The extended GLUT-family of sugar/polyol transport facilitators: nomenclature, sequence characteristics, and potential function of its novel members (review).

During the last 2 years, several novel genes that encode glucose transporter-like proteins have been identified and characterized. Because of their sequence similarity with GLUT1, these genes appear to belong to the family of solute carriers 2A (SLC2A, protein symbol GLUT). Sequence comparisons of all 13 family members allow the definition of characteristic sugar/polyol transporter signatures: (1) the presence of 12 membrane-spanning helices, (2) seven conserved glycine residues in the helices, (3) several basic and acidic residues at the intracellular surface of the proteins, (4) two conserved tryptophan residues, and (5) two conserved tyrosine residues. On the basis of sequence similarities and characteristic elements, the extended GLUT family can be divided into three subfamilies, namely class I (the previously known glucose transporters GLUT1-4), class II (the previously known fructose transporter GLUT5, the GLUT7, GLUT9 and GLUT11), and class III (GLUT6, 8, 10, 12, and the myo-inositol transporter HMIT1). Functional characteristics have been reported for some of the novel GLUTs. Like GLUT1-4, they exhibit a tissue/cell-specific expression (GLUT6, leukocytes, brain; GLUT8, testis, blastocysts, brain, muscle, adipocytes; GLUT9, liver, kidney; GLUT10, liver, pancreas; GLUT11, heart, skeletal muscle). GLUT6 and GLUT8 appear to be regulated by sub-cellular redistribution, because they are targeted to intra-cellular compartments by dileucine motifs in a dynamin dependent manner. Sugar transport has been reported for GLUT6, 8, and 11; HMIT1 has been shown to be a H+/myo-inositol co-transporter. Thus, the members of the extended GLUT family exhibit a surprisingly diverse substrate specificity, and the definition of sequence elements determining this substrate specificity will require a full functional characterization of all members.

Pyrroloquinoline quinone biosynthesis gene pqqC, a novel molecular marker for studying the phylogeny and diversity of phosphate-solubilizing pseudomonads.

Many root-colonizing pseudomonads are able to promote plant growth by increasing phosphate availability in soil through solubilization of poorly soluble rock phosphates. The major mechanism of phosphate solubilization by pseudomonads is the secretion of gluconic acid, which requires the enzyme glucose dehydrogenase and its cofactor pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ). The main aim of this study was to evaluate whether a PQQ biosynthetic gene is suitable to study the phylogeny of phosphate-solubilizing pseudomonads. To this end, two new primers, which specifically amplify the pqqC gene of the Pseudomonas genus, were designed. pqqC fragments were amplified and sequenced from a Pseudomonas strain collection and from a natural wheat rhizosphere population using cultivation-dependent and cultivation-independent approaches. Phylogenetic trees based on pqqC sequences were compared to trees obtained with the two concatenated housekeeping genes rpoD and gyrB. For both pqqC and rpoD-gyrB, similar main phylogenetic clusters were found. However, in the pqqC but not in the rpoD-gyrB tree, the group of fluorescent pseudomonads producing the antifungal compounds 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol and pyoluteorin was located outside the Pseudomonas fluorescens group. pqqC sequences from isolated pseudomonads were differently distributed among the identified phylogenetic groups than pqqC sequences derived from the cultivation-independent approach. Comparing pqqC phylogeny and phosphate solubilization activity, we identified one phylogenetic group with high solubilization activity. In summary, we demonstrate that the gene pqqC is a novel molecular marker that can be used complementary to housekeeping genes for studying the diversity and evolution of plant-beneficial pseudomonads.

