649 resultados para NA TRANSPORTERS


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Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) is a member of the ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily that functions as a cAMP-activated chloride ion channel in fluid-transporting epithelia. There is abundant evidence that CFTR activity (i.e., channel opening and closing) is regulated by protein kinases and phosphatases via phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Here, we review recent evidence for the role of protein kinases in regulation of CFTR delivery to and retention in the plasma membrane. We review this information in a broader context of regulation of other transporters by protein kinases because the overall functional output of transporters involves the integrated control of both their number at the plasma membrane and their specific activity. While many details of the regulation of intracellular distribution of CFTR and other transporters remain to be elucidated, we hope that this review will motivate research providing new insights into how protein kinases control membrane transport to impact health and disease.

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Monocarboxylate Transporter 2 (MCT2) is a major pyruvate transporter encoded by the SLC16A7 gene. Recent studies pointed to a consistent overexpression of MCT2 in prostate cancer (PCa) suggesting MCT2 as a putative biomarker and molecular target. Despite the importance of this observation the mechanisms involved in MCT2 regulation are unknown. Through an integrative analysis we have discovered that selective demethylation of an internal SLC16A7/MCT2 promoter is a recurrent event in independent PCa cohorts. This demethylation is associated with expression of isoforms differing only in 5'-UTR translational control motifs, providing one contributing mechanism for MCT2 protein overexpression in PCa. Genes co-expressed with SLC16A7/MCT2 also clustered in oncogenic-related pathways and effectors of these signalling pathways were found to bind at the SLC16A7/MCT2 gene locus. Finally, MCT2 knock-down attenuated the growth of PCa cells. The present study unveils an unexpected epigenetic regulation of SLC16A7/MCT2 isoforms and identifies a link between SLC16A7/MCT2, Androgen Receptor (AR), ETS-related gene (ERG) and other oncogenic pathways in PCa. These results underscore the importance of combining data from epigenetic, transcriptomic and protein level changes to allow more comprehensive insights into the mechanisms underlying protein expression, that in our case provide additional weight to MCT2 as a candidate biomarker and molecular target in PCa.

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O fator de transcrio OCT4 um importante marcador de clulas tronco e tem sido relacionado com o conceito de clulas tronco tumorais (CTTs). Recentemente, ele tem sido tambm relacionado ao fentipo de resistncia a mltiplas drogas (MDR). O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar se o OCT4 est ligado ao fentipo MDR em clulas eritroleucmicas derivadas da linhagem LMC-K562. Para isso, foi realizada a anlise de expresso de genes associados superfamlia de transportadores ABC (ATP Binding Cassette) e, tambm, de fatores de transcrio relacionados a clulas tronco. Os primeiros resultados apontaram uma relao direta entre OCT4 e transportadores ABC na linhagem MDR derivada de K562 (Lucena). O sequenciamento de promotores ABC no revelou qualquer mutao que pudesse explicar a expresso diferenciada do OCT4 na linhagem MDR. Posteriormente, o sequenciamento da regio contendo o domnio homeobox do gene OCT4 de ambas as linhagens celulares evidenciou, pela primeira vez, que este fator de transcrio alvo de mutaes que podem estar relacionados com o fentipo MDR. As mutaes encontradas implicam substituies de vrios aminocidos em ambas as linhagens celulares. K562 teve sete substituies (trs exclusivas), enquanto Lucena teve 13 (nove exclusivas). Alm disso, um busca in silico por motivos de fosforilao dentro da sequncia de aminocidos comparada, revelou que o OCT4 humano normal possui sete motivos potenciais de fosforilao. Entretanto, K562 perdeu um motivo e Lucena dois deles. Molculas com diferentes padres de fosforilao podem ter sua funo modificada. Estes resultados indicam o OCT4 com uma alvo potencial para o tratamento do cncer, especialmente aqueles resistentes quimioterapia.

