Prognostication of Mortality in Critically Ill Patients With Severe Infections.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to confirm the prognostic value of pancreatic stone protein (PSP) in patients with severe infections requiring ICU management and to develop and validate a model to enhance mortality prediction by combining severity scores with biomarkers. METHODS: We enrolled prospectively patients with severe sepsis or septic shock in mixed tertiary ICUs in Switzerland (derivation cohort) and Brazil (validation cohort). Severity scores (APACHE [Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation] II or Simplified Acute Physiology Score [SAPS] II) were combined with biomarkers obtained at the time of diagnosis of sepsis, including C-reactive-protein, procalcitonin (PCT), and PSP. Logistic regression models with the lowest prediction errors were selected to predict in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: Mortality rates of patients with septic shock enrolled in the derivation cohort (103 out of 158) and the validation cohort (53 out of 91) were 37% and 57%, respectively. APACHE II and PSP were significantly higher in dying patients. In the derivation cohort, the models combining either APACHE II, PCT, and PSP (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC], 0.721; 95% CI, 0.632-0.812) or SAPS II, PCT, and PSP (AUC, 0.710; 95% CI, 0.617-0.802) performed better than each individual biomarker (AUC PCT, 0.534; 95% CI, 0.433-0.636; AUC PSP, 0.665; 95% CI, 0.572-0.758) or severity score (AUC APACHE II, 0.638; 95% CI, 0.543-0.733; AUC SAPS II, 0.598; 95% CI, 0.499-0.698). These models were externally confirmed in the independent validation cohort. CONCLUSIONS: We confirmed the prognostic value of PSP in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock requiring ICU management. A model combining severity scores with PCT and PSP improves mortality prediction in these patients.

Drenaje torácico cerrado. Sistema de recogida no reutilizable: Pleur-evac®

Funcionamiento del sistema desechable de recogida Pleur-evac®. Se trata de un sistema compacto de recogida de drenaje con sello de agua de manejo fácil construido sobre la base del sistema convencional de montaje de drenaje de aspiración de tres botellas. Este sistema se basa en el utilizado en 1876 por Gotthard Bülau para el tratamiento de empiemas y que ha dado nombre a los sistemas de recogida...

Verifique sus conocimientos sobre radiografía de tórax (1)

La presente entrega y la siguiente de esta serie de Nursing sobre las pruebas complementarias se dedican a la radiografía del tórax. Es una de las técnicas de imagen más habituales en todos los niveles asistenciales y, por tanto, está muy presente en la actividad enfermera. Es una exploración complementaría que basa la obtención de la imagen diagnóstica en la radiación ionizante. Se considera la técnica de primera elección para la valoración del tórax, ya que proporciona información general, de manera rápida e incruenta, del sistema cardiorrespiratorio. La lectura y la correcta interpretación de la placa de tórax son de gran importancia debido a la gran información que es capaz de aportar si se realiza e interpreta adecuadamente. En esta entrega se muestran las principales características de la imagen radiológica normal del tórax así como las herramientas necesarias para que la enfermera sea capaz de detectar los principales signos radiológicos al visualizarla, mientras que en la segunda entrega el objetivo será conocer las principales alteraciones de la normalidad y las imágenes radiológicas patológicas más usuales.

Verifique sus conocimientos sobre: radiografía de tórax (2)

Esta entrega de la serie de Nursing sobre las pruebas complementarias completa la dedicada a la radiografía de tórax. El tórax tiene estructuras anatómicas de densidad aérea y de partes blandas. Estas últimas, al ser atravesadas por la radiación X, muestran poca diferenciación de densidades, por lo que su interpretación es compleja, y la mayoría de veces su identificación se basa en signos indirectos. El objetivo de esta entrega es conocer las principales alteraciones de la normalidad y las imágenes radiológicas patológicas más usuales. Para ello es imprescindible conocer la anatomía y su traducción radiológica normal, que se presentó en la entrega anterior dedicada a la radiografía normal de tórax. La identificación de alteraciones y la detección de signos de alarma, junto con la exploración física, la anamnesia y las pruebas anteriores, proporcionan al profesional de enfermería la posibilidad de gestionar los cuidados de manera eficaz y con calidad para el paciente. En el contexto de estos artículos, y teniendo en cuenta que la imagen radiográfica del tórax es una de las más simples y a la vez más difíciles de interpretar, es útil visionar frecuentemente radiografías para mejorar la capacidad de distinguir las diferentes imágenes radiológicas presentes en la placa de tórax. Hay que tener presente que en muchos casos se visualizan diferentes alteraciones de la normalidad correspondientes a diferentes patologías presentes en un mismo paciente. Esto dificulta aún más el visionado de la imagen de tórax, ya de por sí compleja.

