influence in the region. In other words, it displeases the United States, and in turn tries to be even more present in Central Asia. The main goal to be worked in this study is how the oil diplomacy increases Chinese influence in Central Asia and dilutes American power in the region. It also aims to explain how the United States uses its presence in Central Asia and on sea lines of communication used to transport oil to contain the Chinese expansion

Ergonomia e design de vestimentas ocupacionais no Brasil: foco em equipamentos de proteção individual no setor de petróleo e gás

Pós-graduação em Design - FAAC

Uso da avaliação do ciclo de vida para a determinação na redução de emissões de gases do efeito estufa e do consumo de energia associados a reciclagem de EPS

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEG

Análise das relações entre parâmetros geolétricos e vazões para o aquífero livre de Caçapava do Sul - RS

The geophysical methods may be employed in aquifer system studies, as determination of groundwater level, soil/rock contact, beyond estimative of the aquifer thickness horizon. The geoeletric methods are particularly relevant in evaluations of the oilfields systems, due to directs relations between porosity and electrical resistivity, which allow inferences about oil and gas production. The indirect estimative of the productions in free aquifers system is something complex before of the diverse variables responsible for factors or physical phenomena, as clays minerals, which conditioned the physical parameters by electric geophysical methods. This paper present analyzed correlation among electrical resistivity, chargeability and direct measure flow in shallow wells, for determination of statistical relationships between parameters and evaluation of the geological constraints evolved. The study count with the 23 shallow wells located in free aquifer, constituted by alteration materials of the granites localized in Caçapava do Sul (RS). The geophysical data are acquired by vertical electric sounding in Schlumberger array. The correlations between electrical resistivity and flow, chargeability and flow, thickness of the soil/saprolite and flow indicated relationships between physical and hydrogeologic parameters, with variations conditioned by factors as porosity, permeability, besides intrinsic geological heterogeneities such soil variable thickness and rock fragments with several alteration degrees.

Análise da resistência à fadiga de tubos de aço API 5CT N80 Tipo Q soldados via processo de indução magnética de alta frequência (HFIW)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Estudo da cadeia petrolífera no Brasil: uma contextualização das tendências da indústria nacional e das relevâncias do PRH48

In the past few years, the Brazilian oil and gas sector had a considered growth, gaining enough relevance at international level, and being extremely important for the Brazilian socioeconomic development. However, the sector is still limited due to technical deficiencies. This work aims to conduct a current study, comprehending the entire oil chain, since it is possible to mention the Brazilian market updates on this context. To support this study, the historical development of the Brazilian petroleum industry was presented and the main stages of the production process were exposed with an emphasis on exploration and production phases. The new technologies developed for deepwater extractions, such as the pre-salt regions, were also discussed and, in the end, the relation of this growing market with the opportunities of the Human Resources Program of n. 48 was highlighted. This program identifies the market's actual needs and it's scarce's areas with the purpose of building capacity and qualified workforces, since it is also aimed, in a national level, a self-sufficient human resources for the sector

Long-term recovery patterns of arctic tundra after winter seismic exploration

In response to the increasing global demand for energy, oil exploration and development are expanding into frontier areas of the Arctic, where slow-growing tundra vegetation and the underlying permafrost soils are very sensitive to disturbance. The creation of vehicle trails on the tundra from seismic exploration for oil has accelerated in the past decade, and the cumulative impact represents a geographic footprint that covers a greater extent of Alaska’s North Slope tundra than all other direct human impacts combined. Seismic exploration for oil and gas was conducted on the coastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska, USA, in the winters of 1984 and 1985. This study documents recovery of vegetation and permafrost soils over a two-decade period after vehicle traffic on snow-covered tundra. Paired permanent vegetation plots (disturbed vs. reference) were monitored six times from 1984 to 2002. Data were collected on percent vegetative cover by plant species and on soil and ground ice characteristics. We developed Bayesian hierarchical models, with temporally and spatially autocorrelated errors, to analyze the effects of vegetation type and initial disturbance levels on recovery patterns of the different plant growth forms as well as soil thaw depth. Plant community composition was altered on the trails by species-specific responses to initial disturbance and subsequent changes in substrate. Long-term changes included increased cover of graminoids and decreased cover of evergreen shrubs and mosses. Trails with low levels of initial disturbance usually improved well over time, whereas those with medium to high levels of initial disturbance recovered slowly. Trails on ice-poor, gravel substrates of riparian areas recovered better than those on ice-rich loamy soils of the uplands, even after severe initial damage. Recovery to pre-disturbance communities was not possible where trail subsidence occurred due to thawing of ground ice. Previous studies of disturbance from winter seismic vehicles in the Arctic predicted short-term and mostly aesthetic impacts, but we found that severe impacts to tundra vegetation persisted for two decades after disturbance under some conditions. We recommend management approaches that should be used to prevent persistent tundra damage.

Estudo da cadeia petrolífera no Brasil: uma contextualização das tendências da indústria nacional e das relevâncias do PRH48

In the past few years, the Brazilian oil and gas sector had a considered growth, gaining enough relevance at international level, and being extremely important for the Brazilian socioeconomic development. However, the sector is still limited due to technical deficiencies. This work aims to conduct a current study, comprehending the entire oil chain, since it is possible to mention the Brazilian market updates on this context. To support this study, the historical development of the Brazilian petroleum industry was presented and the main stages of the production process were exposed with an emphasis on exploration and production phases. The new technologies developed for deepwater extractions, such as the pre-salt regions, were also discussed and, in the end, the relation of this growing market with the opportunities of the Human Resources Program of n. 48 was highlighted. This program identifies the market's actual needs and it's scarce's areas with the purpose of building capacity and qualified workforces, since it is also aimed, in a national level, a self-sufficient human resources for the sector