Dilatando o corpo da arte: provocações de Um Crime Delicado na literatura e no cinema

A dissertação estuda o romance Um Crime Delicado, de Sérgio SantAnna (1996), ao filme quase homônimo, de Beto Brant (2005), tendo como principal questão a imagem do corpo no contexto sócio-cultural urbano e a sua representação na arte contemporânea. O romance de SantAnna acolhe, na urdidura ficcional, subtemas da maior relevância, tais como o lugar da deficiência física no horizonte de uma cultura hedonista, violência sexual (contra a mulher) e os poderes da crítica de arte (da autojustificação ao desvirtuamento de seus fins). A adaptação fílmica, por sua vez, introduz mudanças na obra de partida que complementam e enriquecem o romance e suas questões. No exercício comparativo, a tradicional discussão sobre as relações interartísticas (calcadas em Lessing), o culto à beleza e respectiva hostilização da feiura, os limites da exacerbação sensorial a partir do uso artístico da nudez provocaram a incorporação de outras obras de arte e de artistas à discussão de conceitos imprescindíveis: o abjeto, o contraditório, a intermidialidade. No primeiro capítulo, circunscrevemos historicamente nosso tema, focalizando a representação do corpo como lugar de multiplicação e relativização de significações; a seguir, apresentamos o painel de contradições que a sociedade excitada do século XX (Christoph Türcke, 2010) projeta sobre a questão corporal; e, para finalizar, propusemos a dilatação teórica do adágio horaciano ut pictura poesis /a poesia é como a pintura ao cinema poético (com suporte teórico de Claus Clüver, 2011, e Wolfgang Moser, 2006). Concluímos sugerindo que as intermidializações propõem novas interpretações aos textos literários, mas podem ser bem mais contundentes como formas de potenciação estética e de crítica social.

中国普通野生稻（Oryza rufipogon Griff.）群体遗传学及保护策略的研究

普通野生稻的基因资源对水稻的育种已经起过并将继续起至关重要的作用。所以，研究和保存其遗传多样性具有重要的意义。首先对普通野生稻在我国的分布现状作了较为全面的野外调查。采集了69个群体，近2000个个体的硅胶干燥叶片。研究了从硅胶干燥的小量叶片中高效率、高质量制备DNA的方法。并用此方法制备了44个代表群体，1168个个体的总DNA，建立了中国普通野生稻的总DNA库。随机选取19个引物对29个群体、651个个体的总DNA进行了RAPD扩增。统计出群体和地区内的多态性片段百分比（PPB），RAPDistance和WINAMOVA程序联用分析遗传变异在地区间、地区内群体间和群体内的组成。广西濠江流域5个野生群体的分析结果表明了中下游群体的PPB值显著高于中上游群体。从而从分子水平上证实了水流对无性繁殖体的传播影响了沿江分布群体的遗传多样性和遗传结构。6个现有原位保护群体的分析结果说明了5个群体值得进一步原位保护，而另一个群体适合异位保护。中国境内29个群体的统计分析揭示出群体间的遗传多样性差异很大（PPB值从23.29%到46.18%）。广东具有的PPB值最高（79.12%），其次是海南（77.11%）和广西（68.67%）。因而，华南是我国普通野生稻的遗传多样性中心。18个群体AMOVA分析结果均表明了遗传变异主要存在于群体内，但群体间业已有较大的遗传分化。从175个随机引物中筛选出9个引物，成功地鉴定出5个群体的克隆多样性和克隆结构。这二者与群体的生态环境，特别是水分状况密切相关。也同时受人类干扰强度的影响。而与群体所处的纬度没有明显的相关性。 根据以上结果，普通野生稻原位保护的策略是选取分布在不同地理区域、遗传多样性水平高的群体。分布在广东、海南和广西的6个群体，具有很高的遗传多样性，建议加以原位保护。此外，孤岛状隔离在我国普通野生稻分布区边缘的3个小群体也应立即进行原位保护。此外，原位保护的群体应给予适度的干扰以维系较高的克隆多样性和遗传多样性。在进行遗传多样性研究和异位保护时，每群体的取样个体数应不少于25株，相邻取样个体间的距离应大于12米。