Verifique sus conocimientos sobre radiografía de tórax (1)

La presente entrega y la siguiente de esta serie de Nursing sobre las pruebas complementarias se dedican a la radiografía del tórax. Es una de las técnicas de imagen más habituales en todos los niveles asistenciales y, por tanto, está muy presente en la actividad enfermera. Es una exploración complementaría que basa la obtención de la imagen diagnóstica en la radiación ionizante. Se considera la técnica de primera elección para la valoración del tórax, ya que proporciona información general, de manera rápida e incruenta, del sistema cardiorrespiratorio. La lectura y la correcta interpretación de la placa de tórax son de gran importancia debido a la gran información que es capaz de aportar si se realiza e interpreta adecuadamente. En esta entrega se muestran las principales características de la imagen radiológica normal del tórax así como las herramientas necesarias para que la enfermera sea capaz de detectar los principales signos radiológicos al visualizarla, mientras que en la segunda entrega el objetivo será conocer las principales alteraciones de la normalidad y las imágenes radiológicas patológicas más usuales.

Verifique sus conocimientos sobre: radiografía de tórax (2)

Esta entrega de la serie de Nursing sobre las pruebas complementarias completa la dedicada a la radiografía de tórax. El tórax tiene estructuras anatómicas de densidad aérea y de partes blandas. Estas últimas, al ser atravesadas por la radiación X, muestran poca diferenciación de densidades, por lo que su interpretación es compleja, y la mayoría de veces su identificación se basa en signos indirectos. El objetivo de esta entrega es conocer las principales alteraciones de la normalidad y las imágenes radiológicas patológicas más usuales. Para ello es imprescindible conocer la anatomía y su traducción radiológica normal, que se presentó en la entrega anterior dedicada a la radiografía normal de tórax. La identificación de alteraciones y la detección de signos de alarma, junto con la exploración física, la anamnesia y las pruebas anteriores, proporcionan al profesional de enfermería la posibilidad de gestionar los cuidados de manera eficaz y con calidad para el paciente. En el contexto de estos artículos, y teniendo en cuenta que la imagen radiográfica del tórax es una de las más simples y a la vez más difíciles de interpretar, es útil visionar frecuentemente radiografías para mejorar la capacidad de distinguir las diferentes imágenes radiológicas presentes en la placa de tórax. Hay que tener presente que en muchos casos se visualizan diferentes alteraciones de la normalidad correspondientes a diferentes patologías presentes en un mismo paciente. Esto dificulta aún más el visionado de la imagen de tórax, ya de por sí compleja.

Time to identify cardiac arrest and provide dispatch-assisted cardio-pulmonary resuscitation in a criteria-based dispatch system.

INTRODUCTION: Dispatch-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation (DA-CPR) plays a key role in out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. We sought to measure dispatchers' performances in a criteria-based system in recognizing cardiac arrest and delivering DA-CPR. Our secondary purpose was to identify the factors that hampered dispatchers' identification of cardiac arrests, the factors that prevented them from proposing DA-CPR, and the factors that prevented bystanders from performing CPR. METHODS AND RESULTS: We reviewed dispatch recordings for 1254 out-of-hospital cardiac arrests occurring between January 1, 2011 and December 31, 2013. Dispatchers correctly identified cardiac arrests in 71% of the reviewed cases and 84% of the cases in which they were able to assess for patient consciousness and breathing. The median time to recognition of the arrest was 60s. The median time to start chest compression was 220s. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that performances from a criteria-based dispatch system can be similar to those from a medical-priority dispatch system regarding out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) time recognition and DA-CPR delivery. Agonal breathing recognition remains the weakest link in this sensitive task in both systems. It is of prime importance that all dispatch centers tend not only to implement DA-CPR but also to have tools to help them reach this objective, as today it should be mandatory to offer this service to the community. In order to improve benchmarking opportunities, we completed previously proposed performance standards as propositions.

