Kinetic energies of C-n(+) (n <= 58) fragment ions produced by nanosecond laser impact on C-60

Laser-induced fragmentation of C-60 has been studied using a time-of-flight mass spectrometric technique. The average kinetic energies of fragment ions C-n(+) (n <= 58) have been extracted from the measured full width at half maximum (FWHM) of ion beam profiles. The primary formation mechanism of small fragment ion C-n(+) (n < 30) is assumed to be a two-step fragmentation process: C60 sequential decay to unstable C-30(+) ion and the binary fission of C-30(+). Considering a second photo absorption process in the later part of laser pulse duration, good agreement is achieved between experiment and theoretical description of photoion formation. (C) 2009 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.

Synthesis, crystal structure and properties of H-8[P4W14O58Na4 (H2O)(20)] center dot 16H(2)O

A novel heteropoly tungstophosphates, H-8[P4W14O58Na4(H2O)(20)] . 16H(2)O, was synthesized by hydrothermal method and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectrum and single-crystal X-ray structure analysis. The thermal stability of the compound was investigated by using TG-DTA. The crystal is triclinic system with space group P (1) over bar, a = 1. 137 9(2) nm, b=1. 363 2(3) nm, c=1. 627 1(3) nm; alpha=78. 20(3)degrees, beta=71, 20(3)degrees, gamma= 71. 62(3)degrees; V = 2. 252 5(8) nm(3), Z=1, M-r= 4 374. 38, D-c = 3. 225 mg/cm(3), mu = 18. 007 mm(-1), F(000)=1 972, R=0. 074 2, R-w=0. 200 4. The result of structure analysis shows that the anion of the compound consists of two PW7O29Na2(H2O)(10) subunits and two linked phosphorous atoms. A kind of microporous with size of 0. 661 4 nm X 0. 318 9 nm was formed in the crystal structure.

The Moravian missions in Ohio. By Francis C. Huebner.

http://www.archive.org/details/moravianmissions014001mbp

Vitamin D status and requirements during pregnancy and lactation

Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy, lactation, and early infancy has been widely reported. Current understanding of vitamin D metabolism during pregnancy and lactation is incomplete, and to date, experimental data to support vitamin D requirements for these life stages are scarce. There is a shortage of nationally representative data and appropriate reference ranges for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) during pregnancy, lactation and infancy, including in umbilical cord blood. This thesis described concentrations of total 25OHD and individual metabolites including 25OHD3, 25OHD2, and 3-epi-25OHD3 at 15 weeks’ gestation in a large seasonally balanced pregnancy cohort study (n 1768), carried out in Cork, Ireland (52oN). The prevalence of low 25OHD concentrations in pregnant women was higher than published reports in other Caucasian women, and was highest among non-users of vitamin D-containing supplements during winter. A longitudinal pregnancy study was included which suggested gestational stages had an impact on the total serum 25OHD concentration. This thesis incorporated a randomized controlled trial carried out among 100 women across 3 intervention groups using 20 μg/day of vitamin D3 with or without 500 mg calcium, or placebo, over 12-weeks of lactation to investigate the vitamin D requirement for lactating mothers and the vitamin D content of human milk. A daily intake of 25 μg/day was suggested to meet the requirement of lactating women to maintain a 25OHD levels above 50 nmol/L in 97.5% of the population at 52oN all year around. However, vitamin D content in human milk did not increase in response to supplementation. Serum 25OHD concentration has been used as a predictor of a number of health outcomes. This thesis reported large differences in serum 25OHD concentrations using different methods in 86 umbilical cord samples. The need for international standardization of serum 25OHD measurements was re-emphasized in this thesis.

