Membrana de alumina anódica: comportamento da microestrutura e estudo das propriedades ópticas após tratamento térmico

Thin commercial aluminum electrolytic and passed through reactions was obtained with anodic alumina membranes nanopores. These materials have applications in areas recognized electronic, biomedical, chemical and biological weapons, especially in obtaining nanostructures using these membranes as a substrate or template for processing nanowires, nanodots and nanofibers for applications noble. Previous studies showed that the membranes that have undergone heat treatment temperature to 1300° C underwent changes in morphology, crystal structure and optical properties. This aim, this thesis, a study of the heat treatment of porous anodic alumina membranes, in order to obtain and to characterize the behavior changes structures during the crystallization process of the membranes, at temperatures ranging between 300 and 1700° C. It was therefore necessary to mount a system formed by a tubular furnace resistive alumina tube and controlled environment, applying flux with special blend of Ag-87% and 13% N2, in which argon had the role of carrying out the oxygen nitrogen system and induce the closing of the pores during the densification of the membrane. The duration of heat treatment ranged from 60 to 15 minutes, at temperatures from 300 to 1700° C respectively. With the heat treatment occurred: a drastic reduction of porosity, grain growth and increased translucency of the membrane. For the characterization of the membranes were analyzed properties: Physical - thermogravimetric, X-ray diffraction, BET surface area; morphological - SEM, EDS through compositional and, optical absorbance, and transmittance in the UV-VIS, and FTIR. The results using the SEM showed that crystallization has occurred, densification and significant changes in membrane structure, as well as obtaining microtube, the BET analysis showed a decrease in specific surface area of the membranes has to 44.381 m2.g-1 to less than 1.8 m2.g-1 and in the analysis of transmittance and absorbance was found a value of 16.5% in the range of 800 nm, characteristic of the near infrared and FTIR have confirmed the molecular groups of the material. Thus, one can say that the membranes were mixed characteristics and properties which qualify for use in gas filtration system, as well as applications in the range of optical wavelength of the infra-red, and as a substrate of nanomaterials. This requires the continuation and deepening of additional study

Evaluación de la involución, salud uterina y retorno de la actividad ovárica con la adición de zeolita 2% en la dieta basal de vacas lecheras

El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de zeolita (Clinoptilolita) adicionado en la dieta basal de vacas lecheras durante 105 días, 60 días pre-parto (dap) y 45 días post-parto (dpp) y su influencia en la involución (IU) y salud uterina (SU), el retorno de la actividad ovárica (AO) y la condición corporal (CC). El proyecto se realizó en tres ganaderías de la comunidad de Soldados del Cantón Cuenca – Azuay, en 50 vacas secas, con una CC ≥ 3,5, entre 2 a 5 partos, clínicamente sanas y todas en las mismas condiciones sanitarias y de manejo; fueron divididas en un grupo control (n1=25), alimentadas con dieta basal y un experimental (n2=25), con dieta basal + 2% de Zeolita del consumo de materia (CMS). Se evaluó retorno de AO considerando folículos ≥ 10 mm de diámetro a los 15, 22, 35 y 45 dpp por Ultrasonografía transrectal, SU (>10 PMN) a los 35 dpp por cytobrush, IU considerando posición del útero con respecto a la pelvis (PU), simetría de los cuernos (SCU), y diámetro del cérvix (DC), a los 22 y 45 dpp por palpación rectal, y finalmente la CC a los 15 dap, parto y 45 dpp. Se usó un diseño completamente al azar (DCA) y los resultados fueron analizados con el programa estadístico SPSS versión 22.0, posteriormente fueron aplicados los estadísticos de “U de Mann Withney y Kruscall Wallis”. Se obtuvo eficacia en el GE con mayor porcentaje de vacas que retornaron su AO (respectivamente, para GC y GE fueron: 35 dpp 29,6% vs. 70,4%; 45 dpp 44,4% vs. 55,6%; p<0,05). La IU fue a los 45 dpp, los valores obtenido para GC y GE fueron: respectivamente, PU 40,0% vs. 76,0%, SCU 32,0% vs. 76,0% y DC 28,0% vs. 68,0%, (p<0,05). Y en SU también mostró eficacia en el GE obteniendo un 3,4% vs. 22,2% de PMN en comparación con el GC, (p<0,05). Finalmente, se comprobó diferencias significativas (p<0,05) en la CC al parto y 45 dpp con eficacia atribuida al GE. En conclusión, la adición de zeolita al 2% en la dieta basal mostró eficacia en la involución y salud uterina, retorno de la actividad ovárica y la condición corporal en vacas en transición, recomendando su uso en las ganaderías lecheras