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The WorldFish Center was contracted by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) to lead a preliminary assessment of the Lac Ma-Ndombe fishery, one of three water bodies for which such an assessment will be completed in the Lac Tele-Lac Tumba Landscape of the CARPE program. Between Aug.29-Sept.5, 2007, a joint WorldFish Center-WWF team traveled to Lac Ma-Ndombe in Bandundu Province, and conducted an analysis of the conditions surrounding the fishery and fisherfolk livelihoods in a total of 19 villages and camps. Included in this assessment were preliminary analyses of market-chain networks and stakeholders receptivity to NGO capacity-building to improve commercialization of fish catches and/or to introduce local fisheries management regimes. While perceptions of declining fish stocks prevail, the absence of changes in reported fish sizes bring into doubt any urgent need for fishery management interventions. However, lacking scientific fish population structure data the team would not recommend any NGO interventions to increase fishing effort. Lac Ma-Ndombe fisherfolk have highly diversified levels of dependence on fishing, and while there is evidence that some stakeholder groups are flourishing, the majority of the fishery appears to be characterized by a livelihood insecurity and a lack of capital. This limits fishers abilities to negotiate with transporters and with Kinshasa-based market brokers, and in combination with a heavy burden of rent-seeking behavior by civil servants, this condition forces over half of the fishers to sell their fish and buy all manufactured products through local intermediaries at disadvantageous prices.

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Heme is an essential cofactor in numerous proteins, but is also cytotoxic. Thus, directed pathways must exist for regulating heme homeostasis. C. elegans is a powerful genetic animal model for elucidating these pathways because it is a heme auxotroph. Worms acquire dietary heme though HRG-1-related importers, and intestinal export was demonstrated to be mediated by the ABC transporter MRP-5. Loss of mrp-5 results in embryonic lethality. Although heme transporters have been identified, there are significant gaps in our understanding for the heme trafficking beyond HRG-1 and MRP-5. To identify additional components, we conducted a forward genetic screen utilizing the null allele mrp-5(ok2067). Screening of 160,000 haploid genomes yielded thirty-two mrp-5(ok2067) suppressor mutants. Deep-sequencing variant analysis revealed three of the suppressors subunits of adapter protein complex 3 (AP-3). We now seek to identify mechanisms for how adaptor protein deficiencies bypass a defect in MRP-5-mediated heme export.