Prognostic value of PCSK9 levels in patients with acute coronary syndromes.

AIMS: Proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9 (PCSK9) is an emerging target for the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia, but the clinical utility of PCSK9 levels to guide treatment is unknown. We aimed to prospectively assess the prognostic value of plasma PCSK9 levels in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). METHODS AND RESULTS: Plasma PCSK9 levels were measured in 2030 ACS patients undergoing coronary angiography in a Swiss prospective cohort. At 1 year, the association between PCSK9 tertiles and all-cause death was assessed adjusting for the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) variables, as well as the achievement of LDL cholesterol targets of <1.8 mmol/L. Patients with higher PCSK9 levels at angiography were more likely to have clinical familial hypercholesterolaemia (rate ratio, RR 1.21, 95% confidence interval, CI 1.09-1.53), be treated with lipid-lowering therapy (RR 1.46, 95% CI 1.30-1.63), present with longer time interval of chest pain (RR 1.29, 95% CI 1.09-1.53) and higher C-reactive protein levels (RR 1.22, 95% CI 1.16-1.30). PCSK9 increased 12-24 h after ACS (374 ± 149 vs. 323 ± 134 ng/mL, P < 0.001). At 1 year follow-up, HRs for upper vs. lower PCSK9-level tertiles were 1.13 (95% CI 0.69-1.85) for all-cause death and remained similar after adjustment for the GRACE score. Patients with higher PCSK9 levels were less likely to reach the recommended LDL cholesterol targets (RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.66-0.99). CONCLUSION: In ACS patients, high initial PCSK9 plasma levels were associated with inflammation in the acute phase and hypercholesterolaemia, but did not predict mortality at 1 year.

International comparison of the German evidence-based S3-guidelines on the diagnosis and multimodal treatment of early and locally advanced gastric cancer, including adenocarcinoma of the lower esophagus.

BACKGROUND: Clinical guidelines are essential in implementing and maintaining nationwide stage-specific diagnostic and therapeutic standards. In 2011, the first German expert consensus guideline defined the evidence for diagnosis and treatment of early and locally advanced esophagogastric cancers. Here, we compare this guideline with other national guidelines as well as current literature. METHODS: The German S3-guideline used an approved development process with de novo literature research, international guideline adaptation, or good clinical practice. Other recent evidence-based national guidelines and current references were compared with German recommendations. RESULTS: In the German S3 and other Western guidelines, adenocarcinomas of the esophagogastric junction (AEG) are classified according to formerly defined AEG I-III subgroups due to the high surgical impact. To stage local disease, computed tomography of the chest and abdomen and endosonography are reinforced. In contrast, laparoscopy is optional for staging. Mucosal cancers (T1a) should be endoscopically resected "en-bloc" to allow complete histological evaluation of lateral and basal margins. For locally advanced cancers of the stomach or esophagogastric junction (≥T3N+), preferred treatment is preoperative and postoperative chemotherapy. Preoperative radiochemotherapy is an evidence-based alternative for large AEG type I-II tumors (≥T3N+). Additionally, some experts recommend treating T2 tumors with a similar approach, mainly because pretherapeutic staging is often considered to be unreliable. CONCLUSIONS: The German S3 guideline represents an up-to-date European position with regard to diagnosis, staging, and treatment recommendations for patients with locally advanced esophagogastric cancer. Effects of perioperative chemotherapy versus chemoradiotherapy are still to be investigated for adenocarcinoma of the cardia and the lower esophagus.