Correlación entre glucosa basal y hemoglobina glucosilada en el adulto mayor en el cantón Cuenca, 2015

INTRODUCCIÓN: Alteraciones en el metabolismo de la glucosa son causantes de Síndrome Metabólico y diabetes en adultos mayores; la determinación de hemoglobina glucosilada es un indicador exacto de la glucemia de los individuos en los últimos tres meses permitiendo comprobar el estado de salud. OBJETIVO: Establecer la correlación entre glucosa basal y hemoglobina glucosilada y su asociación con Síndrome Metabólico en adultos mayores del cantón Cuenca. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio descriptivo en 126 adultos mayores. Para la obtención de la muestra se utilizó el calculador automático EPI INFO. De los participantes un grupo con Síndrome Metabólico cumplió el criterio de la Adult Treatment Panel (APT-III). Se aplicó una encuesta para recolección de información y se tomó muestras de sangre para determinar glucosa basal y hemoglobina glucosilada. La información obtenida se procesó en el programa SPSS versión 20.0, Excel y MedLab. Se clasificaron los valores de acuerdo a frecuencia por edad, sexo y su relación con Síndrome Metabólico. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 126 pacientes entre 65 y 96 años, siendo más frecuentes adultos mayores de sexo femenino con 65,1%. La población con Síndrome Metabólico fue 50.8%. La media de glucosa fue 87,16 y de hemoglobina glucosilada 5,65%. Luego del análisis 92% se encontraron en el rango normal de glucemia y 92,8% de HbA1; se ubicó en el rango de prediabetes 4,8% y dentro del rango de diabetes el 2,4%. Mediante coeficiente de correlación de Pearson se determinó una correlación moderada de 0.418 entre glucemia basal y hemoglobina glucosilada. Se observó una ligera relación entre alteración del metabolismo de glucosa y Síndrome Metabólico pues 12,5% de pacientes con esta enfermedad presentaron hiperglucemia y 11% HbA1 alterada

Endotoxinas bacterianas versus resposta inflamatória e alérgica

Endotoxinas bacterianas são lipopolissacáridos da membrana externa das bactérias Gram-negativas e são responsáveis pela libertação de citocinas no organismo humano. Estas citocinas podem exacerbar a sintomatologia de determinadas patologias, nomeadamente do foro pulmonar, agravando a sua situação clínica. A procura de melhor conforto habitacional, com a criação de micro ambientes "artificiais" dentro de casa, oferece bem-estar, mas por vezes arrasta consigo uma maior quantidade de poluentes aéreos indoor, nomeadamente bioaerossóis. A influência das bactérias Oram­ negativas em suspensão indoor nos níveis basais dos marcadores analíticos sanguíneos de resposta inflamatória e alérgica, é um ponto importante a ter em consideração quando se pretende elevar o grau de conforto de uma habitação sem implicações negativas para a saúde humana. Este estudo demonstra que a presença das endotoxinas bacterianas indoor, na ausência de patologia aguda, não prejudica o ser humano e a melhoria das condições habitacionais não degrada o estado fisiológico dos indivíduos. /Summary: Bacterial endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides found in the outer membrane of Gram­ negative bacteria and are responsible for the release of cytokines in the human body. These cytokines may exacerbate the symptoms of certain diseases, including pulmonary events, worsening their medical condition. The demand for better housing comfort with the creation of "artificial" micro-environments in the house, offers well-being, but often brings a greater quantity of indoor air pollutants, including bioaerosols. The influence of suspended indoor Gram-negative bacteria in basal levels of blood analytical markers of inflammatory and allergic rhinitis, is an important point to consider when attempting to raise the comfort level of a dwelling without negative implications for human health. This study proves that the presence of indoor bacterial endotoxin in the absence of acute pathology, do not affect humans and the improvement of living conditions does not degrade the physiological status of individuals.