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Les dinoflagells sont des eucaryotes unicellulaires retrouvs dans la plupart des cosystmes aquatiques du globe. Ces organismes amnent une contribution substantielle la production primaire des ocans, soit en tant que membre du phytoplancton, soit en tant que symbiontes des anthozoaires formant les rcifs coralliens. Malheureusement, ce rle cologique majeur est souvent nglig face la capacit de certaines espces de dinoflagells former des fleurs d'eau, parfois d'tendue et de dure spectaculaires. Ces floraisons d'algues, communment appeles "mares rouges", peuvent avoir de graves consquences sur les cosystmes ctiers, sur les industries de la pche et du tourisme, ainsi que sur la sant humaine. Un des facteurs souvent corrl avec la formation des fleurs d'eau est une augmentation dans la concentration de nutriments, notamment lazote et le phosphore. Le nitrate est un des composants principaux retrouvs dans les eaux de ruissellement agricoles, mais galement la forme d'azote bioaccessible la plus abondante dans les cosystmes marins. Ainsi, l'agriculture humaine a contribu magnifier significativement les problmes associs aux mares rouges au niveau mondial. Cependant, la pollution ne peut pas expliquer elle seule la formation et la persistance des fleurs d'eau, qui impliquent plusieurs facteurs biotiques et abiotiques. Il est particulirement difficile d'valuer l'importance relative qu'ont les ajouts de nitrate par rapport ces autres facteurs, parce que le mtabolisme du nitrate chez les dinoflagells est largement mconnu. Le but principal de cette thse vise remdier cette lacune. J'ai choisi Lingulodinium polyedrum comme modle pour l'tude du mtabolisme du nitrate, parce que ce dinoflagell est facilement cultivable en laboratoire et qu'une tude transcriptomique a rcemment fourni une liste de gnes pratiquement complte pour cette espce. Il est galement intressant que certaines composantes molculaires de la voie du nitrate chez cet organisme soient sous contrle circadien. Ainsi, dans ce projet, j'ai utilis des analyses physiologiques, biochimiques, transcriptomiques et bioinformatiques pour enrichir nos connaissances sur le mtabolisme du nitrate des dinoflagells et nous permettre de mieux apprcier le rle de l'horloge circadienne dans la rgulation de cette importante voie mtabolique primaire. Je me suis tout d'abord pench sur les cas particuliers o des floraisons de dinoflagells sont observes dans des conditions de carence en azote. Cette ide peut sembler contreintuitive, parce que l'ajout de nitrate plutt que son puisement dans le milieu est gnralement associ aux floraisons d'algues. Cependant, jai dcouvert que lorsque du nitrate tait ajout des cultures initialement carences ou enrichies en azote, celles qui s'taient acclimates au stress d'azote arrivaient survivre prs de deux mois haute densit cellulaire, alors que les cellules qui n'taient pas acclimates mourraient aprs deux semaines. En condition de carence d'azote svre, les cellules arrivaient survivre un peu plus de deux semaines et ce, en arrtant leur cycle cellulaire et en diminuant leur activit photosynthtique. Lincapacit pour ces cellules carences synthtiser de nouveaux acides amins dans un contexte o la photosynthse tait toujours active a men laccumulation de carbone rduit sous forme de granules damidon et corps lipidiques. Curieusement, ces deux rserves de carbone se trouvaient des ples opposs de la cellule, suggrant un rle fonctionnel cette polarisation. La deuxime contribution de ma thse fut didentifier et de caractriser les premiers transporteurs de nitrate chez les dinoflagells. J'ai dcouvert que Lingulodinium ne possdait que trs peu de transporteurs comparativement ce qui est observ chez les plantes et j'ai suggr que seuls les membres de la famille des transporteurs de nitrate de haute affinit 2 (NRT2) taient rellement impliqus dans le transport du nitrate. Le principal transporteur chez Lingulodinium tait exprim constitutivement, suggrant que lacquisition du nitrate chez ce dinoflagell se fondait majoritairement sur un systme constitutif plutt quinductible. Enfin, j'ai dmontr que l'acquisition du nitrate chez Lingulodinium tait rgule par la lumire et non par l'horloge circadienne, tel qu'il avait t propos dans une tude antrieure. Finalement, jai utilis une approche RNA-seq pour vrifier si certains transcrits de composantes impliques dans le mtabolisme du nitrate de Lingulodinium taient sous contrle circadien. Non seulement ai-je dcouvert quil ny avait aucune variation journalire dans les niveaux des transcrits impliqus dans le mtabolisme du nitrate, jai aussi constat quil ny avait aucune variation journalire pour nimporte quel ARN du transcriptome de Lingulodinium. Cette dcouverte a dmontr que lhorloge de ce dinoflagell n'avait pas besoin de transcription rythmique pour gnrer des rythmes physiologiques comme observ chez les autres eukaryotes.

