Low organisational justice and heavy drinking: a prospective cohort study

Objectives: To investigate whether low perceived organisational injustice predicts heavy drinking among employees. Methods: Data from the prospective occupational cohort study, the 10-Town Study, related to 15 290 Finnish public sector local government employees nested in 2432 work units, were used. Non-drinkers were excluded. Procedural, interactional and total organisational justice, heavy drinking (>=210 g of absolute alcohol per week) and other psychosocial factors were determined by means of questionnaire in 2000-2001 (phase 1) and 2004 (phase 2). Multilevel logistic regression analyses taking into account for the hierarchical structure of the data were conducted and adjustments were made for sex, age, socio-economic position, marital status, baseline heavy drinking, psychological distress and other psychosocial risk factors such as job strain and effort/reward imbalance. Results: After adjustments, participants who reported low procedural justice at phase 1 were about 1.2 times more likely to be heavy drinkers at phase 2 compared with their counterparts with high justice. Low perceived justice in interpersonal treatment and low perceived total organisational justice were associated with an elevated prevalence of heavy drinking only in the socio-demographics adjusted model. Conclusions: This is the first longitudinal study to show that low procedural justice is weakly associated with an increased likelihood of heavy drinking.

Effort-reward imbalance and sedentary lifestyle: an observational study in a large occupational cohort

Objectives: To investigate the association between effort-reward imbalance (ERI) at work and sedentary lifestyle. Methods: Cross-sectional data from the ongoing Finnish Public Sector Study related to 30 433 women and 7718 men aged 17-64 were used (n = 35 918 after exclusion of participants with missing values in covariates). From the responses to a questionnaire, an aggregated mean score for ERI in a work unit was assigned to each participant. The outcome was sedentary lifestyle defined as <2.00 metabolic equivalent task (MET) hours/day. Logistic regression with generalized estimating equations was used as an analysis method to include both individual and work unit level predictors in the models. Adjustments were made for age, marital status, occupational status, job contract, smoking, and heavy drinking. Results: Twenty five percent of women and 27% of men had a sedentary lifestyle. High individual level ERI was associated with a higher likelihood of sedentary lifestyle both among women (odds ratio (OR) = 1.08, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.16) and men (OR = 1.17, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.33). These associations were not explained by relevant confounders and they were also independent of work unit level job strain measured as a ratio of job demands and control. Conclusions: A mismatch between high occupational effort spent and low reward received in turn seems to be associated with an elevated risk of sedentary lifestyle, although this association is relatively weak.

Effort-reward imbalance at work and the co-occurrence of lifestyle risk factors: cross-sectional survey in a sample of 36,127 public sector employees

Background In occupational life, a mismatch between high expenditure of effort and receiving few rewards may promote the co-occurrence of lifestyle risk factors, however, there is insufficient evidence to support or refute this hypothesis. The aim of this study is to examine the extent to which the dimensions of the Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI) model – effort, rewards and ERI – are associated with the co-occurrence of lifestyle risk factors. Methods Based on data from the Finnish Public Sector Study, cross-sectional analyses were performed for 28,894 women and 7233 men. ERI was conceptualized as a ratio of effort and rewards. To control for individual differences in response styles, such as a personal disposition to answer negatively to questionnaires, occupational and organizational -level ecological ERI scores were constructed in addition to individual-level ERI scores. Risk factors included current smoking, heavy drinking, body mass index ≥25 kg/m2, and physical inactivity. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to estimate the likelihood of having one risk factor, two risk factors, and three or four risk factors. The associations between ERI and single risk factors were explored using binary logistic regression models. Results After adjustment for age, socioeconomic position, marital status, and type of job contract, women and men with high ecological ERI were 40% more likely to have simultaneously ≥3 lifestyle risk factors (vs. 0 risk factors) compared with their counterparts with low ERI. When examined separately, both low ecological effort and low ecological rewards were also associated with an elevated prevalence of risk factor co-occurrence. The results obtained with the individual-level scores were in the same direction. The associations of ecological ERI with single risk factors were generally less marked than the associations with the co-occurrence of risk factors. Conclusion This study suggests that a high ratio of occupational efforts relative to rewards may be associated with an elevated risk of having multiple lifestyle risk factors. However, an unexpected association between low effort and a higher likelihood of risk factor co-occurrence as well as the absence of data on overcommitment (and thereby a lack of full test of the ERI model) warrant caution in regard to the extent to which the entire ERI model is supported by our evidence.

Ranskalaisen lähiökulttuurin välittäminen elokuvassa La Haine

Tutkielman tarkoituksena on tarkastella ja analysoida kahta elokuvan La Haine (suom. Viha) tekstitystä. Ensimmäinen on La Hainen DVD-versio 2005-2006, jonka on suomentanut Irmeli Debarle. Toinen on elokuvan Yleltä tullut televisioversio vuodelta 2010, jonka on suomentanut Marjo Hiidensalo. Tutkielman tarkoituksena on selvittää, miten kaksi eri suomentajaa ovat tekstittäneet elokuvassa puhuttua Pariisin lähiöslangia. Analysoin käytettyjä käännösstrategioita, taktiikoita ja keinoja, joilla suomentajat ovat luoneet slangin illuusion. Esitän vaihtoehtoisen käännösehdotuksen silloin, kun elokuvan sävy tai tyyli eivät mielestäni heijastu tekstityksissä. Tutkielmassa on myös sosiologinen näkökulma; Koska elokuvan keskeisiin teemoihin kuuluvat sekä lähiönuorten elämäntavat että syrjäytyminen, tarkastelen siis syrjäytymisen välittymistä koko audiovisuaalisessa viestissä, eli elokuvassa esiintyvän puhekielen lisäksi analysoin puheenaiheita ja pääprotagonistien elämäntapaa. Teoreettisena viitekehyksenä on AV-kääntämisen näkökulma ja tutkimusmenetelmänä diskurssianalyysi. Analyysi osoitti, että tutkimuksessa tarkastellut kaksi eri suomeksi teksitettyä elokuvaversiota poikkesivat käännösstrategioiltaan toisistaan. Yleisesti ottaen televisioversion käännöstaktisina keinoina olivat tiivistäminen, poisjättö, parafraasi, ellipsien käyttö ja syntaksin yksinkertaistaminen. Slangin illuusio saatin luotua ajoittaisella slangilla, kirosanoilla ja solvauksilla. DVD-versiossa käännettiin paljon enemmän kielellistä ainesta ja käännökset olivat tutkitussa materiaalissa ajoittain sanasanaisia käännöksiä; lisäksi verlanisoidut sanat oli joskus tulkittu virheellisesti. DVD-versiossa tekstitykset oli kuitenkin ajoitettu paremmin: Katsojan on helppo seurata elokuvaa, sillä tekstitys kulkee elokuvan audiovisuaalisen puolen kanssa synkronoidusti.