Perfil da expressão gênica de larvas de Tetrapedia diversipes (Hymenoptera: Apidae) em diapausa

A diapausa é um fenômeno amplamente presente nos artrópodes e é considerada como primordial para o sucesso evolutivo da Classe Insecta, pois possibilita a sobrevivência em condições adversas, como estações frias e secas. Sabe-se que durante a diapausa ocorre o silenciamento de muitos genes e que outros são unicamente expressos nesta fase. Embora existam evidências de que o processo da diapausa tenha se mantido conservado durante a evolução das espécies, ainda há lacunas no conhecimento sobre o nível de conservação dos padrões metabólicos. Um bom modelo para se estudar a diapausa é Tetrapedia diversipes, uma espécie bivoltina de abelha solitária. Os indivíduos que nascem na primeira geração seguem o desenvolvimento desde ovo até adulto em tempo bem menor do que aqueles que nascem na segunda geração; estes retardam o desenvolvimento na fase larval. Além disso, essa espécie é de fácil obtenção no seu ambiente natural, pois apresenta alta taxa de nidificação em ninhos-armadilha. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar o perfil de expressão de genes entre as larvas da 1ª geração (que não entram em diapausa), larvas da 2ª geração (que entrariam em diapausa) e das larvas em diapausa. Foram identificados 196 genes diferencialmente expressos, destes 87 foram anotados. Muitos destes genes já foram descritos na literatura como relacionados à diapausa em outras espécies, no entanto, o padrão de expressão não é conservado. Os genes aqui identificados foram divididos em cinco grupos: relacionados à desintoxicação celular, cutícula e citoesqueleto, metabolismo de lipídeos e esteróis, ciclo celular e outros genes relacionados à diapausa

Método de Rorscharch em adultos: evidências psicométricas da Escola Francesa

O Método de Rorschach é internacionalmente utilizado e reconhecido como instrumento de avaliação psicológica em processos de investigação da personalidade. Para embasar seu adequado uso no contexto do Brasil, contínuos estudos sobre suas evidências psicométricas fazem-se necessários, sobretudo sobre seus indicadores de validade, precisão e referenciais normativos. Nesse contexto, este trabalho objetivou: a) verificar indicadores de precisão e validade do Rorschach (Escola Francesa ou de Paris), por meio da reavaliação de adultos não pacientes do estudo normativo de Pasian (1998), para checagem da estabilidade temporal (estrutural e funcional) das características de personalidade examinadas pelo método (ESTUDO 1); b) revisar e atualizar padrões normativos e atlas da Escola Francesa do Rorschach em adultos, avaliando-se eventuais especificidades de produção associadas ao sexo, à idade e à escolaridade (ESTUDO 2). No primeiro estudo foram reavaliados 88 adultos do estudo de Pasian (1998), com idade entre 34 a 69 anos, de ambos os sexos e de diferentes níveis de escolaridade (baixa, média e alta). No segundo estudo compôs-se nova amostra com 102 adultos, entre 18 e 65 anos, com sinais de desenvolvimento típico, distribuídos equitativamente em relação ao sexo e com diferentes graus de escolaridade (baixa, média e alta). Para elaboração dos dados normativos foram incluídos 66 adultos do Estudo 1, totalizando 168 casos nessa nova amostra (86 mulheres e 82 homens). Os participantes residiam no interior do Estado de São Paulo e foram avaliados, individualmente, por: a) instrumento de rastreamento de saúde mental (SRQ-20) - no estudo 1, utilizado para caracterização da amostra e no estudo 2 como critério de seleção dos participantes; b) instrumento de avaliação intelectual (Teste de Inteligência Não Verbal - INV, forma C - apenas no Estudo 2) para controle cognitivo da amostra; c) critério de classificação econômica Brasil (ABEP) e d) Método de Rorschach (Escola de Paris). Cada instrumento de avaliação psicológica foi aplicado, codificado e sistematizado conforme seus respectivos manuais técnicos. Especificamente o Método de Rorschach foi avaliado pelas diretrizes da Escola Francesa, sendo cada protocolo (de cada um dos dois estudos) examinado independentemente por dois avaliadores, chegando-se a uma classificação final dos casos. Calculou-se o índice de concordância entre examinadores pelo coeficiente Kappa para as quatro categorias de classificação das respostas do Rorschach (localização, determinante/qualidade formal, conteúdo e banalidades). Os resultados foram sistematizados inicialmente em termos descritivos (média, desvio-padrão, mediana, valor mínimo e máximo), realizando-se análises inferenciais específicas para as amostras de cada estudo em função de seus objetivos centrais. No Estudo 1, os achados relativos aos índices de correlação entre as duas avaliações dos 88 voluntários variaram entre 0,72 a -0,005, evidenciando estabilidade em um conjunto das características de personalidade dos adultos examinados após 15 anos, configurando evidências empíricas de precisão e de validade de método projetivo. Houve variáveis do Rorschach que não apresentaram resultados estáveis entre os dois momentos avaliativos (fórmulas vivenciais), sugerindo se tratarem de indicadores técnicos relativos ao funcionamento da personalidade, mais do que componentes estruturais. As análises do Estudo 2 apontaram reduzida influência dos fatores relacionados ao sexo, à escolaridade e à idade sobre as variáveis do Rorschach, não indicando a necessidade de normas específicas para grupos em termos desses fatores. Por fim, foi elaborado novo atlas de referência do Método de Rorschach (Escola de Paris) no contexto brasileiro, seguindo-se as diretrizes técnicocientíficas nacionais e internacionais da área. Os dados fortalecem a relevância dos estudos de natureza psicométrica para embasar adequadas análises interpretativas desse instrumento de avaliação psicológica (FAPESP e CAPES/PDSE).

