Audit report on America’s Agricultural Industrial Heritage Landscape, Inc., d/b/a Silos and Smokestacks National Heritage Area (Silos and Smokestacks), in Waterloo, Iowa for the years ended December 31, 2009 and 2008

Audit report on America’s Agricultural Industrial Heritage Landscape, Inc., d/b/a Silos and Smokestacks National Heritage Area (Silos and Smokestacks), in Waterloo, Iowa for the years ended December 31, 2009 and 2008

Maintenance of ancestral sex chromosomes in Palearctic tree frogs: direct evidence from Hyla orientalis.

Contrasting with the situation found in birds and mammals, sex chromosomes are generally homomorphic in poikilothermic vertebrates. This homomorphy was recently shown to result from occasional X-Y recombinations (not from turnovers) in several European species of tree frogs (Hyla arborea, H. intermedia and H. molleri). Because of recombination, however, alleles at sex-linked loci were rarely diagnostic at the population level; support for sex linkage had to rely on multilocus associations, combined with occasional sex differences in allelic frequencies. Here, we use direct evidence, obtained from anatomical and histological analyses of offspring with known pedigrees, to show that the Eastern tree frog (H. orientalis) shares the same pair of sex chromosomes, with identical patterns of male heterogamety and complete absence of X-Y recombination in males. Conservation of an ancestral pair of sex chromosomes, regularly rejuvenated via occasional X-Y recombination, seems thus a widespread pattern among Hyla species. Sibship analyses also identified discrepancies between genotypic and phenotypic sex among offspring, associated with abnormal gonadal development, suggesting a role for sexually antagonistic genes on the sex chromosomes.

When "enough" is not enough: new perspectives on optimal methadone maintenance dose.

Some methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) programs prescribe inadequate daily methadone doses. Patients complain of withdrawal symptoms and continue illicit opioid use, yet practitioners are reluctant to increase doses above certain arbitrary thresholds. Serum methadone levels (SMLs) may guide practitioners dosing decisions, especially for those patients who have low SMLs despite higher methadone doses. Such variation is due in part to the complexities of methadone metabolism. The medication itself is a racemic (50:50) mixture of 2 enantiomers: an active "R" form and an essentially inactive "S" form. Methadone is metabolized primarily in the liver, by up to five cytochrome P450 isoforms, and individual differences in enzyme activity help explain wide ranges of active R-enantiomer concentrations in patients given identical doses of racemic methadone. Most clinical research studies have used methadone doses of less than 100 mg/day [d] and have not reported corresponding SMLs. New research suggests that doses ranging from 120 mg/d to more than 700 mg/d, with correspondingly higher SMLs, may be optimal for many patients. Each patient presents a unique clinical challenge, and there is no way of prescribing a single best methadone dose to achieve a specific blood level as a "gold standard" for all patients. Clinical signs and patient-reported symptoms of abstinence syndrome, and continuing illicit opioid use, are effective indicators of dose inadequacy. There does not appear to be a maximum daily dose limit when determining what is adequately "enough" methadone in MMT.

Características biológicas do solo indicadoras de qualidade após dois anos de aplicação de biossólido industrial e cultivo de milho

A utilização agrícola de biossólidos tem sido muito incentivada, mas, como esses resíduos apresentam composição química variada, o valor agronômico e os efeitos sobre características indicadoras de qualidade do solo precisam ser avaliados caso a caso, a fim de estabelecer normas de segurança para uso desses materiais. Neste trabalho foram avaliadas características biológicas, após a aplicação, por dois anos consecutivos, de doses crescentes (0, 6, 12, 18 e 24 t ha-1 base seca) de um biossólido gerado por uma indústria de fibras e resinas PET e da adubação mineral completa no cultivo de milho, em um Cambissolo distrófico, comparados aos de uma área adjacente, sob Brachiaria sp. e sem cultivo nos últimos 10 anos, usada como referência. Os valores de C e N da biomassa microbiana, a respiração basal e as atividades das enzimas urease e beta-glicosidase e da hidrólise do diacetato de fluoresceína (FDA) aumentaram, enquanto a atividade da fosfatase ácida diminuiu com a elevação das doses de biossólido, porém estas não tiveram efeito sobre o quociente metabólico (qCO2). A diminuição da atividade da fosfatase se deveu ao aumento da disponibilidade de P no solo, não caracterizando efeito adverso da aplicação do biossólido. Com aplicação de 12 t ha-1 de biossólido (recomendação agronômica), a respiração e a hidrólise da FDA foram maiores e a atividade da fosfatase foi menor que a obtida no solo com adubação mineral, mas as demais características avaliadas não diferiram entre estes tratamentos. A colonização micorrízica de Brachiaria sp. não diferiu entre plantas de crescimento espontâneo nas parcelas anteriormente cultivadas com milho e aquelas da área adjacente. Apesar do menor número de esporos, verificou-se enriquecimento de espécies de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs) nas parcelas cultivadas. O carbono orgânico (Corg) e a biomassa microbiana apresentaram alta correlação com os demais parâmetros avaliados, indicando que as alterações na quantidade e qualidade da matéria orgânica, promovidas pela aplicação do biossólido, refletiram na dinâmica da microbiota e influenciaram positivamente os parâmetros biológicos de qualidade do solo.