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Em peixes, o cobre (Cu) absorvido a partir da gua, via branquial, e pela ingesto de gua e alimento, via gastrintestinal. Para evitar reaes no especficas prejudiciais e suprir protenas dependentes de Cu, existem transportadores especficos, como as protenas de absoro de alta afinidade ao Cu (CTR1) e as Cu-ATPases (ATP7), que auxiliam na translocao intracelular do metal. No presente estudo, os genes CTR1 e ATP7B foram identificados em Poecilia vivipara e os seus transcritos foram quantificados por RT-qPCR nas brnquias, no fgado e no intestino de guars expostos (96 h) ao Cu (0, 5, 9 e 20 g/L) em gua doce e salgada (salinidade 24). Foram identificadas novas sequncias nucleotdicas dos genes CTR1 (1560 pb, completa) e ATP7B (617 pb, parcial), as quais tiveram altos valores de identidade com as descritas para Fundulus heteroclitus (CTR1=81%) e Sparus aurata (ATP7B=81%). A anlise por RT-qPCR indicou nveis de transcrio para CTR1 e ATP7B em todos os tecidos analisados. Em guars na gua doce, a maior expresso da CTR1 e da ATP7B se deu no fgado. Em guars na gua salgada, a maior expresso da CTR1 ocorreu no intestino, enquanto a da ATP7B se deu no fgado e intestino. Na gua doce, a exposio ao Cu aumentou o contedo branquial e heptico de Cu, diminuiu os transcritos de CTR1 e ATP7B nas brnquias e aumentou os transcritos destes genes no fgado, sem alterar o contedo corporal de Cu. Na gua salgada, a exposio ao Cu aumentou o contedo de Cu e diminuiu o transcrito de ATP7B no intestino, sem alterar o contedo corporal de Cu nos P. vivipara. Estes resultados indicam que a homeostasia do Cu em P. vivipara envolve a reduo da expresso do CTR1 e ATP7B nas brnquias (gua doce) e intestino (gua salgada) para limitar a absoro do Cu e o aumento da expresso destes genes no fgado (gua doce) para facilitar o armazenamento e desintoxicao do Cu.

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ABP1 and TIR1/AFBs are known as auxin receptors. ABP1 is linked to auxin responses several of which are faster than 10 min. TIR1 regulates auxin-induced transcription of early auxin genes also within minutes. We use transcription of such TIR1-dependent genes as indicator of TIR1 activity to show the rapid regulation of TIR1 by exogenous auxin. To this end, we used quantification of transcription of a set of fifteen early auxin-induced reporter genes at t = 10 and t = 30 min to measure this as a TIR1-dependent auxin response. We conducted this study in 22 mutants of auxin transporters (pin5, abcb1, abcb19, and aux1/lax3), protein kinases and phosphatases (ibr5, npr1, cpk3, CPK3-OX, d6pk1, d6pkl1-1, d6pkl3-2, d6pkl1-1/d6pkl2-2, and d6pkl1-1/d6pkl3-2), of fatty acid metabolism (fad2-1, fad6-1, ssi2, lacs4, lacs9, and lacs4/lacs9) and receptors (tir1, tir1/afb2, and tir1/afb3) and compared them to the wild type. After 10 min auxin application, in 18 out of 22 mutants mis-regulated expression of at least one reporter was found, and in 15 mutants transcription of two-to-three out of five selected auxin reporter genes was mis-regulated. After 30 min of auxin application to mutant plants, mis-regulation of reporter genes ranged from one to 13 out of 15 tested reporter genes. Those genes chosen as mutants were themselves not regulated in their expression by auxin for at least 1 h, excluding an influence of TIR1/AFBs on their transcription. The expression of TIR1/AFB genes was also not modulated by auxin for up to 3 h. Together, this excludes a feedback or feedforward of these mutant genes/proteins on TIR1/AFBs output of transcription in this auxin-induced response. However, an auxin-induced response needed an as yet unknown auxin receptor. We suggest that the auxin receptor necessary for the fast auxin-induced transcription modulation could be, instead, ABP1. The alternative hypothesis would be that auxin-induced expression of a protein, initiated by TIR1/AFBs receptors, could initiate these responses and that this unknown protein regulated TIR1/AFB activities within 10 min.

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Tese (doutorado)Universidade de Braslia, Instituto de Cincias Biolgicas, Programa de Ps-Graduao em Biologia Molecular, 2016.

