Multi-faceted functions of secretory IgA at mucosal surfaces.

Secretory IgA (SIgA) plays an important role in the protection and homeostatic regulation of intestinal, respiratory, and urogenital mucosal epithelia separating the outside environment from the inside of the body. This primary function of SIgA is referred to as immune exclusion, a process that limits the access of numerous microorganisms and mucosal antigens to these thin and vulnerable mucosal barriers. SIgA has been shown to be involved in avoiding opportunistic pathogens to enter and disseminate in the systemic compartment, as well as tightly controlling the necessary symbiotic relationship existing between commensals and the host. Clearance by peristalsis appears thus as one of the numerous mechanisms whereby SIgA fulfills its function at mucosal surfaces. Sampling of antigen-SIgA complexes by microfold (M) cells, intimate contact occurring with Peyer's patch dendritic cells (DC), down-regulation of inflammatory processes, modulation of epithelial, and DC responsiveness are some of the recently identified processes to which the contribution of SIgA has been underscored. This review aims at presenting, with emphasis at the biochemical level, how the molecular complexity of SIgA can serve these multiple and non-redundant modes of action.

Rapid affinity purification of erythropoietin from biological samples using disposable monoliths.

Identification of post-translational modifications of proteins in biological samples often requires access to preanalytical purification and concentration methods. In the purification step high or low molecular weight substances can be removed by size exclusion filters, and high abundant proteins can be removed, or low abundant proteins can be enriched, by specific capturing tools. In this paper is described the experience and results obtained with a recently emerged and easy-to-use affinity purification kit for enrichment of the low amounts of EPO found in urine and plasma specimens. The kit can be used as a pre-step in the EPO doping control procedure, as an alternative to the commonly used ultrafiltration, for detecting aberrantly glycosylated isoforms. The commercially available affinity purification kit contains small disposable anti-EPO monolith columns (6 ?L volume, Ø7 mm, length 0.15 mm) together with all required buffers. A 24-channel vacuum manifold was used for simultaneous processing of samples. The column concentrated EPO from 20 mL urine down to 55 ?L eluate with a concentration factor of 240 times, while roughly 99.7% of non-relevant urine proteins were removed. The recoveries of Neorecormon (epoetin beta), and the EPO analogues Aranesp and Mircera applied to buffer were high, 76%, 67% and 57%, respectively. The recovery of endogenous EPO from human urine was 65%. High recoveries were also obtained when purifying human, mouse and equine EPO from serum, and human EPO from cerebrospinal fluid. Evaluation with the accredited EPO doping control method based on isoelectric focusing (IEF) showed that the affinity purification procedure did not change the isoform distribution for rhEPO, Aranesp, Mircera or endogenous EPO. The kit should be particularly useful for applications in which it is essential to avoid carry-over effects, a problem commonly encountered with conventional particle-based affinity columns. The encouraging results with EPO propose that similar affinity monoliths, with the appropriate antibodies, should constitute useful tools for general applications in sample preparation, not only for doping control of EPO and other hormones such as growth hormone and insulin but also for the study of post-translational modifications of other low abundance proteins in biological and clinical research, and for sample preparation prior to in vitro diagnostics.

Age-related differences in the use of guideline-recommended medical and interventional therapies for acute coronary syndromes: a cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the use of guideline-recommended medical and interventional therapies in older and younger patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACSs). DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Fifty-five hospitals in Switzerland. PARTICIPANTS: Eleven thousand nine hundred thirty-two patients with ACS enrolled between March 1, 2001, and June 30, 2006. ACS definition included ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and unstable angina pectoris (UA). MEASUREMENTS: Use of medical and interventional therapies was determined after exclusion of patients with contraindications and after adjustment for comorbidities. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) per year increase in age. RESULTS: Elderly patients were less likely to receive acetylsalicylic acid (OR=0.976, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.969-0.980) or beta-blockers (OR=0.985, 95% CI=0.981-0.989). No age-dependent difference was found for heparin use. Elderly patients with STEMI were less likely to receive percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or thrombolysis (OR=0.955, 95% CI=0.949-0.961). Elderly patients with NSTEMI or UA less often underwent PCI (OR=0.943, 95% CI=0.937-0.949). CONCLUSION: Elderly patients across the whole spectrum of ACS were less likely to receive guideline-recommended therapies, even after adequate adjustment for comorbidities. Prognosis of elderly patients with ACS may be improved by increasing adherence to guideline-recommended medical and interventional therapies.

An integrative review of drug utilization by the elderly in primary health care

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To identify knowledge produced about drug utilization by the elderly in the primary health care context from 2006 to 2014. METHOD An integrative review of the PubMed, LILACS, BDENF, and SCOPUS databases, including qualitative research papers in Portuguese, English, and Spanish. It excluded papers with insufficient information regarding the methodological description. RESULTS Search found 633 papers that, after being subjected to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, made up a corpusof 76 publications, mostly in English and produced in the United States, England, and Brazil. Results were pooled in eight thematic categories showing the current trend of drug use in the elderly, notably the use of psychotropics, polypharmacy, the prevention of adverse events, and adoption of technologies to facilitate drug management by the elderly. Studies point out the risks posed to the elderly as a consequence of changes in metabolism and simultaneous use of several drugs. CONCLUSION There is strong concern about improving communications between professionals and the elderly in order to promote an exchange of information about therapy, and in this way prevent major health complications in this population.

Predation drives interpopulation differences in parental care expression.

