« Médecine à deux vitesses à la manière de SUCCESs » ou « Deux poids deux mesures ou Quod licet Iovi, non licet bovi c'est-à-dire : "ce qui est permis à Jupiter ne l'est pas auxvaches" »

Travail créatif / Creative Work

Continuous VM-ADCP (vessel-mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler) profiles of horizontal velocities and raw acoustic gain control data during Polarstern cruise ANT-XVIII/2

The mixing regime of the upper 180 m of a mesoscale eddy in the vicinity of the Antarctic Polar Front at 47° S and 21° E was investigated during the R.V. Polarstern cruise ANT-XVIII/2 within the scope of the iron fertilization experiment EisenEx. On the basis of hydrographic CTD and ADCP profiles we deduced the vertical diffusivity Kz from two different parameterizations. Since these parameterizations bear the character of empirical functions, based on theoretical and idealized assumptions, they were inter alia compared with Cox-number and Thorpe-scale related diffusivities deduced from microstructure measurements, which supplied the first direct insights into turbulence of this ocean region. Values of Kz in the range of 10**-4 - 10**-3 m**2/s appear as a rather robust estimate of vertical diffusivity within the seasonal pycnocline. Values in the mixed layer above are more variable in time and reach 10**-1 m**2/s during periods of strong winds. The results confirm a close agreement between the microstructure-based eddy diffusivities and eddy diffusivities calculated after the parameterization of Pacanowski and Philander [1981, Journal of Physical Oceanography 11, 1443-1451, doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1981)011<1443:POVMIN>2.0.CO;2].

Position measurements at five permanent GPS stations in the Bavarian Alps as part of the Geodetic Alpine Integrated Network (GAIN) of the ALPS-GPSQUAKENET project

In the frame of the transnational ALPS-GPSQUAKENET project, a component of the Alpine Space Programme of the European Community Initiative Programme (CIP) INTERREG III B, the Deutsches Geodätisches Forschungsinstitut (DGFI) in Munich, Germany, installed in 2005 five continuously operating permanent GPS stations located along the northern Alps boundary in Bavaria. The main objective of the ALPS-GPSQUAKENET project was to build-up a high-performance transnational space geodetic network of Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers in the Alpine region (the so-called Geodetic Alpine Integrated Network, GAIN). Data from this network allows for studying crustal deformations in near real-time to monitor Earthquake hazard and improve natural disaster prevention. The five GPS stations operatied by DGFI are mounted on concrete pillars attached to solid rock. The names of the stations are (from west to east) Hochgrat (HGRA), Breitenberg (BREI), Fahrenberg (FAHR), Hochries (HRIE) and Wartsteinkopf (WART). The provided data series start from October 7, 2005. Data are stored with a temporal spacing of 15 seconds in daily RINEX files.

Method to Improve the Conversion Gain Flatness of Transformer-Coupled Mixers

A 4-10 GHz, on-chip balun based current commutating mixer is proposed. Tunable resistive feedback is used at the transconductance stage for wideband response, and interlaced stacked transformer is adopted for good balance of the balun. Measurement results show that a conversion gain of 13.5 dB, an IIP3 of 4 dBm and a noise figure of 14 dB are achieved with 5.6 mW power consumption under 1.2 V supply. The simulated amplitude and phase imbalance is within 0.9 dB and ±2◦ over the band.

The hardware impairments impact on fixed-gain AF relaying performance in Nakagami-m fading

The effects of joint hardware impairments on the performance of fixed gain amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying are studied. By considering IQ imbalance at the source and destination and the nonlinear relay the outage probability over Nakagami-m fading channels is derived, and the effects of fading and hardware impairments on the system are analysed. The analytical results are verified by Monte Carlo simulations.

From brown envelopes to community benefits: the co-option of planning gain agreements under deepening neoliberalism

The provision of physical and social infrastructure in the form of roads, green spaces and community facilities has traditionally been provided for by the state through the general taxation system. However, as the state has been transformed along more neoliberal lines, the private sector is increasingly relied upon to deliver public goods and services. Planning gain agreements have flourished within this context by offering another vehicle through which local facilities are privately funded. Whilst these agreements reflect the broader dynamics of neoliberalism, they are commonly viewed as a tool which can be employed to challenge these very dynamics by empowering local communities to secure more just planning outcomes. This paper counters such claims. Based on evidence gathered from 80 interviews with planners, councillors, developers and community groups in Ireland, the paper demonstrates how planning gain agreements have been strategically redeployed by the holders of political and economic power to serve their own ends. In seeking to understand why and how this has occurred, specific consideration is given to the changing power dynamics between the state and private capital under neoliberalism. The paper highlights how institutional arrangements have enabled developers to infiltrate the political sphere in more subtle and implicit ways than ever before. We conclude by arguing that planning gain must be understood as a mechanism which has been manipulated in ways which essentially work to preserve and enhance, rather than redress, existing power imbalances in the planning system by facilitating large scale transfers of wealth upwards in society.

