Las Comunidades autónomas españolas bajo el impacto de la integración en la Unión Europea

El objetivo del presente capítulo consiste en presentar un breve análisis de la diversidad de comportamientos de las regiones, en el curso del proceso de integración europea, desde que se consolidó la democracia y el Estado de las autonomías y se produjo la efectiva incorporación de España a la Comunidad Económica Europea, el 1 de enero de 1986. Con la perspectiva del tiempo transcurrido, es posible componer ya un balance de urgencia de la distinta fortuna de las regiones en el nuevo marco institucional. El trabajo se centra en la trayectoria de cada una de las comunidades autónomas y en los factores de crecimiento que poseen. El estudio está organizado en cuatro secciones. Una primera parte recuerda las relaciones con la Unión Europea y presenta los hitos esenciales del proceso de regionalización. La segunda sección se ocupa de la evolución de las comunidades autónomas, desde la incorporación a la CEE, en tres apartados relativos a población, ocupación y empleo y producto. La tercera analiza los principales factores de crecimiento: inversión directa extranjera, inversión pública, acción comunitaria, comercio internacional, investigación y desarrollo y densidad del tejido productivo. El texto se cierra con un apartado de recapitulación y conclusiones.

A vegetação no município de Ilhéus, Estado da Bahia: I - estudo sinecológico das áreas de pesquisas sôbre a febre amarela silvestre realizado pelo S. E. P. F. A

I - Methods. II - Phytogeographic aspects. III - The communities and botanical associations: a) The lava Pés-Castelo Novo study area. b) The study area at the Pirataquissé farm. c) The Ribeirão da Fortuna study area. IV - Conclusions.

A vegetação do município de ilhéus, Estado da Bahia: II observação e ligeiras considerações acêrca de espécies que ocorrem na regiçao: chave analítica das espécies arbóreas

I - Short description of the species. II - Analytic key of the trees. III - List of the species collected with register number and author's number. SHORT DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES - This section includes a short morphological analysis of the species and the study of their geographic distribution, locality, habitat and regional zonation. ANALYTIC KEY OF THE TREES - The author was obliged to make a morphological key for his use on account of the great difficulty met in identifying the species in the field. LIST OF SPECIES COLLECTED WITH REGISTER AND COLLECTOR'S NUMBERS - As the majority of the species from Ilheus are paratypes of the types described in "Flora Brasiliensis" it was decided to publish this list. The author's chief objective was to call the attention of specialists tothe undetermined material with a view to interesting them in studying it.

A vegetação do município de Ilhéus, Estado da Bahia: III - caracterização da vegetação pelo valôr dos índices das espécies

The indices found are analysed as a whole and general conclusions are drawn from them which may be of use in understanding many of the problems offered by the local flora (Ilhéus). The first column of the tables presented indicates the biological form of the species, showing the nature of the flora and the constitution of the climax. A total of 200 species of phanerophyta were found; 69 macrophanerophyta (trees), 54 are mesophanerophyta (treelets) and 77 are nanophanerophyta (shrubs). The macrophanerophyta are consequently considered as dominants and the meso-and nanophanerophyta as codominants (the biological forms: chamaephyta, hemicriptophyta, criptophyta, geophyta, therophyta, epiphyta and hydrophyta are subdominants), the more so as the first cover 80% and the others more or less 50%. This points to a climax of trees and a local vegetation mainly composed of trees also. The smaller forms are left out as they are beyond the present scope of this sort of wort in Brazil. The third column of ecological formulae indicates the reaction of the constituent species to light (C = sciophilous, F = photophilous and I = indifferents), the biological types of vegetation (H = hygrophytes, X = xerophytes and M = mesophytes) and the fidelity of the species to the climax. Of the species studied: 25 are pioneers (P. Table I), 63 are accidentals (A. Table II), 35 are companion species (O. Table III), 19 show preferences (E. Table with vitality Vn), 44 are selective (S. Table V) and 13 exclusive species (L. Table VI). This leads to the conclusion that the vegetation of the region is in full reconstitution. As to the ecological characteristics of the 200 species studied, 89 are either pioneers (a class separated by the author) or accidentals; this means that the devastated zones are being reconstituted in the subsere both with members of the prisere and alien species. Of the remaining species, 54 are companion, or accompanying species, which appear in most subclimax, serclímax and quasiclimax associations, and 57 are real constituents of the local climax. As all the species except the pioneers, selectives and exclusives (xerophytes and mesophytes) may be considered as hygrophytes this type evidently predominantes in the region and may constitute a hygrophilous serclimax and quasiclímax. In regard to light 101 are sciophilous, 32 indiferents and 67 photophilous. This leads to the conclusion that the vegetation comprises mainly tolerant species, showing the hygrophilous and mesophilous character of the region with a vegetation composed mostly of trees. The presence a large number of sciophilous species is easy to understand as the hygrophilous and mesophilous habitats and the dominance of trees favour the germination and growth of tolerant species. The last two columns analyse the percentage of individuals present and the occurrent classes to which they belong: 92 species vary between 1 and 9%; 50 between to 10 and 19%; 36 between 20 and 29%; 14 between 30 and 39%; and 8 between 40 and 49%. Only 8 species belong to occurrence class V; 14 to classe IV; 36 to class III; 50 to class II; and 92 to class I. This leads to the conclusion that the local formation is very unsociable and very complex, though the median coverture is 80% and the number of species is very large. The analysis of the data also shows that the climax is being reconstituted in the subsere with elements drawn from the prisere and alien species introduced either by man (following desvastation) or by other consequent factors (such as brusque changes of microclimates due to total or partial destruction). This modifies the subclimax appreciably and apparently also the climax of the local regional subsere. As a final conclusion it is suggested that as in the subsere the pioneer formation is xerophilous, the prisere also beging as a xerosere; but as there are and probably always were hydrophilous formation evolving in the same climate, the local climax is composed of species with medium exactions, that is of relative mesophites.