绣球族的系统学研究

绣球科绣球族包含9属：草绣球属、叉叶蓝属、Broussaisia、常山属、绣球属、蛛网萼属、赤壁木属、冠盖藤属和钻地风属。到目前为止，绣球族内的属间关系还不清楚，族内的系统发育关系还有争论。本研究的目的是在前人研究的基础上，进一步发现新的系统学性状，为绣球族乃至绣球科补充新的证据;并综合多学科的研究结果进行分析，探讨绣球族的系统学关系。 本文研究了绣球族的外部形态学、花发育形态学、解剖学、分子系统学和分支系统学。 主要内容包括： 1. 形态学 通过标本室研究和野外观察，对绣球族植物的形态分化进行了分析。发现习性、地上茎的生存期限、花冠卷叠式、花瓣联合与否、花柱的联合程度、雄蕊的数目及排列具有系统学价值;放射花和果实是很好的分类性状，但并非可靠的系统学性状。 2. 花发育形态学 在扫描电子显微镜下，研究了绣球族常山属、绣球属、冠盖藤属、蛛网萼属共4种植物花器官发生和发育的全过程。发现它们的花萼均为螺旋式相继发生，花瓣的发生近乎同时。冠盖藤、马桑绣球及常山具两轮雄蕊，第一轮雄蕊发生于花瓣内轮正对萼片中部的位置，随后第二轮雄蕊发生于正对花瓣中部的位置。在第一轮雄蕊略靠内的位置形成第二轮雄蕊的时候，多数情况下，相邻的对萼雄蕊之间只形成1个对瓣雄蕊，但有时却形成2个对瓣雄蕊，使雄蕊群的数目略多于花被的数目。对萼雄蕊与对瓣雄蕊的分化方式基本一致，但它们在花芽中空间取向不同。 蛛网萼雄蕊数目极多，雄蕊群的发生式样较为独特，并不始于对萼三联体。最早的雄蕊于杯状体近基部发生，之后雄蕊的发生大致沿杯状体壁向上，具离心趋势。在雄蕊发生过程中杯状体继续伸长，为众多雄蕊的发生提供了空间。蛛网萼雌蕊的发生明显早于雄蕊，其它3种植物雌蕊的发生晚于雄蕊。4种植物的雌蕊在发生上较为相似，发育却不同。在常山、马桑绣球和蛛网萼中，花柱从开始到发育成熟始终分离，柱头在每个花柱的顶端形成;而冠盖藤属的花柱裂片从开始就是联合的，最终形成单一的花柱，柱头从合生花柱顶端远轴面分化形成。 3. 解剖学 在光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜下，观察了绣球族9属42种1变种及近缘8属11种共53种1变种的叶表皮特征。发现气孔的分布、气孔器的类型、表皮细胞的形状及其垂周壁式样、毛被等具有一定的系统学意义和分类价值。绣球族各属的气孔仅散生于下表皮;而在绣球族的几个近缘属中，上下表皮均有气孔分布。气孔器在多数类群中为无规则型，仅常山属和绣球属离瓣组的成员为平列型。气孔多为椭圆形，稀近圆形;外拱盖表面通常光滑，仅在钻地风属中具条状纹饰;外拱盖内缘具环状加厚，近全缘、不规则波状或浅波状。表皮细胞在多数种中为不规则形，垂周壁波状、浅波状或深波状;在有些种中为（近）多边形，垂周壁平直或弓形。叶表皮细胞形状、垂周壁式样在绣球族寡种属属级水平比较稳定，但在绣球属中变化较大。表皮角质膜纹饰形态多样，有网纹、粗网纹、浅波状条纹、波状条纹、条纹、粗条纹及丝状条纹;在钻地风属及绣球属的少数种中，角质膜条纹有时汇集呈球形或玫瑰型。表皮毛状附属物有单细胞2分枝毛（黄山梅属）、多细胞星状毛（星毛冠盖藤）、单细胞星状毛（溲疏属）和单细胞不分枝毛四种。对钻地风属所有种的观察结果表明，仅在椭圆钻地风的下表皮细胞中央观察到乳突状结构，而在白背钻地风和圆叶钻地风中并未观察到前人描述的附属物。 4. 叶绿体DNA trnL-F序列的分析 首次对绣球族9属23种及近缘类群3属3种的trnL-F序列进行了测定。序列长度在860 bp~970 bp范围内变化。在以山梅花属、溲疏属和黄山梅属为外类群，基于trnL-F序列构建的系统树上，绣球族作为一个单系群得到很高的支持率。绣球属的种出现在不同的分支上，表明该属不是一个单系群。绣球族被分为两大支：第一支由绣球属离瓣组的中国绣球、绣球、以及常山和Broussaisia arguta组成;第二支由绣球属另外的9个种与草绣球属、叉叶蓝属、蛛网萼属、赤壁木属、冠盖藤属以及钻地风属组成。在第二支中，下列类群的近缘关系得到支持：① 草绣球与叉叶蓝属;② 绣球属挂苦子组的东陵绣球、圆锥绣球和挂苦绣球。③ 钻地风属、赤壁木属和冠盖藤属;④ 蜡莲绣球、莼兰绣球、马桑绣球、粗枝绣球。 5. 分支分析 以山梅花属为外类群，基于形态、解剖、花发育、孢粉等32个性状（或性状状态）对绣球族9属的系统发育关系进行了分支分析。结果表明：草绣球属和叉叶蓝属为基出类群，这两个属有多个共同特征;绣球族其余的成员聚成一支，该支又有5个分支。其中蛛网萼属和绣球属冠盖组各为单独的分支，它们有多个自衍征，可能有各自独立的演化线;绣球属离瓣组与常山属聚成一分支，二者的密切关系得到解剖学证据的支持;绣球属绣球组和星毛组聚成一分支，这两个组包含了绣球属的多数种类;钻地风属、赤壁木属、冠盖藤属、Broussaisia和绣球属挂苦子组聚成一分支。其中钻地风属、赤壁木属与冠盖藤属具多个近裔衍征，表明它们是绣球族的晚出类群。 通过对绣球族植物外部形态、花器官发生、叶表皮微形态特征、叶绿体DNA trnL-F区的研究以及基于形态性状的分支分析，并综合已有的研究结果，我们认为： 1. 绣球族是一个单系群;绣球属不是一个单系群。 2. 在绣球族中，草绣球属和叉叶蓝属关系密切，它们可能是绣球族其余成员的姐妹群。 3. 绣球组和星毛组可能是绣球属的核心成员;离瓣组和常山属关系密切;冠盖组有单独的演化线。 4. 赤壁木属、冠盖藤属和钻地风属为单系群，它们在绣球族处于较高的演化位置。 5. 绣球属需重新界定。