Lats2, a novel regulator of Elongin BC ubiquitin ligase

Résumé : Le Large tumor suppressor, Lats2, est une protéine humaine homologue au suppresseur de tumeur Warts (Lats) de Drosophila melanogaster, qui réprime la prolifération des cellules en altérant leur cycle au niveau des transitions Gl/S et G2/M, et en induisant l'apoptose. Pourtant, la voie moléculaire par laquelle Lats2, une sériase-thréonine kinase, déclenche l'arrêt du cycle cellulaire, est toujours inconnue. Notre équipe a d'abord déterminé que Lats2 était un gène de réponse à la protéine p53 (Kostic et al., 2000). Par la suite, nous avons identifié des protéines interagissant avec Lats2, notamment les modules de reconnaissance du substrat des ligases Colline E3 (des protéines contenant Socs box ou F box) ainsi que deux Bous-unités du Signalosome CSN: CSN4 et CSNS. En outre, Lats2 est connue pour s'associer au Super-complexe composé de CSN et des ligases Colline E3 (Rongere, thesis, 2004; Rongere, unpublished results, 2005). Le travail présenté ici sur Lats2 a confirmé que cette protéine est une kinase associée à CSN. Nous avons caractérisé les interactions spécifiques de domaines de Lats2 avec hSocs3, hWsb 1 (des protéines Socs box) et hFBX-7 (une protéine F box), ainsi que les conséquences physiologiques des interactions avec hSocs3, hWsb1 et hSocs1. Des expériences de GST pull-down ont montré que les deux domaines, N-terminal et kinase, de Lats2 interagissent avec hSocs3, hWsb1 et hFBX-7, ce qui suggère aussi que l'ensemble de la protéine Lats2 est impliqué dans ces interactions. Une étude approfondie des interactions entre Lats2 et hSocs3 indique que le domaine kinase de Lats2 interagit avec la région de hSocs3 contenant un domaine SH2, situé en amont du domaine Socs box de hSocs3. Par ailleurs, Lats2 phosphoryle des régions spécifiques entre les domaines N-terminal et SH2 (Sl), et, entre les domaines SH2 et Socs box (S3) de la protéine hSocs3. Ces résultats révèlent que hSocs3 est un.nouveau substrat de Lats2. Des modifications de l'activité kinase ont aussi révélé que la protéine sauvage Lats2 (wt Lats2) était capable de phosphoryler hSocs3, alors qu'un mutant dead du domaine kinase Lats (poche ATP délétée, Lats2OATP) non. L'analyse des mutations a permis d'identifier deux résidus sériase situés aux positions 1441145 (S3), spécifiquement phosphorylés par wt Lats2. La phosphorylation des protéines représentant un signal de dégradation protéolytique, nous avons envisagé que Lats2 pouvait cibler hSocs3 pour une dégradation protéasomale. Lorsque wt Lats2 est surexprimée dans des cellules HEK293T et COS7, la demi-vie de hSocs3, un élément de la ligase Elongine BC-Colline É3 (ligase EBC), diminue significativement, effet que n'a pas la surexpression de Lats2OATP. De plus, la stabilité de hSocs3 dépend de la phosphorylation des résidus sériase aux positions 144/145 par wt Lats2. Bien que les sites de phosphorylation ne soient pas définis pour les deux autres modules de reconnaissance du substrat de la ligase EBC: hWsb 1 et hSocsl, leurs demi-vies diminuent également quand wt Lats2 est surexprimée. Pour les tests in vivo, nous avons synthétisé des esiRNA pour diminuer l'expression du gène endogène lats2, ce qui a entraîné une augmentation d'un facteur 2 de la demi-vie de hSocs3 et de hWsbl dans les cellules HEK293T. En conclusion, nos résultats suggérent que Lats2, une kinase associée au CSN, est un nouveau régulateur de la fonction des ligases EBC, agissant sur le renouvellement des protéines hSocs3, hSocs1 et hWsb1. Ainsi, Lats2 altère la spécificité et la capacité des ligases EBC, régulant par là même la stabilité de nombreuses protéines, ciblées par les ligases EBC pour une dégradation protéasomale. D'autres études devraient révéler si la modification observée de la fonction de la ligase EBC par Lats2, associée au Super-complexe, est également responsable du renouvellement des régulateurs du cycle cellulaire et