A vegetação no município de Ilhéus Estado da Bahia: IV - Caracaterísticas analíticas e periodicidade sociológica

It is well-known that diverse groups of vegetation with an analogous but not identical floristic composition show an ecological similarity which leads to a determined type of vegetation. Starting from this fact it becomes evident that the scope of phytosociological work is the establishing of the significance of the species within the association and the discovery of the rules which govern associations. The floristic surveys made in the field have to be analysed statistically so as to obtain satisfactory results. The usefulness of this method depends largely on the possibilities of comparing the results with previous studies of the same kind, in the same country, or elsewhere. The method used in this paper is that of measuring circumferences and counting individuals in the different associations studied because it permits the presentation of the results in tables which show the phytosociological complexity of the Brazilian rain-forests. The classical method of characteristics is valuable because the more evolved an association is the less sociable are the species it contains, so that such groups do not show clear differences between species but rather between sinusia or strata of individuals. Five tables are presented in which several of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics are studied with a view to discussing their value in relation to groups and species. They are: I - Abundance (number of individuals). II - Density (distance in meters between the individuals belonging to each stratum). III - Basal coverture (circles measured in square meters of the mean projection of the individuals on the surface). IV - Basal area (mean circle in square meters occupied by individuals on the surface). V - Frequency, abundance and sociability in relation to occurrence. TABLE I. This table indicates first the number of individuals in relation to the sinusia studied: next, the sum total of the individuals belanging to the strata are given for each association, thus providing the numeric value of the sinusia: finally, the relation between the total number of individuals in the association and the total for the sinusium thus fursnishing the abundance per sinusium, in the classic sence, that is the percentage, or rather the relative number, of the elements which compose the group. CONCLUSIONS. The general character of abundance of the regional vegetation of Ilheos may be summed up in the following way: as an association evolves towards permanent equilibirum the number of individuals the inferior strata diminishes in relation to those of the superior strata which increase. For the shrub sinusium, two important facts were observed: a) in a given association the number of elements of the inferior strata diminishes as the diameter of the individuals increases; b) the percentage of individuals belonging to the shrub sinusium in the sere diminishes as the association evolve. In the subarboreal sinusium it is seen that: in the sere the number of subarboreal individuals does not vary much; whereas in the climax or the prisere there is a fall owing to the equilibrum of the biologic forms. In the arboreal sinusium the following conclusion can be deduced from analogous facts: the number of individuals of the lower strata diminishes as circumference increases. Also, in the sere there is a progressive sequence for the individuals belonging to the superior strata. TABLE II. The relation between the mean distances of individuals belonging to the same stratum and the area of an association is equal to the density. The table shows that the mean density of the association and the distance between the individuals belonging to the strata of the same sinusium in relation to the total number of individuals belonging to the association. CONCLUSIONS. As rule, the density of individuals in the associations studied follows a very general character or at least a regional one: the distance between the individuals in the diverse strata varies according to their abundance and sociability. Two other facts of some sociological importance are: a) in identical strata of the same sere the density of individuals oscillates in an analogous manner in teh subclimaces and varies in the stages which have reached equilibrium. b) the density of individuals varias in accordance with the sinusium and the distances between individuals of the same sinusium varg in accordance with the strata. TABLE III. This table presents the mean basal individual coverture, that is the mean projection of the frond of the various individuals belonging to the same stratum. The means were obtained by measurement in the field, of 100 individuals belonging to each stratum and their projection on the surface. In the latoratory these measurements were converted into mean circles (in square meters) and the result was multiplied by the individuals belonging to the strata corresponding to the sinusium of each association. The result obtained is named basal coverture. CONCLUSIONS. As a rule, the basal coverture of the vegetation of the county of Ilhéus indicates that: in the evolution of the vegetation the basal coverture of the arbustive sinusium diminishes progressively whereas that of the arboreal one increases. The special norms obtained are: 1) in the shrub sinusium the basal coverture seems to follow a uniform norm, that is, in stages of evolution of the subclimax the basal coverture oscillates with a certain uniformity. 2) in the subarboreal sinusium this fact is related to the vitality and age of the species, as in the subclimax the number of young trees is large and the vitality of the species very variable. This permits the conclusion that: in the sere the basal coverture increases with the evolution of the vegetation and diminishes when an equilibrium is reached. 3) in the tree sinusium the climax association of the prisere and subsere seem to obey a binomial rule, as the coverture (density-abundance) increases until a determined stratum is reached and...