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Ethylene is an essential plant hormone involved in nearly all stages of plant growth and development. EIN2 (ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE2) is a master positive regulator in the ethylene signaling pathway, consisting of an N-terminal domain and a C-terminal domain. The EIN2 N-terminal domain localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane and shows sequence similarity to Nramp metal ion transporters. The cytosolic C-terminal domain is unique to plants and signals downstream. There have been several major gaps in our knowledge of EIN2 function. It was unknown how the ethylene signal gets relayed from the known upstream component CTR1 (CONSTITUTIVE RESPONSE1) a Ser/Thr kinase at the ER, to EIN2. How the ethylene signal was transduced from EIN2 to the next downstream component transcription factor EIN3 (ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3) in the nucleus was also unknown. The N-terminal domain of EIN2 shows homology to Nramp metal ion transporters and whether EIN2 can also function as a metal transporter has been a question plaguing the ethylene field for almost two decades. Here, EIN2 was found to interact with the CTR1 protein kinase, leading to the discovery that CTR1 phosphorylates the C-terminal domain of EIN2 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Using tags at the termini of EIN2, it was deduced that in the presence of ethylene, the EIN2 C-terminal domain is cleaved and translocates into the nucleus, where it could somehow activate downstream ethylene responses. The EIN2 C-terminal domain interacts with nuclear proteins, RTE3 and EER5, which are components of the TREX-2 mRNA export complex, although the role of these interactions remains unclear. The EIN2 N-terminal domain was found to be capable of divalent metal transport when expressed in E. coli and S. cerevisiae leading to the hypothesis that metal transport plays a role in ethylene signaling. This hypothesis was tested using a novel missense allele, ein2 G36E, substituting a highly conserved residue that is required for metal transport in Nramp proteins. This G36E substitution did not disrupt metal ion transport of EIN2, but the ethylene insensitive phenotype of this mutant indicates that the EIN2 N-terminal domain is important for positively regulating the C-terminal domain. The defect of the ein2 G36E mutant does not prevent proper expression or subcellular localization, but might affect protein modifications. The ein2 G36E allele is partially dominant, mostly likely displaying haploinsufficiency. Overexpression of the EIN2 N-terminal domain in the ein2 G36E mutant did not rescue ethylene insensitivity, suggesting the N-terminal domain functions in cis to regulate the C-terminal domain. These findings advance our knowledge of EIN2, which is critical to understanding ethylene signaling.

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Introduction: ABCA3 glycoprotein belongs to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily of transporters, which utilize the energy derived from hydrolysis of ATP for the translocation of a wide variety of substrates across the plasma membrane. Mutations in the ABCA3 gene are knowingly causative for fatal surfactant deficiency, particularly respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in term babies. Case Presentation: In this study, Sanger sequencing of the whole ABCA3 gene (NCBI NM_001089) was performed in a neonatal boy with severe RDS. A homozygous mutation has been identified in the patient. Parents were heterozygous for the same missense mutation GGA > AGA at position 202 in exon 6 of the ABCA3 gene (c.604G > A; p.G202R). Furthermore, 70 normal individuals have been analyzed for the mentioned change with negative results. Conclusions: Regarding Human Genome Mutation Database (HGMD) and other literature recherche, the detected change is a novel mutation and has not been reported before. Bioinformatics mutation predicting tools prefer it as pathogenic.

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Purpose: To investigate the anti-hyperuricemic effect of Dioscorea tokoro Makino extract (DTME) in potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemic mice. Method: The effect of DTME was investigated in the hyperuricemic mice induced by potassium oxonate. DTME. The extract was administered to the mice daily at doses of 220, 440 and 880 mg/kg for 10 days; allopurinol (5 mg/kg) was given as positive control. Serum and urine levels of uric acid and creatinine were determined by colorimetric method. Simultaneously, protein levels of urate transporter 1 (URAT1) and organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1) in the rat kidney were analyzed by Western blotting. Results: Compared with control, a high dose of DTME inhibited xanthine oxidase (XOD) activity in both serum (18.12 1.33 U/L) and in liver (70.15 5.20 U/g protein) (p < 0.05); decreased levels of serum uric acid (2.04 0.64 mg/L) (p < 0.05), serum creatinine (0.35 0.18 mol/L) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (8.83 0.71 mmol/L) (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the extract increased levels of urine uric acid (38.34 8.23 mg/L), urine creatinine (34.38 1.98 mmol/L), down regulated of URAT1 and up regulated of OAT1 protein expressions (p < 0.05) in the renal tissue of hyperuricemic mice. Conclusion: DTME improves renal dysfunction in rats by regulating renal urate transporters in hyperuricemic rats. This may find therapeutic application in antihypertensive therapy.

