Atlantic 231Pa/230Th and biogenic opal compilation of the Holocene and the LGM

The strength and geometry of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation is tightly coupled to climate on glacial-interglacial and millennial timescales, but has proved difficult to reconstruct, particularly for the Last Glacial Maximum. Today, the return flow from the northern North Atlantic to lower latitudes associated with the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation reaches down to approximately 4,000 m. In contrast, during the Last Glacial Maximum this return flow is thought to have occurred primarily at shallower depths. Measurements of sedimentary 231Pa/230Th have been used to reconstruct the strength of circulation in the North Atlantic Ocean, but the effects of biogenic silica on 231Pa/230Th-based estimates remain controversial. Here we use measurements of 231Pa/230Th ratios and biogenic silica in Holocene-aged Atlantic sediments and simulations with a two-dimensional scavenging model to demonstrate that the geometry and strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation are the primary controls of 231Pa/230Th ratios in modern Atlantic sediments. For the glacial maximum, a simulation of Atlantic overturning with a shallow, but vigorous circulation and bulk water transport at around 2,000 m depth best matched observed glacial Atlantic 231Pa/230Th values. We estimate that the transport of intermediate water during the Last Glacial Maximum was at least as strong as deep water transport today.

Memoirs of Marie Antoinette,

Mode of access: Internet.

University of Michigan Women's Cross Country Team, 1998

Back Row: Laura Hayden, Lisa Ouellet, Elizabeth Kampfe, Adrienne Hunter, Katie Ryan, Erica Murdock, Lena Van Haren, Katy Radkewich, Katie Clifford, Nell Sheilds, Erin White

Front Row. : Jeanne Spink, Allison Noe, Sarah Hamilton, Julie Froud, Michelle Slater, Katie McGregor, Marcy Akard

1977/78 UM Women's Basketball Team

Back Row: ass't coach Margo Plotzke, Sara Smolenski, Teresa Wyckoff, Natasha Cender, Kenda Scheele, Abby Currier, Brenda Venhuizen

Middle Row: student trainer Lynn Squanda, student manager Pat Muthart, Deb Allor, Marilyn Best, Denise Cameron, Sheila Butler, Mary Donovan, head coach Gloria Soluk, head trainer Rose Snyder, student manager Ledora Scott

Front Row: Michelle Barrett, Jan Stevens, Terry Conlin, Linda Gardener, Karen Gilhooly, Jeanne Otto

1979 UM Women's Basketball Team

Back Row: assistant coach Margo Plotzke, Brenda Venhuizen, Terri Conlin, Diane McNamara, Jill Smith, Kris Hansen, Yvette Harris, Diane Dietz, Tammie Sanders, Penny Neer, ? coach, coach Gloria Soluk,

Front Row: ?, Deb Allor, Jeanne White, Terry Schevers, Abby Courier, Monique Bernoudy, Michelle Grier, coach

Women's Volleyball Team, 1977 UM

Front Row: Kimber Johnston, Karyn Heiney, Tammy Herremans Jamie Spohn, Carol Cocuzza.

Middle Row: Roberta Salay, Michelle Weipert, Beth Major, Carol Ratza, Jackie Madison, Ginny Witter.

Back Row: assistant coach Barb Wise, Lisa Holmes, Marianne Thomas, Sue Cramer, Karel Pennington, Jeanne Sellman, Jane Doty, head coach Sandy Vong.

Women's Volleyball Team, 1980

Back Row:: Barb Canning, Janice Margulies, Carol Ratza, Jackie Madison, Linda Cunningham, Amy Blake, Coach Sandy Vong.

Front Row: Alison Noble, Susan Rogers, Kerri Kenniston, Robin Vissers, Julie Stotesbury, Jeanne Weckler.

Women's Volleyball Team, 1982, UM

Front Row: Jeanne Weckler, Lana Ramthun, Alison Noble, Sue Rogers, Joan Potter, and Deborah Holloway.

Back Row: Asst. Coach Barb Canning, Carla Dearing, Maura Jones, Karyn Kunzelman, Kim Edwards, Jennifer Hickman, Suzanne Harris, coach Sandy Vong.

Women's Volleyball Team, 1983, UM

Left: Assistant Coach Barb Canning

Left diagonal (back to front): Sue Rogers, Lana Ramthun, Jennifer Hickman, Deborah Holloway and Carla Dearing.

Right diagonal (back to front): Barb Bensing, Joan Potter, Alison Noble, Jeanne Weckler, Karyn Kunzelman, Wendy Confer, Kim Edwards and Coach Sandy Vong.

Women's Volleyball Team, 1981, UM

Front Row: Kerri Kenniston, Diane Ratnik, Alison Noble, Susan Rogers, Jeanne Weckler, Debbie Holloway

Back Row: assistant coach Barb Canning, Linda Cunningham, Janice Margulies, Amy Blake, Julie Stotesbury, head coach Sandy Vong

Memoirs of the private life of Marie Antoinette, to which are added personal recollections illustrative of the reigns of Louis XIV, Louis XV, and Louis XVI,

"This edition is limited to five hundred and five copies, of which this is no. 143."

Etude sur Madame Roland et son temps : suivie des lettres de Madame Roland à Buzot et d'autres documents inédits /

Mode of access: Internet.

From data to information : new directions for the National Center for Education Statistics : conference proceedings /

"NCES 96-901."