des changements dans ce même cycle observés lors de la surexpression de Lats2. Summary : The Large tumor suppressor 2 (Lats2) is a human homologue of the Drosophila melanogaster tumor suppressor Warts (Cats) who negatively regulates cell proliferation by altering cell cycle Gl/S and G2/M transition and inducing apoptosis. However, the molecular pathway by which Lats2, a serine-threonine kinase, mediates cell cycle arrest is still unknown. Lats2 was initially identified to be a p53 response gene by our group (Kostic et al., 2000). Subsequently, our group identified interacting candidates of Lats2, including substrate recognition modules of Cullin-based E3 ligases (Socs box or F-box containing proteins) as well as two subunits of the Signalosome (CSN), CSN4 and CSNS. Additionally, Lats2 was shown to associate with a Super-complex, composed of CSN and Cullin-based E3 ligases (Rongere, thesis, 2004; Rongere, unpublished results, 2005) We hypothesized that Lats2 may perform its physiological function through interaction with CSN and Cullin-based E3 ligases. The present work on Lats2 has confirmed that Lats2 is a CSN associated kinase. We defined the domain specific interactions of Lats2 with hSocs3, hWsb1 (Sots box proteins) and hFBX-7 (F box protein), as well as the physiological consequences of interaction with hSocs3, hWsb1 and hSocs1. Both the N-terminal and the kinase domains of Lats2 interact with full-length hSocs3, hWsb1 and hFBX-7, determined in GST pull-down assays suggesting that full-length Lats2 protein is involved in interactions. Refinement of the Lats2 interaction with hSocs3 indicated that the kinase domain of Lats2 interacts with a region of hSocs3 containing a SH2 domain located upstream of the Socs box domain of the hSocs3. Moreover, Lats2 phosphorylated specific regions between the N-terminal and SH2 domain (S l) as well as between the SH2 domain and Socs box domain of hSocs3 (S3).These results indicate that hSocs3 is a novel Lats2 substrate. The kinase assay has also demonstrated that wt Lats2 was able to phosphorylate hSocs3, but not Lats2 kinase dead mutant (deleted ATP pocket, Lats20ATP). Mutational analysis identified two serine residues located at positions 144/145 (S3) to be specifically phosphorylated by wt Lats2. Phosphorylation of proteins has been shown to be a signal for proteolytic degradation of many characterized proteins. Thus we hypothesized that Lats2 could target hSocs3 for proteasomal degradation. When wt Lats2 was over-expressed in HEK293T cells and COST cells, the half-life of hSocs3, as a component of Elongin BC Cullin-based E3 ubiquitin ligase (EBC ligase), decreased significantly. In contrast, aver-expression of the Lats2OATP did not alter the half-life of hSocs3. Furthermore, the stability of hSocs3 depended on phosphorylation of serine residues at positions 144/145 by wt Lats2. Although the sites of phosphorylation were not defined for two other substrate recognition modules of EBC ligasehWsbl and hSocsl, their half-lives also decreased when wt Lats2 was over-expressed. To test in vivo, we synthesized esiRNA to knock-down endogenous Lats2 and subsequently we measured the half-lives of hSocs3 and hVVsb l . Here we demonstrated that the half-lives of hSocs3 and hWsbl were increased by the factor of two in Lats2-depleted HEK293T cells. In conclusion, our findings suggest that Lats2, a CSN associated kinase, is a novel regulator of EBC ligase function by regulating the turn-over of hSocs3, hSocs1 and hWsb1. Thus, Lats2 alters the specificity and capacity of EBC ligases regulating thereby the stability of numerous proteins which are targeted by EBC ligases for proteasomal degradation. Further studies should reveal whether the observed modulation of EBC ligase function by Lats2 associated with a Super-complex is also responsible for the turn-over of cell cycle regulators and the observed alteration in cell cycle by Lats2 over-expression.