Regulation of Sticholysin II-Induced Pore Formation by Lipid Bilayer Composition, Phase State, and Interfacial Properties

Sticholysin II (StnII) is a pore-forming toxin that uses sphingomyelin (SM) as the recognition molecule in targeting membranes.After StnII monomers bind to SM, several toxin monomers act in concert to oligomerize into a functional pore. The regulation of StnII binding to SM, and the subsequent pore-formation process, is not fully understood. In this study, we examined how the biophysical properties of bilayers, originating from variations in the SM structure, from the presence of sterol species, or from the presence of increasingly polyunsaturated glycerophospholipids,affected StnII-induced pore formation. StnII-induced pore formation, as determined from calcein permeabilization, was fastest in the pure unsaturated SM bilayers. In 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC)/saturated SM bilayers (4:1 molar ratio), pore formation became slower as the chain length of the saturated SMs increased from 14 up to 24 carbons. In the POPC/palmitoyl-SM (16:0-SM) 4:1 bilayers, SM could not support pore formation by StnII if dimyristoyl-PC was included at 1:1 stoichiometry with 16:0-SM, suggesting that free clusters of SM were required for toxin binding and/or pore formation. Cholesterol and other sterols facilitated StnII-induced pore formation markedly, but the efficiency did not appear to correlate with the sterol structure. Benzyl alcohol was more efficient than sterols in enhancing the pore-formation process, suggesting that the effect on pore formation originated from alcohol-induced alteration of the hydrogen-bonding network in the SM-containing bilayers. Finally, we observed that pore formation by StnII was enhanced in the PC/16:0-SM 4:1 bilayers, in which the PC was increasingly unsaturated. We conclude that the physical state of bilayer lipids greatly affected pore formation by StnII. Phase boundaries were not required for pore formation, although SM in a gel state attenuated pore formation.

