Eficiencia reproductiva de diferentes genotipos bovinos en la Amazonia Ecuatoriana

Los problemas reproductivos en el centro de la Amazonia Ecuatoriana, están condicionados por un sin número de factores, que directa e indirectamente conspiran para mejorar los parámetros productivos de la zona. Las condiciones ambientales, el manejo, la falta de energía en la dieta, la salud, la infraestructura y los genotipos utilizados influyen para no lograr una eficiente reproducción Lopez et al., 2014). El anestro posparto es el principal factor que afecta negativamente el desempeño reproductivo en la Amazonía. La corta duración del estro y la tendencia a mostrar el estro durante la noche, afectan en gran medida la eficiencia de los programas de inseminación artificial en las áreas tropicales (Baruselli et al., 2004). El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar la eficiencia de la preñez en diferentes genotipos en vacas primíparas en la Amazonía Ecuatoriana.

The mitogenome of Onchocerca volvulus from the Brazilian Amazonia focus

We report here the first complete mitochondria genome of Onchocerca volvulus from a focus outside of Africa. An O. volvulus mitogenome from the Brazilian Amazonia focus was obtained using a combination of highthroughput and Sanger sequencing technologies. Comparisons made between this mitochondrial genome and publicly available mitochondrial sequences identified 46 variant nucleotide positions and suggested that our Brazilian mitogenome is more closely related to Cameroon-origin mitochondria than West African-origin mitochondria. As well as providing insights into the origins of Latin American onchocerciasis, the Brazilian Amazonia focus mitogenome may also have value as an epidemiological resource.

Molecular characterization of 'sweet' cassavas (Manihot esculenta) from a germplasm bank in Brazilian Eastern Amazonia.

2016

The influence of different photosynthetically active radiation levels on Ananas comosus (var. erectifolius LB Smith) plant sunder multiple cropping systems in the upland region of the Guama River, eastern Amazonia.

2016

Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile in its westernmost biogeographical limit (northwestern Alboran Sea): Meadows characterisation, phenology and flowering events