Serum calcium levels are associated with novel cardiometabolic risk factors in the population-based CoLaus study.

BACKGROUND: Associations of serum calcium levels with the metabolic syndrome and other novel cardio-metabolic risk factors not classically included in the metabolic syndrome, such as those involved in oxidative stress, are largely unexplored. We analyzed the association of albumin-corrected serum calcium levels with conventional and non-conventional cardio-metabolic risk factors in a general adult population. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The CoLaus study is a population-based study including Caucasians from Lausanne, Switzerland. The metabolic syndrome was defined using the Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Non-conventional cardio-metabolic risk factors considered included: fat mass, leptin, LDL particle size, apolipoprotein B, fasting insulin, adiponectin, ultrasensitive CRP, serum uric acid, homocysteine, and gamma-glutamyltransferase. We used adjusted standardized multivariable regression to compare the association of each cardio-metabolic risk factor with albumin-corrected serum calcium. We assessed associations of albumin-corrected serum calcium with the cumulative number of non-conventional cardio-metabolic risk factors. We analyzed 4,231 subjects aged 35 to 75 years. Corrected serum calcium increased with both the number of the metabolic syndrome components and the number of non-conventional cardio-metabolic risk factors, independently of the metabolic syndrome and BMI. Among conventional and non-conventional cardio-metabolic risk factors, the strongest positive associations were found for factors related to oxidative stress (uric acid, homocysteine and gamma-glutamyltransferase). Adiponectin had the strongest negative association with corrected serum calcium. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Serum calcium was associated with the metabolic syndrome and with non-conventional cardio-metabolic risk factors independently of the metabolic syndrome. Associations with uric acid, homocysteine and gamma-glutamyltransferase were the strongest. These novel findings suggest that serum calcium levels may be associated with cardiovascular risk via oxidative stress.

Integration of genome-wide association studies with biological knowledge identifies six novel genes related to kidney function.

In conducting genome-wide association studies (GWAS), analytical approaches leveraging biological information may further understanding of the pathophysiology of clinical traits. To discover novel associations with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), a measure of kidney function, we developed a strategy for integrating prior biological knowledge into the existing GWAS data for eGFR from the CKDGen Consortium. Our strategy focuses on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) in genes that are connected by functional evidence, determined by literature mining and gene ontology (GO) hierarchies, to genes near previously validated eGFR associations. It then requires association thresholds consistent with multiple testing, and finally evaluates novel candidates by independent replication. Among the samples of European ancestry, we identified a genome-wide significant SNP in FBXL20 (P = 5.6 × 10(-9)) in meta-analysis of all available data, and additional SNPs at the INHBC, LRP2, PLEKHA1, SLC3A2 and SLC7A6 genes meeting multiple-testing corrected significance for replication and overall P-values of 4.5 × 10(-4)-2.2 × 10(-7). Neither the novel PLEKHA1 nor FBXL20 associations, both further supported by association with eGFR among African Americans and with transcript abundance, would have been implicated by eGFR candidate gene approaches. LRP2, encoding the megalin receptor, was identified through connection with the previously known eGFR gene DAB2 and extends understanding of the megalin system in kidney function. These findings highlight integration of existing genome-wide association data with independent biological knowledge to uncover novel candidate eGFR associations, including candidates lacking known connections to kidney-specific pathways. The strategy may also be applicable to other clinical phenotypes, although more testing will be needed to assess its potential for discovery in general.

Integrating novel agents into multiple myeloma treatment - current status in Switzerland and treatment recommendations.

The treatment of multiple myeloma has undergone significant changes in the recent past. The arrival of novel agents, especially thalidomide, bortezomib and lenalidomide, has expanded treatment options and patient outcomes are improving significantly. This article summarises the discussions of an expert meeting which was held to debate current treatment practices for multiple myeloma in Switzerland concerning the role of the novel agents and to provide recommendations for their use in different treatment stages based on currently available clinical data. Novel agent combinations for the treatment of newly diagnosed, as well as relapsed multiple myeloma are examined. In addition, the role of novel agents in patients with cytogenetic abnormalities and renal impairment, as well as the management of the most frequent side effects of the novel agents are discussed. The aim of this article is to assist in treatment decisions in daily clinical practice to achieve the best possible outcome for patients with multiple myeloma.