Considerações gerais sôbre a vegetação do Estado de Goiás: notas preliminares sôbre a fitosociologia do Planalto Central do Brasileiro

Em junho de 1947, fomos convidados pelo general DEJALMA POLY COELHO, chefe da Comissão de Estudos do Planalto Central Brasileiro, para colaborarmos com o Grupo de Geógrafos chefiado pelo Prof. FRANCIS RUELLAN, a quem foi confiada parte dos trabalhos para a localização de novo Distrito Federal da República. A Diretoria do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, nos incumbiu então de estudar as condições fito-ecológicas de trechos do Estado de Goiás, paralelamente às observações bio-geográficas que teríamos de realizar para a Comissão. Desde 1945 que vimos observando, em viagens, a vegetação do tipo Cerrado, nos Estados de São Paulo, Minas Gerais e Mato Grosso, Outrossim, em notas já publicadas sôbre a vegetação dos Estados de Mato Grosso e Minas Gerais, tivemos a oportunidade de apreciar, ligeiramente, a importãncia do Cerrado como uma climática e o papel que o mesmo desempenha na configuração bio-geográfica do brasil. Queremos salientar, mais uma vez, a grande necessidade que temos de estudar determinados pontos de outras regiões, para podermos apresentar um trabalho ecológico sôbre o Cerrado brasileiro que, apesar de muito bem conhecido sob o ponto de vista da Sistemática, é quase desconhecido quanto ao papel das espécies dentro das associações e sias reações aos habitats. Com os dados ecológicos que possuíamos e com os estudos que realizamos no Estado de Goiás, sòmente nos falta obter uma visão mais ampla das formações e fazer alguns levantamentos sociológicos nas associações do Cerrado dos Estados de São Paulo, Minas Gerais e Baía para completarmos assim, a nossa monografia sôbre a vegetação do Centro Oeste do Brasil. Na apresentação desta nota não poderiamos deixar de agradecer ao Prof. ALFREDO PORTO DOMINGUES e aos componentes do Grupo pos, recebemos contribuição valiosa de todos, que muito fizeram para o bom andamento dos trabalhos de campo. Expressamos também nossos agradecimentos a quantos, direta ou indiretamente, nos auxiliaram, especialmente a Dra. BERTHA LUTZ, a quem devemos o resumo deste trabalho em Inglês.

El impacto de los fondos estructurales: convergencia real y cohesión interna

En este trabajo se presenta una estimación de la contribución de los Fondos Estructurales de la Unión Europea al crecimiento del producto y el empleo del conjunto de las regiones españolas Objetivo 1. Los resultados indican que las ayudas europeas han contribuido de forma muy significativa al acercamiento de la renta española al nivel medio de la UE y han ayudado a mitigar las disparidades internas, relajando de alguna forma el trade-off entre crecimiento agregado y cohesión territorial. La previsible pérdida de buena parte de estas ayudas en un futuro no muy lejano constituye un reto importante para el que convendría empezar a prepararse.

Impacto redistributivo desagregado del IVA actual en España: posibles vías de reforma

The VAT is the most revenue tax in the Spanish economy in the year 2000. The aim of this research is to develop an analysis dissintegrated of the distributional effect of the current VAT in Spain, that is to say, this paper assesses the capacity of redistribution of the tax treatment of each expenditure category. It proposes different approaches for the analysis of the redistributive impact differential of each expenditure concept, and it desires to advocate the method of total decomposition of isolated contribution to the global distributional effect of the VAT. In this sense, this study shows the possibilities to identify the guidelines for possible fiscal adjustments of the Value Added Tax to contribute positively to the objectives of social justice, and its respective consequences on the population's welfare.