BAP Guidelines on the Management of Weight Gain, Metabolic Disturbances and Cardiovascular Risk Associated With Psychosis and Antipsychotic Drug Treatment

Excess deaths from cardiovascular disease are a major contributor to the significant reduction in life expectancy experienced by people with schizophrenia. Important risk factors in this are smoking, alcohol misuse, excessive weight gain and diabetes. Weight gain also reinforces service users’ negative views of themselves and is a factor in poor adherence with treatment. Monitoring of relevant physical health risk factors is frequently inadequate, as is provision of interventions to modify these. These guidelines review issues surrounding monitoring of physical health risk factors and make recommendations about an appropriate approach. Overweight and obesity, partly driven by antipsychotic drug treatment, are important factors contributing to the development of diabetes and cardiovascular disease in people with schizophrenia. There have been clinical trials of many interventions for people experiencing weight gain when taking antipsychotic medications but there is a lack of clear consensus regarding which may be appropriate in usual clinical practice. These guidelines review these trials and make recommendations regarding appropriate interventions. Interventions for smoking and alcohol misuse are reviewed, but more briefly as these are similar to those recommended for the general population. The management of impaired fasting glycaemia and impaired glucose tolerance (‘pre-diabetes’), diabetes and other cardiovascular risks, such as dyslipidaemia, are also reviewed with respect to other currently available guidelines. These guidelines were compiled following a consensus meeting of experts involved in various aspects of these problems. They reviewed key areas of evidence and their clinical implications. Wider issues relating to primary care/secondary care interfaces are discussed but cannot be resolved within guidelines such as these.

Le poids de l'histoire : rôle des facteurs économiques, politiques et institutionnels dans l'accumulation de dette publique

Ce mémoire s’intéresse à l’endettement des gouvernements et aux facteurs historiques qui en sont les causes. L’analyse utilise des données historiques des cinquante États américains afin d’explorer l’influence de différents facteurs d’ordre économique, politique et institutionnel sur l’accumulation de la dette publique. Alors que la littérature met de l’avant l’impact des facteurs économiques, politiques et institutionnels dans la détermination de l’endettement public, la contrainte budgétaire du gouvernement fait ressortir la relation entre le stock de dette publique courant et les déficits passés. Cette relation est au cœur de la question de recherche abordée par le mémoire : quel est le rôle des facteurs économiques, politiques et institutionnels historiques dans l’accumulation de dette publique? Comment estimer leur poids respectif? Afin de répondre à ces questions, l’analyse empirique intègre des variables explicatives économiques, politiques et institutionnelles ayant une composante historique. De plus, elle accorde une attention particulière aux facteurs institutionnels en utilisant différentes sources de données et des caractérisations plus ou moins détaillées pour modéliser les règles budgétaires et les limites d’endettement. Par ailleurs, la méthodologie empirique tient compte de la question de l’endogénéité potentielle des institutions fiscales. Les résultats de l’analyse économétrique confirment l’importance des facteurs économiques. Dans le cas des variables politiques, ils infirment la théorie selon laquelle les gouvernements divisés s’endettent davantage, mais confirment que l’appartenance politique des gouverneurs a un effet certain sur le poids de la dette publique. Ils indiquent également que l’indice historique d’alternance des partis politiques est important, l’alternance plus fréquente étant associée à une légère diminution de l’endettement. L’instabilité politique n’alimenterait donc pas nécessairement l’endettement public, ce qui suggère qu’il est possible qu’une plus forte compétition électorale puisse avoir un effet positif sur la rigueur budgétaire dans un système à deux partis politiques. De façon générale, les effets estimés des variables institutionnelles impliquent qu’elles ne sont que peu efficaces à limiter l’endettement des États.

Stabilité des barrages-poids en béton: contribution de la cohésion à la résistance de l'interface béton-rocher