Perforación de la membrana timpánica: características clínicas, epidemiológicas y modalidades de manejo. Hospital José Carrasco Arteaga. Cuenca – Ecuador. 2011 - 2015

En el Ecuador la discapacidad auditiva afecta al 5% de la población y pese a ser susceptible de tratamiento es la segunda causa de discapacidad. Muchas de estas patologías alteran el tímpano y disminuyen la capacidad auditiva, afectando la calidad de vida y generando problemas de adaptación y cognición particularmente en niños. El tímpano tiene capacidad regenerativa por lo que la conducta inicial es expectante, sin embargo cuando el defecto no involuciona se inicia el tratamiento. La mayoría de los pacientes recuperan la audición cuando reciben atención médica oportuna. En nuestro medio son escasos los estudios del tema, por lo que el objetivo de este trabajo descriptivo y retrospectivo fue determinar las características clínicas, epidemiológicas y las modalidades de manejo de la perforación timpánica en el Hospital José Carrasco Arteaga de Cuenca durante los años 2011-2015. RESULTADOS: el 50.50% de pacientes fueron mujeres y el 65.20% de la población tuvo entre 20 y 59 años. El 80% de los casos fueron secundarios a infección; la otitis media crónica supurativa se encontró en el 56% de los pacientes y los traumatismos en el 14%. La perforación central fue la más frecuente. El 43.7% de los individuos se realizaron una timpanoplastia, con una tasa de éxito del 58%. CONCLUSIONES: La patología timpánica tiene importantes repercusiones sobre la calidad de vida. Pese a ser una entidad frecuente y susceptible de tratamiento, poco se conoce sobre su manejo. Conocimientos más amplios del tema permitirá al médico general un abordaje apropiado con mejores resultados

El fenotipo "basal-her2" en el cáncer de mama: caracterización clínico-molecular e implicaciones terapéuticas

Clinically HER2+ (cHER2+) breast cancer (BC), as exclusively determined by immunohistochemistry of HER2 protein overexpression and/or fluorescence in situ hybridization of HER2 gene amplification, has been largely considered a single disease entity in terms of clinical outcome and in the susceptibility to the anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody trastuzumab (Herceptin). However, although the adjuvant/neoadjuvant use of the trastuzumab has been shown to significantly reduce recurrence risk when added to standard chemotherapy in women with early-stage cHER2+ BC, not all cases derive similar benefit from trastuzumab because a significant number of cHER2+ BC patients develop disease recurrence. Unfortunately, the identification of a robust clinical predictor of trastuzumab benefit, including HER2 itself, has proven challenging in the adjuvant/neoadjuvant setting. Thus, we suggest that a new generation of research needs to refine the prognostic taxonomy of cHER2+ BC and develop easy-to-use, clinicbased prediction algorithms to distinguish between good- and poor- responders to trastuzumab-based therapy ab initio. This study offered two hypotheses: 1.) HER2 overexpression can unexpectedly take place in a molecular background owned by basal-like BC (a commonly HER2-negative BC subtype which possesses many epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) characteristics and exhibits robust cancer stem cell [CSC]-like features), thus generating a so-called basal/cHER2+ BC subtype; 2.) the basal/cHER2+ phenotype confers poor prognosis and delineates a subgroup of intrinsically aggressive cHER2+ BC with primary resistance to trastuzumab...

