Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes among different exposure categories in the State of Pará, Brazilian Amazon

INTRODUCTION: Epidemiological studies concerning HCV genotypic distribution in the Brazilian Amazon are scarce. Thus, this study determined the patterns of distribution of HCV genotypes among different exposure categories in the State of Pará, Brazilian Amazon. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 312 HCV-infected individuals belonging to different categories of exposure, who were attended at the HEMOPA, CENPREN and a private hemodialysis clinic in Belém. They were tested for HCV antibodies using an immunoenzymatic test, RNA-HCV, using real-time PCR and HCV genotyping through phylogenetic analysis of the 5' UTR. The population groups were epidemiologically characterized according to data collected in a brief interview or medical consultation. RESULTS: Genotype 1 predominated in all the different categories of HCV exposure. HCV genotypic distribution among blood donors comprised genotypes 1 (94%) and 3 (6%). All patients with chronic hematologic diseases had HCV genotype 1. The genotypic distribution in illicit-drug users comprised genotypes 1 (59.6%) and 3 (40.4%). In patients under hemodialysis, genotypes 1 (90.1%), 2 (3.3%), and 3 (6.6%) were detected. Finally, the frequency of genotypes 1 and 3 was significantly different between the groups: BD and DU, PUH and DU, PUH and PCHD and PCHD and DU. CONCLUSIONS: The genotypic frequency and distribution of HCV in different categories of exposure in the State of Pará showed a predominance of genotype 1, regardless of the possible risk of infection.

Análise espacial e determinação de áreas prioritárias para o controle da malária, no Estado no Tocantins, 2003-2008

INTRODUÇÃO: No Tocantins, a malária apresenta comportamento diferenciado entre as microrregiões, com predominância dos casos importados. Este estudo descreve a análise espacial da malária no estado, no período de 2003 a 2008, buscando identificar nas microrregiões a incidência de casos autóctones e importados, bem como a procedência destes últimos. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo, pautado em dados secundários, que teve como fonte de dados o Sistema de Informações de Vigilância Epidemiológica - Malária (SIVEP-Malária), analisados através dos softwares estatísticos Epi Info versão 3.5.1. e Bioestat versão 5.0. RESULTADOS: Constatou-se que a malária não teve distribuição homogênea em todos os municípios. A área de maior prioridade agregou municípios localizados nas microrregiões oeste do estado, fronteira com o Pará, onde também se concentram o maior número de casos autóctones. A associação entre os casos autóctones e importados e as espécies de Plasmodium mostrou uma diferença estatisticamente significativa (G = 54,25; p < 0,0001). Das oito microrregiões, Miracema do Tocantins, Araguaína e Bico do Papagaio agruparam 75,8% dos casos, e nessas, onze municípios se sobressaíram. Quanto à procedência, o Estado do Pará apresentou ampla distribuição com 85,5% do total, seguido por Guiana Francesa com 7,4%. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados demonstraram a predominância dos casos importados e a diferença entre os municípios e microrregiões, apontando pela influencia de estados vizinhos na determinação das áreas de maior risco. Esses dados são importantes, pois contribuem para orientação e direcionamento das políticas públicas para o agravo no Tocantins.

Phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Governador Valadares, a transmission area for American tegumentary leishmaniasis in State of Minas Gerais, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: A study on the phlebotomine sandfly fauna was carried out in an endemic area for American tegumentary leishmaniasis in the municipality of Governador Valadares, in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. METHODS: Captures were undertaken using HP light traps in four districts, on three nights per month, for one year (from January to December 2008). Correlations between climatic factors (temperature, relative air humidity and rainfall) and the numbers of sandflies collected was observed. RESULTS: 5,413 phlebotomine specimens were caught and were identified as belonging to 12 species. Of these specimens, 2,851 (52%) were females and 2,562 (48%) were males. CONCLUSIONS: Lutzomyia intermedia predominated (29.9% of the species caught), thus suggesting that they were responsible for transmission of American tegumentary leishmaniasis, together with L. whitmani, which was also found in the area (4.3%). The presence of L. longipalpis (11.9%), the main vector for visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil, is an important finding, which makes rigorous entomological surveillance of the area necessary.