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Les anthracyclines tels que la doxorubicin et la daunorubicin sont une famille de mdicaments anticancreux hydrophiles qui doivent tre transports dans les cellules afin dexercer leur action par intercalation lADN dans le noyau cellulaire. Ceci mne la perturbation du mtabolisme de lADN et entraine la mort cellulaire. Les anthracyclines sont utiliss pour le traitement dune varit de cancers incluant la leucmie, les lymphomes, le cancer du sein, le cancer des poumons et le cancer des ovaires. tant donn que le transport actif des anthracyclines dans les cellules a partiellement t dmontr, le transporteur spcifique impliqu dans ce processus nest pas encore connu. En utilisant un modle de cancer des ovaires, la ligne cellulaire TOV2223G, nous avons dmontr que des substrats spcifiques au transporteur de cations organiques 1 (OCT1), notamment la ergothionine, la thiamine et la phenformin, ont partiellement inhib labsorption de la daunorubicin en diffrence de la carnitine qui est un substrat de haute affinit des transporteurs CT2 et OCTN2. Ces rsultats suggrent que les transporteurs organiques spcifiques au transport de la carnitine ne sont pas impliqus dans le transport des anthracyclines. Ainsi, nos rsultats ont dmontr que labsorption de la daunorubicin est orchestre par le transporteur OCT1 dans les cellules TOV2223G (Km ~ 5 M) et des concentrations micromolaires de choline ont compltement abolies labsorption de la drogue. De plus, un ARN sh dirig contre OCT1 a rprim son expression protique, ce qui a t confirm par la technique dimmuno-buvardage en utilisant un anti-OCT1 anticorps. Les cellules dficientes en OCT1 nont pas t capables dabsorber la daunorubicin et ont t plus rsistantes laction de la drogue par rapport aux cellules contrle. La transfection des cellules HEK293T avec un plasmide construit de faon faire exprimer OCT1 comme protine de fusion avec la protine fluorescente EYFP a montr que celle-ci est localise dans la membrane plasmique. Les cellules transfectes ont t capables dabsorber cinq fois plus de daunorubicin compar aux cellules contrles. Cette tude est, selon nous, la premire dmontrer que OCT1 est un transporteur de haute affinit des anthracyclines. Ainsi, nous avons mis lhypothse que des dfauts de OCT1 peuvent contribuer lefficacit de la rponse des cellules cancreuses la chimiothrapie avec les anthracyclines.