Posidonia oceanica is a Mediterranean endemic seagrass species that forms meadows covering ca. 2.5–4.5 millions of hectares, representing ca.25 % of the infralittoral and shallow circalittoral (down to 50m) bottoms of the Mediterranean. This seagrass is considered a habitat-engineer species and provides an elevated number of ecosystem services. In addition the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD, 2008/56/EC) includes seagrass like elements to evaluate the “Good Environmental Status” of the European coasts. Information about their phenological characteristic and structure of the meadows is needed for indicator estimations in order to establish their conservation status. The studied meadows are located in the westernmost limit of the P. oceanica distribution (North-western Alboran Sea) in the vecinity of the Strait of Gibraltar, an Atlantic-Mediterranean water transition area. Four sites were selected from East to West: Paraje Natural de Acantilados de Maro-Cerro Gordo (hereafter Maro), Special Area of Conservation “Calahonda” (hereafter Calahonda), Site of Community Importance Estepona (hereafter Estepona) and Punta Chullera (hereafter Chullera) where P. oceanica present their westernmost meadows. Phenological data were recorded from mid November to mid December in P. oceanica patches located at 2 – 3 m depth. At each site three types of patches (patch area <1m2, small patches; 1-2 m2, medium patches and >2 m2, large patches) were sampled. At each patch and site, 3 quadrants of 45 x 45 cm were sampled for shoot and inflorescences density measurements. In each quadrant, 10 random shoots were sampled for shoot morphology (shoot height and number of leaves). Shoot and inflorescences densities were standardized to squared meters. All the studied P. oceanica meadows develop on rocks and they present a fragmented structure with a coverage ranging between ca. 45% in Calahonda and Estepona and ca. 31% in Maro. The meadows of Chullera are reduced to a few small - medium patches with areas ranging between 0.5-1.5 m2 (Fig. 1). The meadows of Chullera and Estepona presented similar values of shoot density (ca. 752 – 662 shoots m-2, respectively) and leaf height (ca. 25 cm). Similarly, the Calahonda and Maro meadows also showed similar values of shoot density (ca. 510 – 550 shoots m-2, respectively) but displaying lower values than those of sites located closer to the Strait of Gibraltar. Regarding patch sizes and leaf height, the longest leaves (ca. 25 cm) were found in medium and large patches, but the number of leaves per shoot were higher in the small and the medium size patches (ca. 6.3 leaves per shoot). Flowering was only detected at the Calahonda meadows with maximum values of ca. 330 inflorescences m-2 (115.2 ± 98.2 inflorescences m-2, n= 9; mean ± SD) (Fig.1). Inflorescence density was not significant different among patches of different sizes. In the Alboran Sea and unlike the studied meadows, extensive beds of P. oceanica occur at the National Park of Cabo de Gata (northeastern Alboran Sea), but from east to west (Strait of Gibraltar), meadows are gradually fragmenting and their depth range decrease from 30m to 2m depth between Cabo de Gata and Chullera, respectively. Probably, the Atlantic influence and the characteristic oceanographic conditions of the Alboran Sea (i.e., higher turbidity, higher water turbulence) represent a developmental limiting factor for P. oceanica at higher depths. Similarities between the meadows located closer to Strait of Gibraltar (Chullera and Estepona) were detected as well as between those more distant (Calahonda and Maro). The first ones showed higher values of shoot densities and leaf heights than the formers, which could be relating to the higher hydrodynamic exposure found at Chullera and Estepona meadows. Regarding flowering events, sexual reproduction in P. oceanica is not common in different locations of the Mediterranean Sea. The available information seems to indicate that flowering represent an irregular event and it is related to high seawater temperature. In fact, the flowering episodes that occurred in Calahonda in November 2015, match with the warmest year ever recorded. This is the third flowering event registered in these meadows located close to the westernmost distributional limit of P. oceanica (Málaga, Alboran Sea), which could indicates that these meadows presents a healthy status. Furthermore, the absence of significant differences in relation to inflorescence density between patches of different sizes may be indicating that the fragmentation does not necessarily influence on the flowering of this seagrass species.

Soil organic carbon, carbon stock and their relationships to physical attributes under forest soils in Central Amazonia.

The soil carbon under Amazonian forests has an important roles in global changing, making information on the soil content and depths of these stocks are considerable interest in efforts to quantify soil carbon emissions to the atmosphere.This study quantified the content and soil organic carbon stock under primary forest up to 2 m depth, at different topographic positions, at Cuieiras Biological Reserve, Manaus/ ZF2, km 34, in the Central Amazon, evaluating the soil attributes that may influence the permanence of soil carbon. Soil samples were collected along a transect of 850 m on topographic gradient Oxisol (plateau), Ultisol (slope) and Spodosol (valley). The stocks of soil carbon were obtained by multiplying the carbon content, soil bulk density and trickiness of soil layers. The watershed was delimited by using STRM and IKONOS images and the carbon contend obtained in the transects was extrapolated as a way to evaluate the potential for carbon stocks in an area of 2678.68 ha. The total SOC was greater in Oxisol followed by Spodosol and Ultisol. It was found direct correlations between the SOC and soil physical attributes. Among the clay soils (Oxisol and Ultisol), the largest stocks of carbon were observed in Oxisol at both the transect (90 to 175.5 Mg C ha-1) as the level of watershed (100.2 to 195.2 Mg C ha-1). The carbon stocks under sandy soil (Spodosol) was greater to clay soils along the transect (160-241 Mg C ha-1) and near them in the Watershed (96.90 to 146.01 Mg C ha-1).

Changes in the spatial distribution of tree species in a terra firme rain forest in Brazilian Amazonia after logging.