Strength of the Iberian intraplate lithosphere: Cenozoic deformations and seismicity

Previous studies about the strength of the lithosphere in the center of Iberia fail to resolve the depth of earthquakes because of the rheological uncertainties. Therefore, new contributions are considered (the crustal structure from a density model) and several parameters (tectonic regime, mantle rheology, strain rate) are checked in this paper to properly examine the role of lithospheric strength in the intraplate seismicity and the Cenozoic evolution. The strength distribution with depth, the integrated strength, the effective elastic thickness and the seismogenic thickness have been calculated by a finite element modelling of the lithosphere across the Central System mountain range and the bordering Duero and Madrid sedimentary basins. Only a dry mantle under strike-slip/extension and a strain rate of 10-15 s-1, or under extension and 10-16 s-1, causes a strong lithosphere. The integrated strength and the elastic thickness are lower in the mountain chain than in the basins. This heterogeneity has been maintained since the Cenozoic and determine the mountain uplift and the biharmonic folding of the Iberian lithosphere during the Alpine deformations. The seismogenic thickness bounds the seismic activity in the upper–middle crust, and the decreasing crustal strength from the Duero Basin towards the Madrid Basin is related to a parallel increase in Plio–Quaternary deformations and seismicity. However, elasto–plastic modelling shows that current African–Eurasian convergence is resolved elastically or ductilely, which accounts for the low seismicity recorded in this region.

Detección automática con snakes y representación 3D sobre imágenes cerebrales

Comunicación presentada en la VI Conferencia de la Asociación Española para la Inteligencia Artificial (CAEPIA'95), Alicante, 15-17 noviembre 1995.

Injury incidence in judokas at the Spanish National University Championship

Background and Study Aim: Understanding injury incidence rates will be a great help with regards to preventing potential future damages. It is for this reason that this study suggests studying a large number of variables. The purpose of research is the relationship of events (empirical variables) that are usually taken into account in developing injury prevention programs during the battles and training in judo tournament. Material and methods: In this research project, 57 male judokas taking part in the Spanish National University Championship in 2009 were asked to complete a retrospective questionnaire. We analysed the following events: the most commonly injured body regions, the medical diagnosis, how and when the injury happened, the type of injury, the side of the body and the type of medical attention received. For the statistical analysis, we used the SPSS statistics programme to apply the Chi-square test in order to determine the significance levels for non-parametric tests from p<.05. Results: Significant differences were found in the most commonly injured body region, the shoulder/clavicle (p<.05), and in the most common diagnosis, the sprain (p<.05). Impact injuries (p<.05) are the most common and training (p<.05) is the most dangerous time. About the type of injury, 78.38% are new injuries (p<.05) and 69.05% affect the right hand side of the body (p<.05). Doctors are the most consulted specialists, but the physiotherapists obtained the best marks. Have been out due to injury for over 21 days 36.36% of the participants, but not for the entire season. Conclusions: The most common diagnosis in university student judokas coincides with those of elite judokas, with the sprain being the most common. University student judokas have a higher rate of shoulder/clavicle injuries, while professional judokas are prone to a higher rate of knee injuries. Training is the most common moment in which injuries occur, both in university student judokas and professional judokas. New injuries are the most common types of injuries in university student judokas and, while doctors are the most consulted specialists, the physiotherapists obtained the best marks.

Primary school teacher’s noticing of students’ mathematical thinking in problem solving

Professional noticing of students’ mathematical thinking in problem solving involves the identification of noteworthy mathematical ideas of students’ mathematical thinking and its interpretation to make decisions in the teaching of mathematics. The goal of this study is to begin to characterize pre-service primary school teachers’ noticing of students’ mathematical thinking when students solve tasks that involve proportional and non-proportional reasoning. From the analysis of how pre-service primary school teachers notice students’ mathematical thinking, we have identified an initial framework with four levels of development. This framework indicates a possible trajectory in the development of primary teachers’ professional noticing.

Does the key to a WMD-free Middle East lie in a nuclear Iran? CEPS Commentary, 10 June 2013

After the presidential elections on June 14th, the Iranian regime will continue its catch-me-if-you-can game with the international community until it has reached the nuclear threshold. Paradoxically, the key to a solution on the nuclear issue might just lie in discussions on a WMD-free Middle East, but only after Iran has obtained nuclear military capability. At that point, and in the context of a new arms race, both regional and international players may be persuaded that the Middle East has more to gain from negotiations on non-proliferation than from prolonged isolation and the prospect of intractable war.