ROLE OF THE FRONTAL EYE FIELD, SUPERIOR COLLICULUS, AND BASAL GANGLIA IN FLEXIBLE SACCADE BEHAVIOR

A distributed network of cortical and subcortical brain regions mediates the control of voluntary behavior, but it is unclear how this complex system may flexibly shift between different behavioral events. This thesis describes the neurophysiological changes in several key nuclei across the brain during flexible behavior, using saccadic eye movements in rhesus macaque monkeys. We examined five nuclei critical for saccade initiation and modulation: the frontal eye field (FEF) in the cerebral cortex, the subthalamic nucleus (STN), caudate nucleus (CD), and substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) in the basal ganglia (BG), and the superior colliculus (SC) in the midbrain. The first study tested whether a ‘threshold’ theory of how neuronal activity cues saccade initiation is consistent with the flexible control of behavior. The theory suggests there is a fixed level of FEF and SC neuronal activation at which saccades are initiated. Our results provide strong evidence against a fixed saccade threshold in either structure during flexible behavior, and indicate that threshold variability might depend on the level of inhibitory signals applied to the FEF or SC. The next two studies investigated the BG network as a likely candidate to modulate a saccade initiation mechanism, based on strong inhibitory output signals from the BG to the FEF and SC. We investigated the STN and CD (BG input), and the SNr (BG oculomotor output) to examine changes across the BG network. This revealed robust task-contingent shifts in BG signaling (Chapter 3), which uniquely impacted saccade initiation according to behavioral condition (Chapters 3 and 4). The thesis concludes with a published short review of the mechanistic effects of BG deep brain stimulation (Chapter 5), and a general discussion including proof of concept saccade behavioral changes in an MPTP-induced Parkinsonian model (Chapter 6). The studies presented here demonstrate that the conditions for saccade initiation by the FEF and SC vary according to behavioral condition, while simultaneously, large-scale task dependent shifts occur in BG signaling consistent with the observed modulation of FEF and SC activity. Taken together, these describe a mechanistic framework by which the cortico-BG loop may contribute to the flexible control of behavior.

Imunização de ovinos com glicoproteína integral de membrana do intestino de Haemonchus contortus.

2015

Caracterização da estrutura demográfica e ocupação da área basal em cinco áreas de mata ciliar da região Nordeste paraense.

As matas ciliares são encontradas nas margens dos rios e mananciais e são responsáveis por proteger os cursos d'água do assoreamento, da obstrução de alguns trechos do rio pelo aumento no volume de terra e outros sedimentos carregados pela correnteza. Realizou-se o inventário florístico próxima ao leito do igarapé na região nordeste paraense, nas respectivas áreas de monitoramento: Ceará, Monte-verde, São Francisco, Ver-o-peixe e Vitório. Objetivou-se neste trabalho caracterizar a estrutura demográfica e ocupação da área basal em cinco áreas de mata ciliar da região nordeste paraense. Com base, nestes dados coletados (diâmetros, espécie) foram calculadas a abundância e área basal absoluta e relativa dos indivíduos identificados por local e tamanho de classes diamétricas e/ou altura. Foram registrados 1.213 indivíduos, sendo a maior proporção encontrada na área São Francisco que obteve 10.039 indivíduos por hectare, enquanto à área basal destacou-se Ceará com 34,2%. A distribuição da demografia apresentou alta similaridade na proporcionalidade da distribuição dos indivíduos nas classes de tamanhos (muda, vara, árvore) e averiguamos que a quantidade de indivíduos apresentados por área não necessariamente implica no acúmulo da maior área basal.

Effetto delle alte pressioni di omogeneizzazione sul volatiloma e profilo in acidi grassi di membrana di Listeria monocytogenes Scott A

Nella mia sperimentazione ho studiato i meccanismi di risposta, in termini di modificazione a livello delle membrane citoplasmatiche e in termini di rilascio di molecole volatili, messi in atto da Listeria. monocytogenes (Scott A) quando sottoposta in fase stazionaria a diversi trattamenti ad alta pressioni di omogeneizzazione compresi tra 0.1 e 200 MPa. I dati della mia tesi hanno consentito di evidenziare i meccanismi di risposta di un importante patogeno alimentare quando sottoposto ad una tecnologia proposta in alternativa al trattamento termico al fine di ridurre il danno termico degli alimenti preservandone le caratteristiche nutrizionali, funzionali ed organolettiche, senza effetti negativi sulla loro sicurezza e shelf-life. Inoltre, hanno dimostrato che L. monocytogenes risponde al trattamento iperbarico modificando in prima istanza la composizione in acidi grassi e producendo delle ossilipine al crescere dello stress. Alle condizioni di stress più stringenti adottate diventano fondamentali in L. monocytogenes anche la produzione di molecole volatili quali alcoli ed esteri sia per bilanciare il potenziale redox cellulare sia per eliminare molecole estremamente tossiche quali gli acidi grassi rilasciati dai meccanismi messi in atto alle condizioni meno stressanti di pressione

Primary Relapse Site Pattern In Women With Triple-negative Breast Cancer.