Dinámica del carbono en sistemas agrícolas bajo siembra directa : nuevas evidencias obtenidas mediante el uso de 13 C sobre la importancia de las raíces, la calidad de los residuos y el laboreo

El carbono orgánico del suelo (COS) es uno de los principales determinantes de la productividad de los ecosistemas, afectando la fertilidad del suelo y su capacidad de secuestrar CO2. La agricultura es uno de los principales cambios de uso del suelo que afecta significativamente el COS. En esta tesis se examinan, mediante experimentos de campo y usando al 13C como trazador isotópico, tres aspectos de la dinámica de C en sistemas agrícolas: 1) la importancia de las raíces en la formación de COS, 2) los efectos de la cantidad y calidad de los residuos sobre la tasa de descomposición y humificación del COS y 3) la dinámica del COS en sistemas de agricultura continua iniciados sobre pastizales naturales nunca laboreados. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que 1) en cultivos de soja y maíz, la formación de COS se deriva principalmente de la biomasa subterránea y en menor medida de los residuos aéreos, al menos en la fracción de la materia orgánica particulada (MOP). También, se observó 2) que el agregado de residuos de maíz con alta relación C:N aumentó la tasa de descomposición de la MOAM (materia orgánica asociada a los minerales) cuando se la compara con el agregado de residuos de soja (baja relación C:N), efecto conocido como priming. Sin embargo, también existió una mayor formación de materia orgánica bajo cultivos de maíz, y por ende se conservaron las reservas de COS, pero su ciclado fue más rápido. Finalmente, 3) los cultivos en sistemas de siembra directa establecidos sobre suelos nunca laboreados presentaron niveles de COS similares a los de los pastizales naturales remplazados. Estos resultados cuestionan parte de nuestro conocimiento sobre los sistemas agrícolas bajo siembra directa, aportando nuevas evidencias experimentales y destacando el uso de marcadores isotópicos de 13C para comprender el flujo de C en los agroecosistemas.

Intensificación de las secuencias de cultivos en un molisol y un vertisol : cambios en la estabilidad estructural y en el almacenaje de C en agregados

Los actuales sistemas agrícolas de la Región Pampeana argentina presentan una elevada frecuencia de barbechos en las secuencias de cultivos lo que resulta en el desperdicio de recursos ambientales y en un mayor impacto de los procesos erosivos sobre la agregación y el almacenaje de carbono orgánico del suelo (COS). La intensificación de las secuencias de cultivos, por medio de la reducción de los períodos de barbecho es una alternativa para mejorar la eficiencia y productividad de dichos sistemas, aunque existe escasa información sobre su impacto en la agregación y en el almacenaje de COS en suelos con agentes de agregación contrastantes. El objetivo de esta tesis fue evaluar en un molisol y un vertisol los mecanismos involucrados en la consolidación de la estructura y en el almacenaje de COS ante cambios en el nivel de intensificación y en la composición de la secuencia de cultivos. A través de diferentes escalas de evaluación (lotes de producción, ensayos de campo, incubaciones en laboratorio) se analizó el impacto del tiempo de ocupación con cobertura vegetal viva y el efecto de la calidad y frecuencia de adición de residuos sobre la dinámica de la agregación y el almacenaje de COS. En comparación con el vertisol, el molisol demostró una mayor dependencia de agentes orgánicos de la agregación para la formación de agregados. Además, la agregación y el COS almacenado en los macroagregados se asociaron negativamente con la frecuencia de soja en las secuencias. En ambos tipos de suelo, la adición más frecuente de residuos vegetales permitió mantener elevadas las tasas respiratorias y de agregación en comparación con una única adición de residuos en ensayos de laboratorio. A pesar del menor impacto de las secuencias de cultivos en el vertisol y a la elevada variación temporal en la agregación detectada en los suelos, mantener el suelo ocupado por prolongados períodos de tiempo favoreció el mayor aporte de biomasa, la agregación y las ganancias de COS en macroagregados en ambos tipos de suelo.

Influencia del suelo y la fertilización nitrogenada sobre el contenido cuali - cuantitativo de alcaloides de Festuca c.v. El Palenque

p.69-77

Efecto del 2,4 - DP sobre el tamaño de frutos de kiwi, Actinidia deliciosa (Chevalier) - C.F. Liang - A.R.Ferguson

p.161-165

Dinámica del carbono en sistemas agrícolas bajo siembra directa : nuevas evidencias obtenidas mediante el uso de 13 C sobre la importancia de las raíces, la calidad de los residuos y el laboreo