Occurrence and risk factors associated with infection by Toxoplasma gondii in goats in the State of Alagoas, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Goats are considered very susceptible to infection by Toxoplasma gondii and when this occurs during pregnancy, it may cause fetal death with subsequent fetal resorption, abortion, mummification, stillborn or the birth of weak goats. The objective of this work was to determine the occurrence of and identify risk factors for T. gondii infection in goats in different mesoregions in the State of Alagoas. METHODS: The research was conducted on 24 goat breeding farms in 10 municipalities. A total of 454 blood samples were examined for anti-T. gondii antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence antibody test. To evaluate the risk factors of toxoplasmosis in goats, questionnaires were applied analyzing the farm's production system and nutritional, reproductive and sanitary management. RESULTS: Disease occurrence was 39% with 95.8% of farms presenting seropositive animals. Significant associations were observed for mesoregion (OR = 0.23; 95%CI = 0.09 - 0.57), age (OR = 0.36; 95%CI = 0.20 - 0.64), semi-intensive herd management (OR = 8.70; 95%CI = 1.87 - 40.43), access of cats to water provided for goats (OR = 3.38; 95%CI = 1.89-6.02) and cats feeding on placental remnants (OR = 2.73; 95%CI = 1.38 - 5.40). CONCLUSIONS: Toxoplasma gondii infection is disseminated in the State of Alagoas and the adoption of a program that monitors infection foci is required to reduce the risk factors identified in the present study.

Malacological survey of Biomphalaria snails in municipalities along the Estrada Real in the southeast of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: The increasing practice of ecotourism and rural tourism in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, highlights the importance of studies concerning the occurrence of potential intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni. This study aimed to identify species of Biomphalaria snails in municipalities along the Estrada Real, an important Brazilian tourism project. METHODS: The specimens were collected in different water collections of 36 municipalities along the Estrada Real in the southeast of the State of Minas Gerais. Biomphalaria species were characterized using both morphological and molecular approaches. The research was conducted between August 2005 and September 2009 and all the sites visited were georeferenced using GPS. RESULTS: Six Biomphalaria species were found in 30 of the 36 municipalities studied: glabrata, tenagophila, straminea, peregrina, occidentalis and schrammi. The first three species of Biomphalaria, recognized as intermediate hosts of S. mansoni, were present in 33.3%, 47.2% and 8.3% of the municipalities studied, respectively. The mollusks were found in different types of water collections and no infection by S. mansoni was detected. The highest occurrence of Biomphalaria concentration was verified in the area covered by the Caminho Novo route (Diamantina/MG to Rio de Janeiro/RJ). CONCLUSIONS: Considering the occurrence of schistosomiasis in the State of Minas Gerais and the socioeconomic repercussions involved in the Estrada Real Project, this work focuses on the vulnerability of water collections due to the presence of Biomphalaria mollusks and emphasizes the need for epidemiological surveillance and sanitary and educational measures integrated with the local community and tourism sectors.

Comparison of the performance of polymerase chain reaction and pp65 antigenemia for the detection of human cytomegalovirus in immunosuppressed patients

INTRODUCTION: Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is often reactive in latently infected immunosuppressed patients. Accordingly, HCMV remains one of the most common infections following solid organ and hemopoietic stem cell transplantations, resulting in significant morbidity, graft loss and occasional mortality. The early diagnosis of HCMV disease is important in immunosuppressed patients, since in these individuals, preemptive treatment is useful. The objective of this study was to compare the performance of the in-house qualitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and pp65 antigenemia to HCMV infection in immunosuppressed patients in the Hospital de Clínicas of Porto Alegre (HCPA). METHODS: A total of 216 blood samples collected between August 2006 and January 2007 were investigated. RESULTS: Among the samples analyzed, 81 (37.5%) were HCMV-positive by PCR, while 48 (22.2%) were positive for antigenemia. Considering antigenemia as the gold standard, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values and negative predictive values for PCR were 87.5%, 76.8%, 51.8% and 95.5% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrated that qualitative PCR has high sensitivity and negative predictive value (NPV). Consequently PCR is especially indicated for the initial diagnosis of HCMV infection. In the case of preemptive treatment strategy, identification of patients at high-risk for HCMV disease is fundamental and PCR can be useful tool.