Despite the remarkable improvements in breast cancer (BC) characterization, accurate prediction of BC clinical behavior is often still difficult to achieve. Some studies have investigated the association between the molecular subtype, namely the basal-like BC and the pattern of relapse, however only few investigated the association between relapse pattern and immunohistochemical defined triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the pattern of relapse in patients with TNBC, namely the primary distant relapse site. One-hundred twenty nine (129) invasive breast carcinomas with follow-up information were classified according to the molecular subtype using immunohistochemistry for ER, PgR and Her2. The association between TNBC and distant relapse primary site was analyzed by logistic regression. Using multivariate logistic regression analysis patients with TNBC displayed only 0.09 (95% CI: 0.00-0.74; p=0.02) the odds of the non-TNBC patients of developing bone primary relapse. Regarding visceral and lymph-node relapse, no differences between in this cohort were found. Though classically regarded as aggressive tumors, TNBCs rarely development primary relapse in bone when compared to non-TNBC, a clinical relevant fact when investigating a metastasis of an occult or non-sampled primary BC.

Association Between Prehypertension, Metabolic And Inflammatory Markers, Decreased Adiponectin And Enhanced Insulinemia In Obese Subjects.

Obesity is associated with development of the cardiorenal metabolic syndrome, which is a constellation of risk factors, such as insulin resistance, inflammatory response, dyslipidemia, and high blood pressure that predispose affected individuals to well-characterized medical conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular and kidney chronic disease. The study was designed to establish relationship between metabolic and inflammatory disorder, renal sodium retention and enhanced blood pressure in a group of obese subjects compared with age-matched, lean volunteers. The study was performed after 14 h overnight fast after and before OGTT in 13 lean (BMI 22.92 ± 2.03 kg/m(2)) and, 27 obese (BMI 36.15 ± 3.84 kg/m(2)) volunteers. Assessment of HOMA-IR and QUICKI index were calculated and circulating concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6 and C-reactive protein, measured by immunoassay. THE STUDY SHOWS THAT A HYPERINSULINEMIC (HI: 10.85 ± 4.09 μg/ml) subgroup of well-characterized metabolic syndrome bearers-obese subjects show higher glycemic and elevated blood pressure levels when compared to lean and normoinsulinemic (NI: 5.51 ± 1.18 μg/ml, P < 0.027) subjects. Here, the combination of hyperinsulinemia, higher HOMA-IR (HI: 2.19 ± 0.70 (n = 12) vs. LS: 0.83 ± 0.23 (n = 12) and NI: 0.98 ± 0.22 (n = 15), P < 0.0001) associated with lower QUICKI in HI obese when compared with LS and NI volunteers (P < 0.0001), suggests the occurrence of insulin resistance and a defect in insulin-stimulated peripheral action. Otherwise, the adiponectin measured in basal period was significantly enhanced in NI subjects when compared to HI groups (P < 0.04). The report also showed a similar insulin-mediated reduction of post-proximal urinary sodium excretion in lean (LS: 9.41 ± 0.68% vs. 6.38 ± 0.92%, P = 0.086), and normoinsulinemic (NI: 8.41 ± 0.72% vs. 5.66 ± 0.53%, P = 0.0025) and hyperinsulinemic obese subjects (HI: 8.82 ± 0.98% vs. 6.32 ± 0.67%, P = 0.0264), after oral glucose load, despite elevated insulinemic levels in hyperinsulinemic obeses. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of adiponectin levels and dysfunctional inflammatory modulation associated with hyperinsulinemia and peripheral insulin resistance, high blood pressure, and renal dysfunction in a particular subgroup of obeses.

Ghost Cells In Pilomatrixoma, Craniopharyngioma, And Calcifying Cystic Odontogenic Tumor: Histological, Immunohistochemical, And Ultrastructural Study.