El impacto espacial de las economías de aglomeración y su efecto sobre la estructura urbana.El caso de la industria en Barcelona, 1986-1996

Este trabajo trata sobre el papel de la accesibilidad espacial a las economías de aglomeración en el cambio de la estructura espacial del empleo industrial para el caso de la Región Metropolitana de Barcelona (RMB). Utilizando como indicador de cambios en la estructura espacial del empleo el crecimiento de la densidad bruta del empleo municipal entre 1986 y 1996 para siete subsectores industriales, se explora el impacto espacial de las economías de aglomeración que operan a escala local –el municipio y tres áreas de 5, 8 y 12 kilómetros que rodean al propio municipio-, aquellas que emergen del CBD y de los principales subcentros especializados de la región, y las economías de red asociadas al total de puestos de trabajo de la región cuyo acceso depende de la distancia respecto a las principales infraestructuras de transporte.

Os grandes clímaces do Brasil: II - considerações gerais sôbre a vegetação da região amazônica

Um eine neue phytogeographische Einteilung des Amazonasgebietes (Região Amazônica) in Angriff nehmen zu koennen, zieht der Autor anfangs die Ergebnisse der geomorphologischen, klimatologischen und floristischen Studien aelterer und neuerer Beobachter heran und setzt sie in Uebereinstimmung mit den oekologischen Resultaten. Die Einteilung umfasst: A. Region des guianensischen Schildes mit 5 Subregionen; B. Region der Sedimentboeden mit 3 teilweise unterteilten Subregionen; C. Region des nordbrasilianischen Schildes mit 2 unterteilten Subregionen. In den drei Gebieten finden wir, infolge der verschiedenen geologischen Verhaeltnisse, praktisch alle Vegetationstypen Brasiliens, obwohl das Klima uniform (warm-feucht) ist. Nach der Beurteilung der verschiedenen Theorien ueber die geologischen und floristischen Gegebenheiten und unter Hinzufuegung biologischer Tatsachen (Samenverbreitung) kommt der Autor zum Schluss, dass in dem Gebiet vier grosse, endemisch begruendete Baumzonen bestehen, deren Existenz auf dem heutigen hydrographischen Netz und seinen oekologischen Bedingugen beruht: 1. Die Trockengebiete der kristallinen Hochebenen am oberen Rio Negro und Rio Branco und auf dem suedamazonischen Schild; 2. Eine die Sedimentregion umgebende Zone; 3. Die Gebiete der Hochebenen und die hoeher gelegenen Teile der Sandaufschuettungen; 4. Die fruchtbaren Sedimentebenen. Ausserdem kann man die wechselnden Gebiete periodischer Ueberschwemmungen als kennzeichnende Zonen der augenblicklichen Entwicklungsphase des Amazonasbeckens ansehen.

Os grandes clímaces do Brasil: III - Considerações gerais sôbre a vegetação da Região Centro-Oeste

Die west-zentrale Region Brasiliens, die im Gebiet des gleichfoermigen feuchten tropischen Klimas mit Trockenzeiten liegt, schliesst, allgemein gesehen, drei phytogeographische Zonen in sich ein; die noerdliche mit Wald, die zentrale mit Savannen und die suedliche mit Campos. In den Zonen sind verschiedene Waldinseln eingeschlossen, deren Existenz, entsprechend den vielfaeltigen orographischen Verhaeltnissen und der hiermit zusammenhaengenden komplexen geologischen Struktur, eine ausreichende Erklaerung fuer die beobachtete Zerschneidung der Zonen abgibt. Es finden sich: 1. Auf den hoeheren Ebenen: a) "Cerrado" (Buschwald). Er breitet sich aus auf den ebenen kretassischen Stufen und Haegen mit kompakteren Boeden, sowohl auf denen der "Chapadões" wie auch auf denen, die die grosse paraguaische Depression umgeben; b) Savanne. Sie tritt immer auf ebenen oder schwach gewellten Gelaenden auf, wo eine dicke, gut durchlaessige Schicht auf undurchiaessigem Untergrund liegt; c) Campo. Er dehnt sich auf Flaechen aus, die oberflaeching undurchlaessig geworden sind, und zwar sowohl auf ebenen, wie auch auf schwaecher oder staerker bewegten Gelaenden; d) Wald. Er findet sich auf den Talsohlen, begleitet die Wasserlaeufe und Talhaenge in stark bewegtem Gelaende. 2. Die Campos der grossen paraguaischen Depression nehmen sehr ausgedehnte Gebiete ein, die von kleineren feuchten Niederungen, Fluessen und Inselbergn unterbrochen sind, wo sich Buschwald, Galleriewald und Cerrado findet. 3. Auf den fruchtbareren Boeden, die auf Zerfall eruptiver Gesteine zurueckgefuehrt werden und durch das Einschneiden des ausgedehnten hydrographischen Netzes, das die Region zerschneidet, herausgearbeitet sind, bedecken die Waelder unterschiedslos die ebenen wie die schwach oder stark geneigten Gelaende.