Triângulo Estratégico América Latina – Europa – África: uma Pangeia Atlântica

A União Europeia resulta de um dos projectos mais ambiciosos e bem-sucedidos de sempre; um enorme esforço político de reconstrução e integração regional e sobretudo, de paz. Porém, apesar de a paz e o progresso terem durado mais de 60 anos, a actual conjuntura social, política e económica da Europa e regiões limítrofes está a pôr em causa o sucesso desta obra inacabada. Portugal, mais precisamente, apresenta-se como um país pouco influente, bastante dependente e com uma das mais frágeis economias da zona-Euro. Tem necessariamente de fazer valer o seu posicionamento geográfico privilegiado, ponto de partida para outras vantagens competitivas de que dispõe, encetando uma aproximação cultural, política e económica à América Latina e a África, tomando assim uma atitude perante o actual cenário de crise. Neste contexto surge a ideia de uma “Pangeia Atlântica” que, metaforicamente, sugere a aproximação dos três continentes a todos os níveis. Este é um conceito já debatido e relativamente conhecido, que veio a materializar-se em Portugal, com Instituto para a Promoção e Desenvolvimento da América Latina (IPDAL), através de iniciativas como o Encontro “Triângulo Estratégico: América Latina – Europa – África”; trata-se de um evento de carácter institucional e empresarial, que junta destacadas figuras da diplomacia, da política internacional e do mundo empresarial, alertando responsáveis públicos e privados para a importância desta tríplice aliança entre continentes com uma história em comum. O “Triângulo Estratégico: América Latina – Europa – África” tem na cidade de Lisboa o hub europeu por excelência e é absolutamente estratégico para a afirmação e defesa dos interesses de Portugal no Mundo. Portugal será mais forte na Europa se aumentar e solidificar a sua posição na América Latina e em África, onde se encontram populações jovens e alguns dos principais produtores mundiais de recursos energéticos e hídricos, e algumas das maiores superfícies aráveis do planeta. Sob uma perspectiva económica, Portugal já beneficia de uma forte presença humana, empresarial e cultural, além de um relevante capital de simpatia, o que é determinante nestes mercados. Iniciado este processo de aproximação, através do bom uso de Instituições com potencial, como a CPLP (Comunidade de Países de Língua Portuguesa), ou a SEGIB (Secretaria-Geral Ibero-Americana) e respeitando a simplificação de conceitos e a integração de estratégias, a “Pangeia Atlântica” exibirá, não só, alternativas para o tecido empresarial português e os seus bens e serviços de alta qualidade, mas também, formas de crescer e atrair investimento para Portugal, enquanto se responde em benefício da Europa e se criam as oportunidades que lançarão os restantes vértices do Triângulo num plano decisório mundial. Na íntegra, o presente estudo tem como objetivos a partilha de informação de teor histórico, político e económico e a exposição dos pontos passíveis de discussão, promovendo um alargado e enriquecedor debate sobre esta matéria. Assiste ao autor a esperança de que este trabalho contribua para o reconhecimento geral deste exequível cenário e do compromisso de instituições como o IPDAL, e, que se cumpra o marco de despertar Portugal para a imensidão de rumos que o seu empreendedorismo pode tomar.

In vitro antifungal activity of fatty acid methyl esters of the seeds of Annona cornifolia A.St.-Hil. (Annonaceae) against pathogenic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

INTRODUCTION: Fatty acids are abundant in vegetable oils. They are known to have antibacterial and antifungal properties. METHODS: Antifungal susceptibility was evaluated by broth microdilution assay following CLSI (formerly the NCCLS) guidelines against 16 fungal strains of clinical interest. RESULTS: In this work, fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) was able to inhibit 12 clinical strains of the pathogenic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and were also active in the bioautographic assay against Cladosporium sphaerospermum. CONCLUSIONS: FAME was a more potent antifungal than trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole against P. brasiliensis under the experimental conditions tested.