Novel role of a family of major facilitator transporters in biofilm development and virulence of Candida albicans.

The QDR (quinidine drug resistance) family of genes encodes transporters belonging to the MFS (major facilitator superfamily) of proteins. We show that QDR transporters, which are localized to the plasma membrane, do not play a role in drug transport. Hence, null mutants of QDR1, QDR2 and QDR3 display no alterations in susceptibility to azoles, polyenes, echinocandins, polyamines or quinolines, or to cell wall inhibitors and many other stresses. However, the deletion of QDR genes, individually or collectively, led to defects in biofilm architecture and thickness. Interestingly, QDR-lacking strains also displayed attenuated virulence, but the strongest effect was observed with qdr2∆, qdr3∆ and in qdr1/2/3∆ strains. Notably, the attenuated virulence and biofilm defects could be reversed upon reintegration of QDR genes. Transcripts profiling confirmed differential expression of many biofilm and virulence-related genes in the deletion strains as compared with wild-type Candida albicans cells. Furthermore, lipidomic analysis of QDR-deletion mutants suggests massive remodelling of lipids, which may affect cell signalling, leading to the defect in biofilm development and attenuation of virulence. In summary, the results of the present study show that QDR paralogues encoding MFS antiporters do not display conserved functional linkage as drug transporters and perform functions that significantly affect the virulence of C. albicans.

A novel dominant mutation of the Nav1.4 alpha-subunit domain I leading to sodium channel myotonia.

BACKGROUND: Mutations in SCN4A may lead to myotonia. METHODS: Presentation of a large family with myotonia, including molecular studies and patch clamp experiments using human embryonic kidney 293 cells expressing wild-type and mutated channels. RESULTS: In a large family with historic data on seven generations and a clear phenotype, including myotonia at movement onset, with worsening by cold temperature, pregnancy, mental stress, and especially after rest after intense physical activity, but without weakness, the phenotype was linked with the muscle sodium channel gene (SCN4A) locus, in which a novel p.I141V mutation was found. This modification is located within the first transmembrane segment of domain I of the Na(v)1.4 alpha subunit, a region where no mutation has been reported so far. Patch clamp experiments revealed a mutation-induced hyperpolarizing shift (-12.9 mV) of the voltage dependence of activation, leading to a significant increase (approximately twofold) of the window current amplitude. In addition, the mutation shifted the voltage dependence of slow inactivation by -8.7 mV and accelerated the entry to this state. CONCLUSIONS: We propose that the gain-of-function alteration in activation leads to the observed myotonic phenotype, whereas the enhanced slow inactivation may prevent depolarization-induced paralysis.

A novel human aquaporin-4 splice variant exhibits a dominant-negative activity: a new mechanism to regulate water permeability.

Two major isoforms of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) have been described in human tissue. Here we report the identification and functional analysis of an alternatively spliced transcript of human AQP4, AQP4-Δ4, that lacks exon 4. In transfected cells AQP4-Δ4 is mainly retained in the endoplasmic reticulum and shows no water transport properties. When AQP4-Δ4 is transfected into cells stably expressing functional AQP4, the surface expression of the full-length protein is reduced. Furthermore, the water transport activity of the cotransfectants is diminished in comparison to transfectants expressing only AQP4. The observed down-regulation of both the expression and water channel activity of AQP4 is likely to originate from a dominant-negative effect caused by heterodimerization between AQP4 and AQP4-Δ4, which was detected in coimmunoprecipitation studies. In skeletal muscles, AQP4-Δ4 mRNA expression inversely correlates with the level of AQP4 protein and is physiologically associated with different types of skeletal muscles. The expression of AQP4-Δ4 may represent a new regulatory mechanism through which the cell-surface expression and therefore the activity of AQP4 can be physiologically modulated.