Agricultural and Rural Labour Markets in the EU Candidate Countries of Croatia, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Turkey. Factor Markets Working Paper No. 6, September 2011

This paper provides an overview and comparison of labour markets in agricultural and rural areas in the three candidate countries for the EU membership: Croatia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Turkey. We analyse and compare the labour market structures and the factors driving them. The analyses are based on the available cross-section and time-series data on agricultural labour structures and living conditions in rural areas. Considerable differences are found among the candidate countries in the importance of the agricultural labour force, between rural and urban labour, and in poverty and living conditions in rural areas. Agricultural and rural labour market structures are the result of demographic and education processes, in addition to labour flows between agricultural and non-agricultural activities, from rural areas to urban ones and migration flows abroad. Declines in the agricultural labour force and rural population are foreseen for each of the candidate countries, but with significant variations between them. Showing different patterns over time, labour market developments in the sector and rural areas have been shaped by the overall labour market institutions, conditions and other factors in each country, such as the legal basis, educational attainment and migration flows, as well as the presence of non-agricultural activities in rural areas.

Toward international peace and security: Addressing the challenge of nuclear proliferation in a globalized world. ACES Working Papers, August 2010

With a growing number of threats to governance in the international system that result from globalization and technological innovation, it is no surprise that states have come to rely more heavily on each other and the global community for support. While the EU is partially constrained by the ultimate outcome of its own integration process, limited knowledge on this issue, and the national interests of its Member States, other governments are also experiencing difficulty in domestic implementation of international resolutions. To better understand the impact of the most recent sanctioning efforts, this paper will explore the development of the non-proliferation regime, examine implementation mechanisms of non-proliferation agreements, and analyze the impact of increased cooperation among states to thwart the spread of WMD technology and material. Case studies of unilateral measures undertaken by the US and EU against Iran will provide insight into the political and economic implications of economic sanctions from individual governments. New and emerging methods for limiting rogue states and non-state actors from acquiring the means to develop WMD will also be discussed in an effort to further discussion for future policy debates on this critical topic.

Pulse Pressure magnifies the effect of COMT Val158Met on 15 Year Episodic Memory Trajectories

We investigated whether a physiological marker of cardiovascular health, pulse pressure (PP), and age magnified the effect of the functional COMT Val158Met (rs4680) polymorphism on 15-years cognitive trajectories [episodic memory (EM), visuospatial ability, and semantic memory] using data from 1585 non-demented adults from the Betula study. A multiple-group latent growth curve model was specified to gauge individual differences in change, and average trends therein. The allelic variants showed negligible differences across the cognitive markers in average trends. The older portion of the sample selectively age-magnified the effects of Val158Met on EM changes, resulting in greater decline in Val compared to homozygote Met carriers. This effect was attenuated by statistical control for PP. Further, PP moderated the effects of COMT on 15-years EM trajectories, resulting in greater decline in Val carriers, even after accounting for the confounding effects of sex, education, cardiovascular diseases (diabetes, stroke, and hypertension), and chronological age, controlled for practice gains. The effect was still present after excluding individuals with a history of cardiovascular diseases. The effects of cognitive change were not moderated by any other covariates. This report underscores the importance of addressing synergistic effects in normal cognitive aging, as the addition thereof may place healthy individuals at greater risk for memory decline.

First- and second-order stimulus length selectivity in New World monkey striate cortex

Motion is a powerful cue for figure-ground segregation, allowing the recognition of shapes even if the luminance and texture characteristics of the stimulus and background are matched. In order to investigate the neural processes underlying early stages of the cue-invariant processing of form, we compared the responses of neurons in the striate cortex (V1) of anaesthetized marmosets to two types of moving stimuli: bars defined by differences in luminance, and bars defined solely by the coherent motion of random patterns that matched the texture and temporal modulation of the background. A population of form-cue-invariant (FCI) neurons was identified, which demonstrated similar tuning to the length of contours defined by first- and second-order cues. FCI neurons were relatively common in the supragranular layers (where they corresponded to 28% of the recorded units), but were absent from layer 4. Most had complex receptive fields, which were significantly larger than those of other V1 neurons. The majority of FCI neurons demonstrated end-inhibition in response to long first- and second-order bars, and were strongly direction selective, Thus, even at the level of V1 there are cells whose variations in response level appear to be determined by the shape and motion of the entire second-order object, rather than by its parts (i.e. the individual textural components). These results are compatible with the existence of an output channel from V1 to the ventral stream of extrastriate areas, which already encodes the basic building blocks of the image in an invariant manner.