Comparative socio-economic evaluation of IBD patients with and without infliximab maintenance therapy

Background: The anti-TNFα agent Infliximab (IFX) is used for the treatment of moderate to severe inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with insufficient response to conventional immunomodulator therapy. IFX maintenance therapy is expensive and it is unknown if indirect costs (eg. by loss of work productivity) can be reduced by this therapy. Goal: to evaluate the direct and indirect costs of an IBD patient cohort under maintenance IFX compared to a cohort under "conventional" immunomodulator therapy. Methods: Direct and indirect costs of an IBD cohort under IFX and a reference cohort (similar disease activity and location) under conventional immunomodulator therapy (Azathioprine, or 6-MP, or MTX) were retrospectively evaluated over 12 months (January to December 2008). Results: 54 IFX-patients (24f/30m, 37 CD, 10 UC, 7 IC) and 71 non-IFX-patients (38f/33m, 56 CD, 12 UC, 3 IC) were included. IFX patients were younger than non-IFX patients (36 vs. 47 years, P = 0.0003). The mean duration of inpatient stay in hospital (23 in IFX vs. 21 days for non-IFX, P = 0.909) and the hospitalization costs (7,692 in IFX vs. 4,179 SFr for non-IFX, P = 0.4540) did not differ. IFX-patients had significantly more frequently specialist outpatient consultations (8 vs. 4, P < 0.001) and outpatient-related costs (3,633 vs. 2,186 SFr, P <0.001). Total costs for all diagnostic procedures (blood work, endoscopies, radiology) were higher in the IFXcohort (2,265 vs. 1,164 SFr, P < 0.001). Sixty-five percent of IFX-patients had a 100% job employment compared to 80% in the non-IFX cohort (P = 0.001). Conclusions: The direct and indirect costs of maintenance IFX-treated IBD patients are higher compared to IBD patients under conventional immunomodulators. Care should be taken not only to judge the costs as the IFX treated population may represent a cohort with more aggressive disease phenotype, furthermore, quality of life aspects were not assessed.

Industrial agglomerations and wage gradients: the Spanish economy in the interwar period

This paper gives new evidence on the relationship between integration and industrial agglomeration in the presence of scale economies, by testing directly one of the predictions that can be derived from Krugman (1991), that is, the existence of regional nominal wage gradients and its transformation following changes in trade regimes. Our case study analyzes the effects of the substitution of an open economy by a closed economy regime, exactly the opposite process studied by Hanson (1996, 1997). In Spain, during the interwar period, protectionist policies would have favored the loss of centrality of the coastal location (Barcelona) and the relative rise of central locations (such as Madrid). Our results indicate the existence of a wage gradient centered in Barcelona during the interwar period (1914-1930) and its weakening after 1925.

Potencialidad de la modelización state-space y el filtro de Kalman para el anàlisis regional : una aplicación para el índice de actividad industrial

El déficit existente a nuestro país con respecto a la disponibilidad de indicadores cuantitativos con los que llevar a término un análisis coyuntural de la actividad industrial regional ha abierto un debate centrado en el estudio de cuál es la metodología más adecuada para elaborar indicadores de estas características. Dentro de este marco, en este trabajo se presentan las principales conclusiones obtenidas en anteriores estudios (Clar, et. al., 1997a, 1997b y 1998) sobre la idoneidad de extender las metodologías que actualmente se están aplicando a las regiones españolas para elaborar indicadores de la actividad industrial mediante métodos indirectos. Estas conclusiones llevan a plantear una estrategia distinta a las que actualmente se vienen aplicando. En concreto, se propone (siguiendo a Israilevich y Kuttner, 1993) un modelo de variables latentes para estimar el indicador de la producción industrial regional. Este tipo de modelo puede especificarse en términos de un modelo statespace y estimarse mediante el filtro de Kalman. Para validar la metodología propuesta se estiman unos indicadores de acuerdo con ella para tres de las cuatro regiones españolas que disponen d¿un Índice de Producción Industrial (IPI) elaborado mediante el método directo (Andalucía, Asturias y el País Vasco) y se comparan con los IPIs publicados (oficiales). Los resultados obtenidos muestran el buen comportamiento de l¿estrategia propuesta, abriendo así una línea de trabajo con la que subsanar el déficit al que se hacía referencia anteriormente