El Misterio de la biblioteca Mil.lènium o cómo promover relaciones colaborativas desde la participación del alumnado = The Mystery of the Mil.lènium Library: How to Promote Collaborative Relationships Through Student Participation

La pedagogía crítica acentúa la falta de neutralidad de la escuela respecto a las relaciones de poder que existen en la sociedad. Su propuesta consiste en modificar las relaciones de poder en el aula en el sentido de transformar las relaciones coercitivas –las que reproducen las relaciones existentes– en relaciones colaborativas partiendo del reconocimiento y la participación de los alumnos en las actividades escolares. Desde esta perspectiva, uno de los objetivos de las actividades es que los niños produzcan «textos identitarios», entendidos como artefactos que los alumnos se pueden apropiar para promover su desarrollo cognitivo. El artículo muestra el trabajo educativo integrado desde Educación Infantil hasta 6.º de Primaria de una escuela de la provincia de Girona en la que el 97% de los alumnos es de origen extranjero y cuyo propósito es incrementar las habilidades lingüísticas orales y escritas en la lengua escolar, así como la utilización de otros lenguajes multimedia. La unidad didáctica consiste en la elaboración de un cuento a lo largo de un curso escolar por parte de todo el alumnado con la ayuda de los profesores, de dos autores y de tres ilustradores. Cada ciclo escolar decide los personajes y el escenario y explicita textualmente el transcurso de la acción. Los ilustradores producen las imágenes y los autores posibilitan la transición de aquello que ha elaborado un ciclo al producto del siguiente. La actividad basada en la participación y la utilización de procedimientos democráticos de decisión se inserta en la propuesta educativa y lingüística de la escuela, así como en sus concreciones curriculares. Los resultados muestran que los textos construidos por los niños se apoyan en sus «fondos de conocimiento» sociales y familiares y constituyen una fuente de progreso en la consecución de las competencias básicas y en la construcción de valores democráticos

Novel loci affecting iron homeostasis and their effects in individuals at risk for hemochromatosis

Variation in body iron is associated with or causes diseases, including anaemia and iron overload. Here, we analyse genetic association data on biochemical markers of iron status from 11 European-population studies, with replication in eight additional cohorts (total up to 48,972 subjects). We find 11 genome-wide-significant (P<5 × 10(-8)) loci, some including known iron-related genes (HFE, SLC40A1, TF, TFR2, TFRC, TMPRSS6) and others novel (ABO, ARNTL, FADS2, NAT2, TEX14). SNPs at ARNTL, TF, and TFR2 affect iron markers in HFE C282Y homozygotes at risk for hemochromatosis. There is substantial overlap between our iron loci and loci affecting erythrocyte and lipid phenotypes. These results will facilitate investigation of the roles of iron in disease.

Identification of novel functional TBP-binding sites and general factor repertoires.

Our current knowledge of the general factor requirement in transcription by the three mammalian RNA polymerases is based on a small number of model promoters. Here, we present a comprehensive chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-on-chip analysis for 28 transcription factors on a large set of known and novel TATA-binding protein (TBP)-binding sites experimentally identified via ChIP cloning. A large fraction of identified TBP-binding sites is located in introns or lacks a gene/mRNA annotation and is found to direct transcription. Integrated analysis of the ChIP-on-chip data and functional studies revealed that TAF12 hitherto regarded as RNA polymerase II (RNAP II)-specific was found to be also involved in RNAP I transcription. Distinct profiles for general transcription factors and TAF-containing complexes were uncovered for RNAP II promoters located in CpG and non-CpG islands suggesting distinct transcription initiation pathways. Our study broadens the spectrum of general transcription factor function and uncovers a plethora of novel, functional TBP-binding sites in the human genome.