The objective of this paper was to determine changes in the spatial distribution of tree species in a logged compared to an unlogged forest of the Tapajos National Forest in the municipality of Belterra, State of Para, Brazil, over an eight-year period. The distribution pattern was determined for trees> 5 cm dbh and, also, for trees > 30 cm dbh. The relationship (a quadrate method) discussed by McGinnis was selected to be used in this study. Forty-seven percent of species with trees > 5 cm dbh showed clumped distribution in the studied forests. Geissospermwn sericeunz Benth & Hook., Minquartia guianensis Aubl., Poureria bilocularis (H. Winkler) Bachni, Protium guacayantan Cuatrec, Sclerolobium chrysophyllunz Poepp. et Endl. and the Sapotaceae family (9 species) occurred in clumps of small trees (5 cm 5 dbh < 30 cm) and big trees (dbh > 30 cm) in both the logged and undisturbed forest. Trees in all sizes of these species certainly have aggregation characteristics in different light condition's during the whole growth-cycle. Only Sclerolobium cizzysophylltan out of fourteen species that occurred aggregated in all forest conditions was light demanding. The shade-tolerant Lecythis lurida (Miers) Mori and Manilkara huberi (Ducke) Stand!. showed also aggregated distribution for small and big trees in the unlogged forest. An aggregated distribution is not always directly correlated to abundance, considering that most of the clumped species had less than seven trees per hectare.

EXPANSIÓN URBANA Y ESPACIALIDADE RURAL-URBANA EN LA AMAZONIA BRASILEÑA: EL CASO DE UNA PERIFERIA URBANA EN SANTARÉM-PA, BRASIL

Santarém es una ciudad de la Amazonia brasileña, que ha desempeñado un papel importante en la ocupación del oeste de Pará. Situado en la confluencia del Tapajós y Amazonas entre Belém y Manaus, se convirtió funciones que históricamente se había solidificado, como el centro comercial. El dinamismo de su área de influencia ha dibujado área urbana grande, reafirmando su primacía en el bajo Amazonas. Su crecimiento urbano ha sido muy desigual, reproduciendo una urbanización extensiva en la zona de expansión urbana. Así, surgen algunas preguntas: ¿Cómo conceptualizar estos espacios, ya que el Plan Director de la adecuación de la ciudad como los barrios de la zona urbana? ¿Cuándo y cómo fue la urbanización extensiva en estas áreas? Vamos a analizar las características de los espacios rurales y urbanas (Perla del Maicá y Zona Verde) con el fin de entender cómo este proceso se fusionen. Para desarrollar esta investigación, las encuestas se llevaron a cabo observaciones bibliográfico y documental, observación sistemática, entrevistas con los residentes del área de estudio, con expertos de las agencias municipales, registros fotográficos, análisis de material cartográfico, sistematización y análisis. La búsqueda está en marcha, habiéndose iniciado en 2009. La relevancia del tema de gran importancia para comprender los procesos complejos, y al mismo tiempo, más actual que la Amazonía.

DINÁMICAS Y CONFLICTOS TERRITORIALES EN EL MANEJO CERTIFICADO DE LA SELVA TROPICAL NATIVA EN AMAZONIA BRASILEÑA

El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar los procesos de uso da floresta por una empresa que recibió certificación de manejo de la selva para producir madera compensada para el mercado nacional e internacional, en Democracia, localidad situada en Manicoré, Amazonas, a orillas del Río Madeira, en la selva amazónica brasileña.Para reconstruir los procesos y entender los conflictos territoriales y socioambientales fueron utilizadas metodologías de observación directa; geohistoria (líneas de tiempo); mapeamientos sociales; e interpretación de imágenes de satélite de los últimos veinticinco años.El estudio revela que en ese período Democracia fue objeto de distintas políticas socioeconómicas y ambientales como implantación de una ruta federal, emprendimientos privados, programas y leyes de protección ambiental y de apoyo a comunidades tradicionales. Todas esas iniciativas, especialmente la extracción de madera, provocaron diferentes conflictos en el uso de la tierra y en la formación o delimitación de diversas territorialidades. El manejo certificado de selvas tropicales causa menos impactos ambientales y representa un diferencial para el mercado productor y consumidor de madera, pero aún requiere mejores actitudes con relación a las poblaciones extrativistas que viven en los territorios de recolección de madera.