Le contexte de ce projet de recherche est celui de la stabilité des barrages-poids et aborde le besoin d’évaluation de la résistance de l’interface béton-rocher. Puisqu’il est techniquement difficile d’évaluer si l’interface est liée ou non, la cohésion réelle et sa contribution à la résistance au cisaillement sont souvent négligées et ce sujet précis est peu abordé dans la littérature. Un lien direct peut être fait entre cette non-considération et des travaux de stabilisation réalisés sur des ouvrages hydrauliques. Cette étude a comme objectif la caractérisation de la cohésion réelle dans le but de déterminer s’il est sécuritaire d’incorporer sa contribution dans l’évaluation de stabilité des barrages-poids. Pour ce faire, il est nécessaire d’évaluer les comportements en traction et en cisaillement de l’interface et d’analyser comment ils sont affectés par des paramètres importants telle la rugosité de l’interface. Cette caractérisation est faite à l’aide d’un programme expérimental sur 66 répliques d’interfaces béton-rocher en mortier. La rugosité est évaluée à l’aide d’un profilomètre laser et du paramètre Z2. Les répliques ont fait l’objet d’essais de traction directe, de traction par pression de fluide et de cisaillement direct. L’influence de la rugosité d’interface et de la résistance à la compression uniaxiale (UCS) des matériaux sur les résistances à la traction et au cisaillement est évaluée grâce à l’analyse des variances (ANOVA). Des essais supplémentaires ont permis d’approfondir la compréhension du mécanisme de rupture en cisaillement. Les résultats indiquent une résistance à la traction moyenne de l’interface liée de 0,62 MPa et une cohésion (en cisaillement) moyenne de 3,1 MPa. L’ANOVA montre une augmentation significative de la résistance à la traction avec la rugosité et une augmentation significative de la résistance au cisaillement au pic avec la rugosité, l’UCS et la contrainte normale. Il a aussi été observé que le pas d’échantillonnage a un impact important sur la valeur de Z2. Les résultats suggèrent qu’une valeur minimale de cohésion de 100 à 200 kPa pourrait être utilisée dans la mesure où il peut être démontré que l’interface est liée. Cette condition pourrait d’ailleurs constituer un sujet de recherche s’inscrivant dans la continuité des travaux réalisés.

The evolutionary history and activity of a gain-of-function polymorphism in a human antiviral gene

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-07

Ecophysiologie de la maturation sexuelle et de la ponte de l'huître creuse Crassostrea gigas : réponses métaboliques (respiration) et alimentaires (filtration, absorption) en fonction des différents stades de maturation

The study of sexual maturation and spawning in the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) is part of a vast research programme that endeavours to understand the causes of mortality that occur sporadically during the spring and summer seasons in the Marennes-Oléron Bay. Thermal and diet conditioning were used to obtain oysters at each stage of maturity simultaneously. Using the measured rates of clearance, consumption, absorption and respiration provided estimates of growth potential and gave the energetic budget of oysters at different stages of sexual maturity. Physiological responses were similar for males and females. Filtration decreased from 2.4 to 2.6 l.h (-1) to 1.8 l.h (-1) with increasing maturity. Weight gain was associated with gonad development and did not appear to have an effect on the clearance rate. Oysters 2.5 years old showed a negative energy budget (-15 J h (-1)) at later maturity stages. This deficit was confirmed (90 J.h (-1)) in oysters 1.5 years old at the same stage of maturity. On the contrary, immature oysters, in the early stages of maturity or post-spawning, had a growth potential of 110 to 170 J.h (-1). The energy deficit observed at later stages of maturity was primarily due to absorption, which decreased sharply during peak gametogenesis. Using measured respiration rates, an allometric relationship specific to gonad growth was determined with a coefficient of 0.574. Low physiological performance of oysters, observed at later stages of sexual maturity, must be taken into account in research on the factors responsible for spring and summer mortalities affecting oyster farms in Marennes-Oléron.

Supplementation of cattle fed tropical grasses with microalgae increases microbial protein production and average daily gain

A series of 3 experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of microalgae as supplements for ruminants consuming low-CP tropical grasses. In Exp. 1, the chemical composition and in vitro protein degradability of 9 algae species and 4 protein supplements were determined. In Exp. 2, rumen function and microbial protein (MCP) production were determined in Bos indicus steers fed speargrass hay alone or supplemented with Spirulina platensis, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Dunaliella salina, or cottonseed meal (CSM). In Exp. 3, DMI and ADG were determined in B. indicus steers fed speargrass hay alone or supplemented with increasing amounts of NPN (urea combined with ammonia sulfate), CSM, or S. platensis. In Exp. 1, the CP content of S. platensis and C. pyrenoidosa (675 and 580 g/kg DM) was highest among the algae species and higher than the other protein supplements evaluated, and Schizochytrium sp. had the highest crude lipid (CL) content (198 g/kg DM). In Exp. 2, S. platensis supplementation increased speargrass hay intake, the efficiency of MCP production, the fractional outflow rate of digesta from the rumen, the concentration of NH3N, and the molar proportion of branched-chain fatty acids in the rumen fluid of steers above all other treatments. Dunaliella salina acceptance by steers was low and this resulted in no significant difference to unsupplemented steers for all parameters measured for this algae supplement. In Exp. 3, ADG linearly increased with increasing supplementary N intake from both S. platensis and NPN, with no difference between the 2 supplements. In contrast, ADG quadratically increased with increasing supplementary N intake from CSM. It was concluded that S. platensis and C. pyrenoidosa may potentially be used as protein sources for cattle grazing low-CP pastures.