Fungal communities in archives: assessment strategies and impact on paper conservation and human health

The main results presented in this PhD Dissertation have been published in interna-tional journals included in the Science Citation Index (SCI)

Clinical and laboratory alterations in dogs naturally infected by Leishmania chagasi

INTRODUCTION: Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is a zoonotic disease with different clinical manifestations. Parasitism often occurs in bone marrow, but changes have been observed in peripheral blood and serum biochemical parameters. The aim of this study was to evaluate the hematological and biochemical parameters in dogs naturally infected by Leishmania chagasi. METHODS: Eighty-five adult dogs of both sexes and various weights and ages from the Zoonosis Control Center of Fortaleza (CCZ) were used, selected by immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and considered positive with IFA titers greater than 1:40 and by visualizing amastigotes of Leishmania chagasi in smears obtained by bone marrow aspiration. The dogs (n = 85) were grouped according to clinical signs: negative (CN = 7), subclinical (CS = 10), and clinical (CC = 68). Blood samples were collected for determination of hematological and biochemical serum values. The experimental protocol was approved by the CEUA/UECE. RESULTS: The most frequent clinical signs were cachexia (77.9%), keratitis (61.8%), and lymphadenopathy (55.9%), and 86.8% of the animals showed more than one clinical sign characteristic of CVL. In CC were observed reductions in red blood cells (63%), hematocrit (72%), and hemoglobin (62%), as well as leukocytosis (33%), neutropenia (28%), thrombocytopenia (50%), uremia (45%), hyperproteinemia (53%, p<0.05), hypergammaglobulinemia (62%, p<0.01), and hypoalbuminemia (58%). CONCLUSIONS: Animals with the clinical form of the disease demonstrate hematological and biochemical changes consistent with anemia, uremia, hyperproteinemia, and hyperglobulinemia, which present themselves as strong clinical markers of visceral leishmaniasis associated with the signs previously reported.

Análise do local de morte da população falecida com necessidades paliativas em Portugal (2008-2012)

RESUMO - O envelhecimento da população tem alterado os padrões de doença, com mais pessoas a morrer de doenças crónicas severas do que por doença aguda, o que leva à necessidade de promover a prestação de cuidados paliativos e aferir a qualidade dos cuidados prestados a indivíduos com doença em estado avançado ou em fase final de vida. Historicamente, os cuidados paliativos surgiram para mitigar a dor de doentes oncológicos, no entanto, a maioria de doentes que atualmente necessita deste tipo de cuidados padece de doenças potencialmente fatais não oncológicas, como são o caso de VIH/Sida, Alzheimer ou doença de Parkinson. No contexto dos cuidados paliativos, o local de morte tem sido considerado um indicador de qualidade dos cuidados de fim de vida, visto ser frequente o desfasamento entre as preferências dos doentes e o local de morte. Apesar da elevada proporção de indivíduos que, em estado avançado de doença, expressa preferência por morrer num ambiente familiar, estima-se que a maioria morre em meio hospitalar, tanto no contexto internacional como nacional. Foram analisados neste estudo dados de mortalidade da população, adulta portuguesa, com base no certificado de óbito. Os resultados obtidos indicam que 70,3% da população adulta residente em Portugal (continente e arquipélagos dos Açores e Madeira) faleceu por condições patológicas que potencialmente beneficiariam com a prestação de cuidados paliativos. Desses indivíduos, a maioria dos óbitos (64,2%) ocorreu em meio hospitalar e fatores como o ano de morte, a idade, sexo, estado civil, nacionalidade, região de residência e causa de morte influenciaram independentemente o local de morte. Entre 2008 e 2012, os óbitos no hospital por causas com necessidades paliativas aumentaram em hospital e ocorreram mais frequentemente nas classes mais jovens, no sexo masculino, em indivíduos casados e residentes nas regiões do Algarve, Açores ou Madeira. Padecer de VIH/Sida, doenças hepáticas, respiratória, cancro e doença renal também promoveu a morte neste local. O elevado número de casos com necessidades paliativas falecidos no hospital encontrado em Portugal deve constituir uma chamada de atenção. É necessário desenvolver e/ou reorganizar recursos físicos, mas também formar recursos humanos, para que ambos permitam que a referenciação de doentes para cuidados paliativos seja realizada atempadamente. As diferenças encontradas entre países, na revisão de literatura, podem refletir diferentes políticas e práticas de prestação de cuidados de fim de vida. A evidência internacional é importante para observar consequências da aplicação de determinadas medidas de saúde pública, mas devem-se desenvolver e aplicar soluções adaptadas à realidade portuguesa. Espera-se que os resultados deste estudo possam constituir um ponto de partida para determinação de um valor de necessidades paliativas na população portuguesa e contribuir para ajudar a planear os recursos de fim de vida, nomeadamente, em serviços hospitalares.