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Linsuffisance rnale chronique (IRC) est caractrise par de multiples dsquilibres homostatiques tels que la rsistance linsuline. Peu dtudes se sont intresses aux mcanismes sous-jacents cette rsistance linsuline en IRC. De plus, il est mconnu si cette rsistance linsuline peut mener au dveloppement dun diabte de type II chez des patients prdisposs. Dans un modle dIRC, le rat Sprague-Dawley (CD) nphrectomis 5/6e, on observe une corrlation entre la gravit de latteinte rnale, value par la cratinine srique, et lhyperglycmie, value par la fructosamine srique (R2 = 0.6982, p < 0.0001). Cependant, cet tat hyperglycmique nest pas observable lors dune glycmie jeun. Lors dun test de tolrance au glucose, on observe une plus grande lvation de la glycmie (AUC 1.25 fois, p < 0.0001) chez le rat atteint dIRC. Par contre, la scrtion dinsuline au cours de ce mme test naugmente pas significativement (AUC 1.30 fois, N.S.) en comparaison aux rats tmoins. Malgr une lvation des taux dinsuline en IRC suivant un bolus de glucose, les tissus priphriques ne montrent pas daugmentation de la captation du glucose sanguin suggrant un dfaut dexpression et/ou de fonction des transporteurs de glucose chez ces rats. En effet, on observe une diminution de ces transporteurs dans divers tissus impliqus dans le mtabolisme du glucose tel que le foie ( 0.60 fois, p < 0.01) et le muscle (GLUT1 0.73 fois, p < 0.05; GLUT4 0.69 fois, p < 0.01). En consquence, une diminution significative du transport insulinodpendant du glucose est observable dans le muscle des rats atteint dIRC ( 0.63 fois, p < 0.0001). Puisque les muscles sont responsables de la majorit de la captation insulinodpendante du glucose, la diminution de lexpression du GLUT4 pourrait tre associe la rsistance linsuline observe en IRC. La modulation de lexpression des transporteurs de glucose pourrait tre lorigine de la rsistance linsuline en IRC. Cela dit, dautres mcanismes peuvent aussi tre impliqus. En dpit de cette importante perturbation du transport du glucose, nous navons pas observ de cas de diabte de type II chez le rat CD atteint dIRC. Dans un modle de rat atteint dun syndrome mtabolique, le rat Zucker Leprfa/fa, lIRC provoque une forte hyperglycmie jeun (1.5 fois, p < 0.0001). De plus, lIRC chez le rat Zucker provoque une rponse glycmique (AUC 1.80 fois, p < 0.0001) exagre lors dun test de tolrance au glucose. Une forte rsistance linsuline est mesure au niveau des muscles puisque la dose usuelle dinsuline (2mU/mL) nest pas suffisante pour stimuler la captation du glucose chez le rat Zucker atteint dIRC. De plus, une modulation similaire des transporteurs de glucose peut tre observe chez ces deux espces. Par contre, environ 30% (p < 0.001) des rats Zucker atteints dIRC avaient une glycosurie. LIRC en soi ne mnerait donc pas au dveloppement dun diabte de type II. Par contre, lorsquune rsistance linsuline est prsente antrieurement au dveloppement dune IRC, cela pourrait prcipiter lapparition dun diabte de type II chez ces patients prdisposs.

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Les anthracyclines, comme la doxorubicine (DOX) ou la daunorubicine (DNR), sont utilises dans le traitement dune grande varit de cancers allant des lymphomes, au cancer du sein, en passant par certaines leucmies. Encore aujourdhui, beaucoup pensent que les anthracyclines entrent dans les cellules par diffusion passive, toutefois, la plupart de ces mmes personnes sont daccord pour dire que la p-glycoprotine est responsable dexporter ces molcules hors de la cellule. Mais pourquoi une molcule aurait besoin dun transporteur pour sortir de la cellule, et pas pour y entrer? Quest-ce qui ferait que la diffusion passive fonctionnerait dans un sens, mais pas dans lautre, dautant que lentre des anthracyclines dans les cellules est trs rapide? Nous pensons quil existe bel et bien un transporteur responsable de faire passer les anthracyclines du milieu extracellulaire au cytoplasme, et nous voulons dvelopper un modle de levure qui permettrait de dterminer si une protine, un transporteur, issue dun autre organisme eucaryote est en mesure de transporter la DOX lintrieur de la cellule. Pour ce faire, nous avons rassembl un groupe de mutants prsentant une dficience dans labsorption dautres molcules charges positivement telles que la blomycine ou le NaD1 et avons dtermin le taux dabsorption de DOX de chacun de ces mutants. Les simples mutants sam3 ou dur3 nont montr quune faible rduction de labsorption de DOX, voire, aucune, par rapport la souche parentale. Si le double mutant sam3dur3 a montr une rduction relativement importante de labsorption de DOX, cest le mutant agp2 qui prsentait la plus grande rduction dabsorption de DOX, ainsi quune rsistance notable son effet ltal. Nous avons utilis, par la suite, ce mutant pour exprimer, laide dun vecteur dexpression, une protine du ver Caenorhabditis elegans, OCT-1 (CeOCT-1). Les rsultats ont montr que cette protine tait en mesure de restaurer labsorption de DOX, compromise chez le mutant agp2 ainsi que daugmenter la sensibilit de la souche parentale son effet ltal, lorsquexprime chez celle-ci. Cela suggre que CeOCT-1 est un transporteur fonctionnel de DOX et contredit galement le dogme selon lequel les anthracyclines entrent dans les cellules par diffusion passive.