Pilomatrixoma, craniopharyngioma, and calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor are the main entities presenting ghost cells as an important histological feature, in spite their quite different clinical presentation; it seems that they share a common pathway in the formation of these cells. The aim of this study is to examine and compare the characteristics of ghost and other cells that form these lesions. Forty-three cases including 21 pilomatrixomas, 14 craniopharyngiomas, and eight calcifying cystic odontogenic tumors were evaluated by immunohistochemistry for cytokeratins, CD138, β-catenin, D2-40, Glut-1, FAS, CD10 and also by scanning electron microscopy. The CKs, CD138, β-catenin, Glut-1, FAS, and CD10 were more often expressed by transitional cells of craniopharyngioma and calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor, compared with pilomatrixoma. Basaloid cells of pilomatrixoma showed strong positivity for CD138 and CD10. Differences on expression pattern were identified in transitional and basal cells, as ghost cells were negative for most antibodies used, except by low expression for cytokeratins. By scanning electron microscopy, the morphology of ghost cells were similar in their fibrillar cytoplasm, but their pattern varied from sheets in pilomatrixoma to small clusters in craniopharyngioma and calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor. Mechanisms involved in formation of ghost cells are unknown, but probably they follow different pathways as protein expression in the basal/transitional cells was not uniform in the three tumors studied.

Changes In The Connective Tissue Sheath Of Wistar Rat Nerve With Aging.

The alterations due to aging in the peripheral nerves can affect the physiology of these structures. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to describe the activity of the MMP-2 and MMP-9, as well as the structure and composition of the extracellular matrix of the rat sciatic nerve during maturation and aging. Our results have shown that the extracellular matrix of the sciatic nerve of 30-, 180- and 730-day-old Wistar rats present ultrastructural, morphometrical and biochemical changes during aging. The perineurium was the structure most affected by age, as evidenced by a decrease in thickness and in collagen fibril content. Cytochemical analysis detected proteoglycans in the basal membrane of Schwann cells and around perineural cells, as well as on the collagen fibrils of the perineurium and endoneurium at all ages. Biochemical analyses showed that the quantity of non-collagenous proteins was higher in 730-day-old animals compared to other ages, while the uronic acid content was higher in 30-day-old animals. Morphometrical analysis detected greater numbers of myelinated fibers and increased myelin thickness in 180-day-old animals. Zymography analysis detected greater amounts and activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in 180- and 730-day-old animals compared to younger rats. In conclusion, our results showed changes in the structural organization and composition of extracellular matrix of the sciatic nerve during aging, such as increase in the non-collagenous protein content and higher MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity, decrease in uronic acid concentration and in collagen fibril content in the perineurium, as well as degeneration of nerve fibers.

Clinicopathological And Immunohistochemical Evaluation Of Oral And Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma In Chilean Population.

In oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC and OPSCC) exist an association between clinical and histopathological parameters with cell proliferation, basal lamina, connective tissue degradation and surrounding stroma markers. We evaluated these associations in Chilean patients. A convenience sample of 37 cases of OCSCC (n=16) and OPSCC (n=21) was analyzed clinically (TNM, clinical stage) and histologically (WHO grade of differentiation, pattern of tumor invasion). We assessed the expression of p53, Ki67, HOXA1, HOXB7, type IV collagen (ColIV) and carcinoma-associated fibroblast (α-SMA-positive cells). Additionally we conducted a univariate/bivariate analysis to assess the relationship of these variables with survival rates. Males were mostly affected (56.2% OCSCC, 76.2% OPSCC). Patients were mainly diagnosed at III/IV clinical stages (68.8% OCSCC, 90.5% OPSCC) with a predominantly infiltrative pattern invasion (62.9% OCSCC, 57.1% OPSCC). Significant association between regional lymph nodes (N) and clinical stage with OCSCC-HOXB7 expression (Chi-Square test P < 0.05) was observed. In OPSCC a statistically significant association exists between p53, Ki67 with gender (Chi-Square test P < 0.05). In OCSCC and OPSCC was statistically significant association between ki67 with HOXA1, HOXB7, and between these last two antigens (Pearson's Correlation test P < 0.05). Furthermore OPSCC-p53 showed significant correlation when it was compared with α-SMA (Kendall's Tau-c test P < 0.05). Only OCSCC-pattern invasion and OPSCC-primary tumor (T) pattern resulted associated with survival at the end of the follow up period (Chi-Square Likelihood Ratio, P < 0.05). Clinical, histological and immunohistochemical features are similar to seen in other countries. Cancer proliferation markers were associated strongly from each other. Our sample highlights prognostic value of T and pattern of invasion, but the conclusions may be limited and should be considered with caution (small sample). Many cases were diagnosed in the advanced stages of the disease, which suggests that the diagnosis of OCSCC and OPSCC is made late.