Algunes reflexions sobre la construcció d'indicadors indirectes pel seguiment de l'activitat industrial regional

En un gran nombre d'economies, l'evolució de la producció industrial s'analitza a partir de la informació sobre el Producte Industrial Brut i/o el Valor Afegit Brut que proporcionen les Comptabilitats Nacionals. A Espanya, la utilització d'aquestes dades presenta el problema que no estan disponibles tan ràpidament com seria desitjable. En conseqüència, no és possible realitzar un seguiment a curt termini de l'activitat industrial a partir dels mateixos. Per a solucionar aquest problema, l'Institut Nacional d'Estadística elabora un Índex de Producció Industrial mensual a partir de la informació obtinguda a través d'una enquesta dirigida a una mostra representativa de les empreses espanyoles. No obstant això, a nivell regional, les dificultats per a realitzar un seguiment de l'activitat industrial són majors a causa de l'escassesa d'informació estadística. Durant els últims anys, diferents institucions públiques i privades han començat a elaborar indicadors d'activitat per a algunes regions espanyoles, encara que a partir de metodologies no homogènies, de manera que aquests índexs no són directament comparables. Per a corregir aquesta situació, en diferents fòrums s'ha proposat emprar la metodologia utilitzada per l'Institut d'Estadística de Catalunya (IEC) per a la comunitat catalana com alternativa per a aquelles comunitats espanyoles que no disposen d'un indicador de l'activitat industrial, atès que per a Catalunya resulta una metodologia adequada. En aquest treball s'estudia la idoneïtat d'estendre aquesta metodologia a la resta de regions espanyoles. Per a això, es construeixen uns indicadors d'acord amb la metodologia del IEC i es comparen amb els índexs regionals obtinguts per mètodes directes per a tres de les quatre regions que existeixen: Andalusia, Astúries i Euskadi

Integración económica y localización industrial. Cataluña, la fábrica de España: ¿cuándo y por qué?

En este artículo se analizan los determinantes de la localización de la actividad industrial en España durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. El objetivo es estudiar la existencia de cambios en los factores explicativos de la localización, con el fin de identificar los efectos de la integración económica sobre la geografía industrial española. Para hacerlo, en primer lugar se analiza la literatura histórica existente. En segundo lugar, se describen las teorías que explican la localización de l'actividad. En tercer lugar, se realiza un análisis empírico de la localización y la concentración de la industria española al siglo XIX. A continuación, se propone un estudio econométrico de los determinantes de la localización industrial en dos cortes temporales, 1856 y 1893. Los resultados son consistentes con las teorías del comercio. Durante el decurso de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, España paso a ser una economía integrada, la movilidad del trabajo y del capital se vio favorecida y como resultado, las diferencias relativas en las dotaciones de factores perdieron importancia en la explicación de las pautas de especialización industrial. Por el contrario, la integración económica favoreció la significación relativa de las economías de escala o de la proximidad a los mercados como elementos explicativos de la localización de la industria, favoreciendo, de esta manera, la aglomeración de la actividad industrial

Were Spanish migrants attracted by industrial agglomerations?: an analysis for the interwar years in the light of the new economic geography

In this paper we examine whether access to markets had a significant influence onmigration choices of Spanish internal migrants in the inter-war years. We perform astructural contrast of a New Economic Geography model that focus on the forwardlinkage that links workers location choice with the geography of industrial production,one of the centripetal forces that drive agglomeration in the NEG models. The resultshighlight the presence of this forward linkage in the Spanish economy of the inter-warperiod. That is, we prove the existence of a direct relation between workers¿ localizationdecisions and the market potential of the host regions. In addition, the direct estimationof the values associated with key parameters in the NEG model allows us to simulatethe migratory flows derived from different scenarios of the relative size of regions andthe distances between them. We show that in Spain the power of attraction of theagglomerations grew as they increased in size, but the high elasticity estimated for themigration costs reduced the intensity of the migratory flows. This could help to explainthe apparently low intensity of internal migrations in Spain until its upsurge during the1920s. This also explains the geography of migrations in Spain during this period,which hardly affected the regions furthest from the large industrial agglomerations (i.e.,regions such as Andalusia, Estremadura and Castile-La Mancha) but had an intenseeffect on the provinces nearest to the principal centres of industrial development.