Poland 's syndrome: radiologic findings

Poland's syndrome is a rare non-inherited congenital anomaly. The authors describe the classic radiologic findings of Poland's syndrome by reporting the case of a male four-year old patient with asymmetry of hands and chest, illustrating the fundamental imaging criteria for a conclusive diagnosis.

Heterotaxy syndrome: a case report

The present report describes the findings at chest computed tomography angiography of a 28-year-old female patient with heterotaxy syndrome. This syndrome consists of a variety of anomalies of position and morphology of thoracoabdominal organs which do not follow the situs solitus or situs inversus arrangement. Imaging studies play a fundamental role in the individualization of the approach to the patient.

Construction of an index of information from clinical practice in Radiology and Imaging Diagnosis based on text mining and thesaurus

Objective To construct a Portuguese language index of information on the practice of diagnostic radiology in order to improve the standardization of the medical language and terminology. Materials and Methods A total of 61,461 definitive reports were collected from the database of the Radiology Information System at Hospital das Clínicas – Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (RIS/HCFMRP) as follows: 30,000 chest x-ray reports; 27,000 mammography reports; and 4,461 thyroid ultrasonography reports. The text mining technique was applied for the selection of terms, and the ANSI/NISO Z39.19-2005 standard was utilized to construct the index based on a thesaurus structure. The system was created in *html. Results The text mining resulted in a set of 358,236 (n = 100%) words. Out of this total, 76,347 (n = 21%) terms were selected to form the index. Such terms refer to anatomical pathology description, imaging techniques, equipment, type of study and some other composite terms. The index system was developed with 78,538 *html web pages. Conclusion The utilization of text mining on a radiological reports database has allowed the construction of a lexical system in Portuguese language consistent with the clinical practice in Radiology.

Evaluation of occupational and patient dose in cerebral angiography procedures

Objective The present study was aimed at estimating the doses received by physicians and patients during cerebral angiography procedures in a public hospital of Recife, PE, Brazil. Materials and Methods The study sample included 158 adult patients, and during the procedures the following parameters were evaluated: exposure parameters (kV, mAs), number of acquired images, reference air kerma value (Ka,r) and air kerma-area product (PKA). Additionally, the physicians involved in the procedures were evaluated as for absorbed dose in the eyes, thyroid, chest, hands and feet. Results The results demonstrated that the doses to the patients' eyes region were relatively close to the threshold for cataract occurrence. As regards the physicians, the average effective dose was 2.6 µSv, and the highest effective dose recorded was 16 µSv. Conclusion Depending on the number of procedures, the doses received by the physicians may exceed the annual dose limit for the crystalline lenses (20 mSv) established by national and international standards. It is important to note that the high doses received by the physicians are due to the lack of radiation protection equipment and accessories, such as leaded curtains, screens and protective goggles.

Hybrid treatment of penetrating aortic ulcer

AbstractPenetrating atherosclerotic aortic ulcer is a rare entity with poor prognosis in the setting of acute aortic syndrome. In the literature, cases like the present one, located in the aortic arch, starting with chest pain and evolving with dysphonia, are even rarer. The present report emphasizes the role played by computed tomography in the diagnosis of penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer as well as in the differentiation of this condition from other acute aortic syndromes. Additionally, the authors describe a new therapeutic approach represented by a hybrid endovascular surgical procedure for treatment of the disease.

Coronary anomalies: what the radiologist should know

AbstractCoronary anomalies comprise a diverse group of malformations, some of them asymptomatic with a benign course, and the others related to symptoms as chest pain and sudden death. Such anomalies may be classified as follows: 1) anomalies of origination and course; 2) anomalies of intrinsic coronary arterial anatomy; 3) anomalies of coronary termination. The origin and the proximal course of anomalous coronary arteries are the main prognostic factors, and interarterial course or a coronary artery is considered to be malignant due its association with increased risk of sudden death. Coronary computed tomography angiography has become the reference method for such an assessment as it detects not only anomalies in origination of these arteries, but also its course in relation to other mediastinal structures, which plays a relevant role in the definition of the therapeutic management. Finally, it is essential for radiologists to recognize and characterize such anomalies.