Ultrastructure of the spermatozoon of Apus apus (Linnaeus 1758), the common swift (Aves; Apodiformes; Apodidae), with phylogenetic implications

The spermatozoon of Apus apus is typical of non-passerines in many respects. Features shared with palaeognaths and the Galloanserae are the conical acrosome, shorter than the nucleus; the presence of a proximal as well as distal centriole; the elongate midpiece with mitochondria grouped around an elongate distal centriole; and the presence of a fibrous or amorphous sheath around the principal piece of the axoneme. The perforatorium and endonuclear canal are lost in A. apus as in some other non-passerines. All non-passerines differ from palaeognaths in that the latter have a transversely ribbed fibrous sheath whereas in non-passerines it is amorphous, as in Apus, or absent. The absence of an annulus is an apomorphic but homoplastic feature of swift, psittaciform, gruiform and passerine spermatozoa. The long distal centriole, penetrating the entire midpiece, is a remarkably plesiomorphic feature of the swift spermatozoa, known elsewhere only in palaeognaths. The long centriole of Apus, if not a reversal, would be inconsistent with the former placement of the Apodiformes above the Psittaciformes from DNA-DNA hybridization. In contrast to passerines, in A. apus the microtubules in the spermatid are restricted to a transient single row encircling the cell. The form of the spermatozoon fully justifies the exclusion of swifts from the passerine family Hirundinidae.

Predicting residue-wise contact orders in proteins by support vector regression

Background: The residue-wise contact order (RWCO) describes the sequence separations between the residues of interest and its contacting residues in a protein sequence. It is a new kind of one-dimensional protein structure that represents the extent of long-range contacts and is considered as a generalization of contact order. Together with secondary structure, accessible surface area, the B factor, and contact number, RWCO provides comprehensive and indispensable important information to reconstructing the protein three-dimensional structure from a set of one-dimensional structural properties. Accurately predicting RWCO values could have many important applications in protein three-dimensional structure prediction and protein folding rate prediction, and give deep insights into protein sequence-structure relationships. Results: We developed a novel approach to predict residue-wise contact order values in proteins based on support vector regression (SVR), starting from primary amino acid sequences. We explored seven different sequence encoding schemes to examine their effects on the prediction performance, including local sequence in the form of PSI-BLAST profiles, local sequence plus amino acid composition, local sequence plus molecular weight, local sequence plus secondary structure predicted by PSIPRED, local sequence plus molecular weight and amino acid composition, local sequence plus molecular weight and predicted secondary structure, and local sequence plus molecular weight, amino acid composition and predicted secondary structure. When using local sequences with multiple sequence alignments in the form of PSI-BLAST profiles, we could predict the RWCO distribution with a Pearson correlation coefficient (CC) between the predicted and observed RWCO values of 0.55, and root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.82, based on a well-defined dataset with 680 protein sequences. Moreover, by incorporating global features such as molecular weight and amino acid composition we could further improve the prediction performance with the CC to 0.57 and an RMSE of 0.79. In addition, combining the predicted secondary structure by PSIPRED was found to significantly improve the prediction performance and could yield the best prediction accuracy with a CC of 0.60 and RMSE of 0.78, which provided at least comparable performance compared with the other existing methods. Conclusion: The SVR method shows a prediction performance competitive with or at least comparable to the previously developed linear regression-based methods for predicting RWCO values. In contrast to support vector classification (SVC), SVR is very good at estimating the raw value profiles of the samples. The successful application of the SVR approach in this study reinforces the fact that support vector regression is a powerful tool in extracting the protein sequence-structure relationship and in estimating the protein structural profiles from amino acid sequences.