El carbono orgánico del suelo (COS) es uno de los principales determinantes de la productividad de los ecosistemas, afectando la fertilidad del suelo y su capacidad de secuestrar CO2. La agricultura es uno de los principales cambios de uso del suelo que afecta significativamente el COS. En esta tesis se examinan, mediante experimentos de campo y usando al 13C como trazador isotópico, tres aspectos de la dinámica de C en sistemas agrícolas: 1) la importancia de las raíces en la formación de COS, 2) los efectos de la cantidad y calidad de los residuos sobre la tasa de descomposición y humificación del COS y 3) la dinámica del COS en sistemas de agricultura continua iniciados sobre pastizales naturales nunca laboreados. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que 1) en cultivos de soja y maíz, la formación de COS se deriva principalmente de la biomasa subterránea y en menor medida de los residuos aéreos, al menos en la fracción de la materia orgánica particulada (MOP). También, se observó 2) que el agregado de residuos de maíz con alta relación C:N aumentó la tasa de descomposición de la MOAM (materia orgánica asociada a los minerales) cuando se la compara con el agregado de residuos de soja (baja relación C:N), efecto conocido como priming. Sin embargo, también existió una mayor formación de materia orgánica bajo cultivos de maíz, y por ende se conservaron las reservas de COS, pero su ciclado fue más rápido. Finalmente, 3) los cultivos en sistemas de siembra directa establecidos sobre suelos nunca laboreados presentaron niveles de COS similares a los de los pastizales naturales remplazados. Estos resultados cuestionan parte de nuestro conocimiento sobre los sistemas agrícolas bajo siembra directa, aportando nuevas evidencias experimentales y destacando el uso de marcadores isotópicos de 13C para comprender el flujo de C en los agroecosistemas.

Contrasting transcriptome response to thermal stress in two key zooplankton species, Calanus finmarchicus and C. glacialis

Climate change has already led to the range expansion of warm-water plankton assemblages in the northeast Atlantic and the corresponding range contraction of colder-water species. The temperate copepod Calanus finmarchicus is predicted to shift farther northward into polar waters traditionally dominated by the arctic copepod C. glacialis. To identify temperaturemediated changes in gene expression that may be critical for the thermal acclimation and resilience of the 2 Calanus spp., we conducted a whole transcriptome profiling using RNA-seq on an Ion Torrent platform. Transcriptome responses of C. finmarchicus and C. glacialis from Disko Bay, west Greenland, were investigated under realistic thermal stresses (at + 5, +10 and +15°C) for 4 h and 6 d. C. finmarchicus showed a strong response to temperature and duration of stress, involving up-regulation of genes related to protein folding, transcription, translation and metabolism. In sharp contrast, C. glacialis displayed only low-magnitude changes in gene expression in response to temperature and duration of stress. Differences in the thermal responses of the 2 species, particularly the lack of thermal stress response in C. glacialis, are in line with laboratory and field observations and suggest a vulnerability of C. glacialis to climate change.

The effect of inhaled IFN-β on worsening of asthma symptoms caused by viral infections. a randomized trial

Rationale: Ex vivo, bronchial epithelial cells from people with asthma are more susceptible to rhinovirus infection caused by deficient induction of the antiviral protein, IFN-b. Exogenous IFN-b restores antiviral activity.

Objectives: To compare the efficacy and safety of inhaled IFN-b with placebo administered to people with asthma after onset of cold symptoms to prevent or attenuate asthma symptoms caused by respiratory viruses.

Methods: A total of 147 people with asthma on inhaled corticosteroids (British Thoracic Society Steps 2–5), with a history of virus-associated exacerbations, were randomized to 14-day treatment with inhaled IFN-b (n = 72) or placebo (n = 75) within 24 hours of developing cold symptoms and were assessed clinically, with relevant samples collected to assess virus infection and antiviral responses.

Measurements and Main Results: A total of 91% of randomized patients developed a defined cold. In this modified intention-to-treat population, asthma symptoms did not get clinically significantly worse
(mean change in six-item Asthma Control Questionnaire ,0.5) and IFN-b treatment had no significant effect on this primary endpoint, although it enhanced morning peak expiratory flow recovery (P = 0.033), reduced the need for additional treatment, and boosted innate immunity as assessed by blood and sputum biomarkers. In an exploratory analysis of the subset ofmore difficult-to-treat, Step 4-5 peoplewith asthma (n = 27 IFN-b; n = 31 placebo), Asthma Control Questionnaire-6 increased significantly on placebo; this was prevented by IFN-b (P = 0.004).