How can clusters help in the product type choice? The case of a specialized retail store

This work project (WP) is a study about a clustering strategy for Sport Zone. The general cluster study’s objective is to create groups such that within each group the individuals are similar to each other, but should be different among groups. The clusters creation is a mix of common sense, trial and error and some statistical supporting techniques. Our particular objective is to support category managers to better define the product type to be displayed in the stores’ shelves by doing store clusters. This research was carried out for Sport Zone, and comprises an objective definition, a literature review, the clustering activity itself, some factor analysis and a discriminant analysis to better frame our work. Together with this quantitative part, a survey addressed to category managers to better understand their key drivers, for choosing the type of product of each store, was carried out. Based in a non-random sample of 65 stores with data referring to 2013, the final result was the choice of 6 store clusters (Figure 1) which were individually characterized as the main outcome of this work. In what relates to our selected variables, all were important for the distinction between clusters, which proves the adequacy of their choice. The interpretation of the results gives category managers a tool to understand which products best fit the clustered stores. Furthermore, as a side finding thanks to the clusterization, a STP (Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning) was initiated, being this WP the first steps of a continuous process.

Variation in Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (Diptera, Culicidae) infestation in artificial containers in Caxias, state of Maranhão, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Dengue is a serious public health problem worldwide, with cases reported annually in tropical and subtropical regions. Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762), the main vector of dengue, is a domiciliary species with high dispersal and survival capacities and can use various artificial containers as breeding sites. We assessed potential container breeding sites of A. aegypti in the municipality of Caxias, Maranhão, Brazil. METHODS: In the initial phase, we analyzed 900 properties in 3 neighborhoods during the dry and rainy seasons (August-October 2005 and February-April 2006, respectively). During the second sampling period, September 2006-August 2007, we used 5 assessment cycles for 300 properties in a single neighborhood. RESULTS: During the dry and rainy seasons, water-storage containers comprised 55.7% (n = 1,970) and 48.5% (n = 1,836) of the total containers inspected, and showed the highest productivity of immature A. aegypti; we found 23.7 and 106.1 individuals/container, respectively, in peridomicile sites. In intradomicile sites, water-storage containers were also the most important breeding sites with 86.4% (n = 973) and 85.6% (n = 900) of all containers and a mean of 7.9 and 108.3 individuals/container in the dry and rainy seaso-October 2006 (1,342). The highest number of positives (70) was recorded in May, mostly (94%) in storage containers. CONCLUSIONS: Storage containers are the principal and most productive A. aegypti breeding sites and are a major contributing factor to the maintenance of this vector in Caxias.

Increased detection of schistosomiasis with Kato-Katz and SWAP-IgG-ELISA in a Northeastern Brazil low-intensity transmission area

INTRODUCTION: The laboratory diagnosis of schistosomiasis is based mainly on the detection of parasite eggs in stool samples through the Kato-Katz (KK) technique, reading one slide by test. However, a widely known limitation of parasitological methods is reduced sensitivity, particularly in low endemic areas. METHODS: To increase sensitivity, we conducted further slide readings from the same stool sample using the parasitological method associated with a serological test. We used the KK method (three slides) and the IgG anti-Schistosoma mansoni-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique to diagnose schistosomiasis in low endemic areas in the Brazilian State of Ceará. Fecal samples and sera from 250 individuals were analyzed. RESULTS: Sixteen percent and 47.2% of samples were positive in parasitological tests and serological tests, respectively. Parasitological methods showed that 32 (80%) individuals tested positive on the first slide, 6 (15%) on the second slide, and 2 (5%) on the third. The performance of the ELISA test in the diagnosis, using the KK method as diagnostic reference, showed a negative predictive value of 100%, with specificity and positive predictive values of 62.8% and 33.9%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the increase from one to three slides analyzed per sample using the KK technique was shown to be a useful procedure for increasing the diagnostic sensitivity of this technique.