眼镜王蛇毒蛋白酶抑制剂及其衍生物的应用

本发明涉及眼镜王蛇毒蛋白酶抑制剂及其衍生物，与其它天然来源小分子量蛋白酶抑制剂相比，具有结构简单、基因表达产量高、活性特殊的有益特点。本发明眼镜王蛇毒蛋白酶抑制剂的制备方法可以是从蛇毒粗毒进行分离纯化获得，也可以通过基因工程表达获得。本发明还提供眼镜王蛇毒蛋白酶抑制剂及其衍生物的应用，其具有同时抑制胰蛋白酶以及胰凝乳蛋白酶的双重抑制活性，且对二种蛋白酶的抑制常数基本在同一个数量级，还具有钠通道的抑制活性。

Intra- and interspecific variation of the CCR5 gene in higher primates

We have evaluated the molecular evolution of the chemokine receptor CCR5 in primates. The chemokine receptor CCR5 serves as a major co-receptor for human immunodeficiency virus/simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV/SIV) infection. Knowledge of evolution of the CCR5 molecule and selection on the CCR5 gene may shed light on its functional role. The comparison of differences between intraspecific polymorphisms and interspecific fixed substitutions provides useful information regarding modes of selection during the course of evolution. There is marked polymorphism in the CCR5 gene sequence within different primate species, whereas sequence divergence between different species is small. By using contingency tests, we compared synonymous (SS) and nonsynonymous (NS) CCR5 mutations occurring within and between a broad range of primates. Our results demonstrate that CCR5 evolution did not follow expectations, of strict neutrality at the level of the whole gene. The proportion of NS to SS at the intraspecific level was significantly higher than that observed at the interspecific level. These results suggest that most CCR5 NS polymorphisms are slightly deleterious. However, at domains more closely correlated with its known biological functions, there was no obvious evidence to support deviation from neutrality.