Conclusions: Although the trial did not meet its primary endpoint, it suggests that inhaled IFN-b is a potential treatment for virus-induced deteriorations of asthma in difficult-to-treat people with asthma and supports the needforfurther, adequately powered, trialsin this population. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT 01126177).

Activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway is essential during PBOX-6-induced apoptosis in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cells

The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family is activated in response to a wide variety of external stress signals such as UV irradiation, heat shock, and many chemotherapeutic drugs and leads to the induction of apoptosis. A novel series of pyrrolo-1,5-benzoxazepines have been shown to potently induce apoptosis in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cells, which are resistant to many chemotherapeutic agents. In this study we have delineated part of the mechanism by which a representative compound known as PBOX-6 induces apoptosis. We have investigated whether PBOX-6 induces activation of MAP kinase signaling pathways in CML cells. Treatment of K562 cells with PBOX-6 resulted in the transient activation of two JNK isoforms, JNK1 and JNK2. In contrast, PBOX-6 did not activate the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) or p38. Apoptosis was found to occur independently of the small GTPases Ras, Rac, and Cdc42 but involved phosphorylation of the JNK substrates, c-Jun and ATF-2. Pretreatment of K562 cells with the JNK inhibitor, dicoumarol, abolished PBOX-6-induced phosphorylation of c-Jun and ATF-2 and inhibited the induced apoptosis, suggesting that JNK activation is an essential component of the apoptotic pathway induced by PBOX-6. Consistent with this finding, transfection of K562 cells with the JNK scaffold protein, JIP-1, inhibited JNK activity and apoptosis induced by PBOX-6. JIP-1 specifically scaffolds JNK, MKK7, and members of the mixed-lineage kinase (MLK) family, implicating these kinases upstream of JNK in the apoptotic pathway induced by PBOX-6 in K562 cells.

An R -matrix with pseudo-states calculation of electron-impact excitation in C 2 +

We have performed an R-matrix with pseudo-states (RMPS) calculation of electron-impact excitation in C2+.Collision strengths and effective collision strengths were determined for excitation between the lowest 24 terms, including all those arising from the 2s3l and 2s4l configurations. In the RMPS calculation, 238 terms (90 spectroscopic and 148 pseudo-state) were employed in the close-coupling (CC) expansion of the target. In order to investigate the significance of coupling to the target continuum and highly excited bound states, we compare the RMPS results with those from an R-matrix calculation that incorporated all 238 terms in the configuration- interaction expansion, but only the lowest 44 spectroscopic terms in the CC expansion. We also compare our effective collision strengths with those from an earlier 12-state R-matrix calculation (Berrington et al 1989 J. Phys. B: At.Mol. Opt. Phys. 22 665). The RMPS calculation was extremely large, involving (N +1)-electron Hamiltonian matrices of dimension up to 36 085, and required the use of our recently completed suite of parallel R-matrix programs. The full set of effective collision strengths fromourRMPS calculation is available at theOakRidgeNationalLaboratoryControlledFusion Atomic Data Center web site. 1.

Electron-impact ionization of C+ in both ground and metastable states

Electron-impact ionization cross sections are calculated for the ground and metastable states of C+. Com- parisons between perturbative distorted-wave and nonperturbative time-dependent close-coupling calculations find reductions in the peak direct ionization cross sections due to electron coupling effects of approximately 5% for ground state C+ and approximately 15% for metastable state C+. Fairly small excitation-autoionization contributions are found for ground state C+, while larger excitation-autoionization contributions are found for metastable state C+. Comparisons between perturbative distorted-wave and nonperturbative R-matrix with pseudostates calculations find reductions in the peak total ionization cross sections due to electron coupling effects of approximately 15–20 % for ground state C+ and approximately 25–35 % for metastable state C+. Finally, comparisons between theory and experiment find that present and previous C+ crossed-beam measure- ments are in excellent agreement with ground state nonperturbative R-matrix with pseudostates calculations for total ionization cross sections. Combined with previous non-perturbative calculations for C, C2+, and C3+, accurate ionization cross sections and rate coefficients are now available for the ground and metastable states of all carbon ion stages.