A IMPORTÄNCIA DO USO DO SOLO COMO ALTERNATIVA PARA O DESENVOLVIMENTO SÕCIO-ECONOMICO DO PA NOVA AMAZONIA

Este artículo se propone discutir cuestiones acerca de la ocupación y uso del suelo del proyecto de asentamiento rural PA Nova Amazonia, Roraima, Brasil, con el fin de conceder subvenciones para la elaboración de proyectos de desarrollo sostenible. Los cuestionarios fueron aplicados a fin de determinar la situación de las familias, la cuantificación por medio de imágenes de satélite de la eliminación de la vegetación que se produjo entre un período y otro, la transformación de la interferencia humana en las prácticas agropecuarias como resultado de la expansión de la agricultura. Se utilizaron imágenes satelitales procesadas en 1995 y 2009 basado en los cambios del paisaje local, el Landsat 5 TM, bandas 3, 4, 5 a 30 m de resolución espacial, se reunieron aquí los estudios sobre los aspectos clave socioeconómico de la región, encontrándose que hay una gran zona de pastos naturales donde la agricultura requiere una preparación mediante la modificación del suelo para la práctica de esta actividad que afectan directamente a un residente del poder económico bajo. Los estudios fueron acompañados de propuestas concretas para futuras implementaciones de diseños que pueden satisfacer las necesidades de estas familias.

BOOM AGRICOLA NA AMAZONIA BRASILEIRA E AS MUDANÇAS ESTRUTURAIS EM ANDAMENTO

Objetivo desta comunicação é apontar as mudanças estruturais em curso na Amazônia no contexto de crescimento agrícola, capitaneado pela produção de soja e carne, em que Amazônia atualmente se insere. Entre a ultima e atual década ocorreu importantes transformações na agricultura brasileira, e, na Amazônia. Essas mudanças não se restringem apenas aos aspectos da produção, elas se espraia em outras direções, com destaque para as questões estruturais,acarretando problemas de ordem diversa, particularmente para aqueles excluídos da globalização do comercio de commodities.Neste sentido,inúmeros aspectos chamam atenção: a redução drástica dos não-proprietários (51%), e do trabalho infantil. Alem disso registra-se também um alto numero de minifúndios (278mil); a preferência pela pecuária (46% das terras ) e o reforço do biônimo latifúndio x minifúndio em áreas da agricultura industrial.

Fast natural regeneration in abandoned pastures in southern Amazonia.

2016

Geographic pattern of genetic diversity in natural populations of rosewood (Aniba rosaeodora), in the Central Amazonia.

Padrão geográfico de diversidade genética em populações naturais de Pau-rosa (Aniba rosaeodora), na Amazônia Central.

GEOMORFOLOGIA DE LA REGION DE PUYO, AMAZONIA ECUATORIAL

Trata de un estudio en el sector occidental de la provincia de Pastaza en Ecuador.

On Advertisement Call Of The Poison Frog Ameerega Berohoka (dendrobatidae, Anura) From The Brazilian Cerrado.

The poison frog genus Ameerega (Dendrobatidae) currently contains 32 species. They are distributed from central Brazil into western Amazonia to the lower Andean versant. In addition, three trans-Andean species have been allocated to Ameerega (Andrade et al. 2013; Frost 2014). Ameerega berohoka (Vaz-Silva & Maciel 2011) was described based on specimens from central Brazil (type-locality: Arenópolis, GO) and it is assumed to occur in parts of western and southwestern state of Goiás (Frost 2014). More recently, Andrade et al. (2013) extended its distribution to the state of Mato Grosso. Here we re-describe the advertisement call of A. berohoka, providing additional information regarding its temporal structure and spectral traits. Our observations also consist of a new distribution record for this species to the state of Mato Grosso.