A paradigm for virus-host coevolution: Sequential counter-adaptations between endogenous and exogenous retroviruses

Endogenous retroviruses ( ERVs) are remnants of ancient retroviral infections of the host germline transmitted vertically from generation to generation. It is hypothesized that some ERVs are used by the host as restriction factors to block the infection o

目标物体尺寸的大小对小鼠空间深度感知的影响

探索了小鼠在排除透视、遮挡等空间深度的线索下,是否是依靠视觉目标的尺寸大小来感知空间深度.小鼠放置于可以调节高度的高台上,高台位于仅底面有光线照明、四周黑暗的实验箱内.将由格子构成底部面板的尺寸设计为小鼠估计高度距离的唯一线索,设置了3个空间尺度的底板,分别按2/3的比例缩小,并设置7个高度.在同一高度下每测试一轮即对底板的尺寸进行随机变换.记录小鼠跳落前在高台上停留的时间,研究小鼠对高度的判断是否受到底板尺寸的影响.结果表明所有大小线索条件下小鼠在高台上停留的时间随高度的增加而延长.在20～30cm的高度范围,小鼠不以大小为线索的信息来判断深度,可能主要以双眼视差产生的深度信息来判断高度.而在小于20cm和大于30cm的高度范围,特别是在更高的距离上如50cm、60cm和70cm,小鼠以目标大小信息为线索来对深度进行判断,以弥补在这些条件下双眼深度信息的不足.在理论上说这是由于小鼠只有三分之一的(中央)视野为双眼视野区.实验的行为范式可以应用到以转基因鼠为模式生物的实验中,以研究此类行为与基因之间的关系.

Economic value of the milkfish industry

A brief description is given of the milkfish (Chanos chanos) farming industry in the Philippines. Over the past 20 years, the relative importance of milkfish has declined with the expansion of tilapia, tiger shrimp and seaweed farming. In 1975, some 141,461 mt of milkfish made up 10% of the total fish production, whereas in 1995, the total milkfish harvest of 150,858 mt made up only 5.5% of the total fish production. Milkfish are harvested and marketed mostly fresh or chilled, whole or deboned, but some are canned or smoked. The domestic markets, mainly in Metro Manila, absorb most of the production. Milkfish is also absorbed in different product forms: dried, canned, smoked, or marinated. An export market for quick-frozen deboned milkfish fillets has begun to develop and fish processing companies are responding fast. The milkfish farming industry has important linkages with the various sectors that supply the inputs, and those that transport, store, market or process the harvest. For intensive milkfish farming to be both profitable and sustainable, more value-added products must be developed and marketed.

Moderate speed impact damage to 2D-braided glass-carbon composites

Hybrid glass-carbon 2D braided composites with varying carbon contents are impacted using a gas gun by impactors of masses 12.5 and 44.5. g, at impact energies up to 50. J. The damage area detected by ultrasound C-scan is found to increase roughly linearly with impact energy, and is larger for the lighter impactor at the same impact energy. The area of whitening of the glass tows on the distal side corresponds with the measured C-scan damage area. X-ray imaging shows more intense damage, at the same impact energy, for a higher-mass impactor. Braids with more glass content have a modest increase in density, decrease in modulus, and reduction in the C-scan area and dent depth at the impact site, particularly at the higher impact energies. Impact damage is found to reduce significantly the compressive strength, giving up to a 26% reduction at the maximum impact energy. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.

Designing and testing an advanced pneumatic braking system for heavy vehicles

Heavy goods vehicles exhibit poor braking performance in emergency situations when compared to other vehicles. Part of the problem is caused by sluggish pneumatic brake actuators, which limit the control bandwidth of their antilock braking systems. In addition, heuristic control algorithms are used that do not achieve the maximum braking force throughout the stop. In this article, a novel braking system is introduced for pneumatically braked heavy goods vehicles. The conventional brake actuators are improved by placing high-bandwidth, binary-actuated valves directly on the brake chambers. A made-for-purpose valve is described. It achieves a switching delay of 3-4 ms in tests, which is an order of magnitude faster than solenoids in conventional anti-lock braking systems. The heuristic braking control algorithms are replaced with a wheel slip regulator based on sliding mode control. The combined actuator and slip controller are shown to reduce stopping distances on smooth and rough, high friction (μ = 0.9) surfaces by 10% and 27% respectively in hardware-in-the-loop tests compared with conventional ABS. On smooth and rough, low friction (μ = 0.2) surfaces, stopping distances are reduced by 23% and 25%, respectively. Moreover, the overall air reservoir size required on a heavy goods vehicle is governed by its air usage during an anti-lock braking stop on a low friction, smooth surface. The 37% reduction in air usage observed in hardware-in-the-loop tests on this surface therefore represents the potential reduction in reservoir size that could be achieved by the new system. © 2012 IMechE.