Expressing parental care after oviposition or parturition is usually an obligate (evolved) trait within a species, despite evolutionary theory predicting that widespread species should vary in whether or not they express parental care according to local selection pressures. The lizard Eutropis longicaudata expresses maternal care only in a single population throughout its large geographical range, but why this pattern occurs is unknown. We used reciprocal translocation and predator exclusion experiments to test whether this intraspecific variation is a fixed trait within populations and whether predator abundance explains this perplexing pattern. Wild-caught female lizards that were reciprocally translocated consistently guarded or abandoned eggs in line with their population of origin. By contrast, most lizards raised in a common garden environment and subsequently released as adults adopted the maternal care strategy of the recipient population, even when the parents originated from a population lacking maternal care. Egg predation represents a significant fitness cost in the populations where females display egg-guarding behaviour, but guarding eggs outweighs this potential cost by increasing hatching success. These results imply that predators can be a driving force in the expression of parental care in instances where it is normally absent and that local selection pressure is sufficient to cause behavioural divergence in whether or not parental care is expressed.

Catholic Loyalism, Service and Careerism: Lewes Lewkenor's Quest for Favour

This article discusses one of Lewkenor's more obscure works, The Resolved Gentleman (1594 - STC 15139), in the context of Elizabethan court politics in the 1590s, with a particular emphasis on the author's own experience of dissent, exile to Catholic Spain in the 1580s and return to England in the early 1590s. A translation of Hernando de Acuña's El Caballero Determinado, itself a reworking of Olivier de la Marche's Chevalier Délibéré (1483), the Resolved Gentleman bends the conventions of medieval chivalric allegory to articulate Lewkenor's own experience of alienation and dissent in the specific context of the factionalism of the 1590s. Beneath Lewkenor's seemingly self-effacing, 'humanist' translation it is in fact possible to discern a complex set of criticisms of Elizabeth's court. The knight's 'wandering' and 'errance' thus becomes a complex, multivalent figure that reverberates with a number of autobiographical meanings: the knight's exile becomes in Lewkenor's hands a figure of his own forced exile to Catholic Spain, and the account of the knight's quest functions as an oblique allusion to his own efforts to make his way back to Elizabeth's court. More importantly, however, these 'personal' meanings acquire a wider, political valence in the context of the allegory, and the narrative as a whole thus becomes a subtle, perceptive but scathing criticism of the Elizabethan court in the 1590's and the 'contraction' of royal favour that resulted in particular in the exclusion of capable, experienced but Catholic counsellors like Lewkenor himself. Articulating the frustration of this younger generation of alienated but fundamentally loyalist Catholics, Lewkenor paints a picture of a failed quest for favour, where the questing knight is finally forced to retire from the active life and withdraw to a rustic hermitage that is not only incompatible with his own ideal of the vita activa, but also dangerously smacks of unregenerate, and potentially seditious Catholicism.

Are Standards Always Protectionist?

We analyze the effects of a domestic standard that reduces an externality associated with the consumption of the good targeted by the standard, using a model in which foreign and domestic producers compete in the domestic good market. Producers can reduce expected damage associated with the externality by incurring a cost that varies by source of origin. Despite potential protectionism, the standard is useful in correcting the consumption externality in the domestic country. Protectionism occurs when the welfare-maximizing domestic standard is higher than the international standard maximizing welfare inclusive of foreign profits. The standard is actually anti-protectionist when foreign producers are much more efficient at addressing the externality than are domestic producers. Possible exclusion of domestic or foreign producers arises with large standards, which may alter the classification of a standard as protectionist or non-protectionist. The paper provides important implications for the estimation and use of tariff equivalents of nontariff barriers.

Encéphalites virales [Viral encephalitis: update]

Suspicion of viral encephalitis should always be considered as a medical emergency and the prognosis depend on both the immune status of the host and the virulence of the virus. Among them, the herpes simplex virus is by far the most important one since it can be associated with severe encephalitis in immunocompetent host, and because a good response to acyclovir can be expected when rapidly initiated. Nevertheless, confirmation of the diagnosis requires exclusion of both metabolic or toxic encephalopathy and inflammatory encephalitis of non-infectious origin. In addition, other germs than viruses can mimic viral encephalitis and must be taken into consideration. The purpose of this review is to update the investigation that should be performed in clinical practice for any patient with suspicion of acute viral encephalitis.

Ants and their effects on an insect herbivore community associated with the inflorescences of Byrsonima crassifolia (Linnaeus) H.B.K. (Malpighiaceae)

The effects of ants on the insect community on inflorescences of Byrsonima crassifolia (Malpighiaceae) were tested in an ant exclusion experiment in a cerrado vegetation in southeastern Brazil. Forty-four species of insects (23 families) and nine species of ants (6 genera and 3 subfamilies) were found on the inflorescences of B. crassifolia. The exclusion of ants, primarily Camponotus sericeiventris and Camponotus spp., reduced the treehopper population to 20% of the original abundance. Ant exclusion and time influenced the abundance of chewing (Exclusion, P<0.001; Time, P<0.002), and sucking insects (Exclusion, P<0.02; Time, P<0.01). Twice as many chewing and sucking insects were found on ant-excluded inflorescences as compared to control inflorescences (P<0.001). One and half more sucking insects were found on ant-excluded than on control inflorescences. Only time significantly influenced the richness of chewing and sucking insects associated with B. crassifolia inflorescences. Inflorescences on control branches were significantly less attacked by herbivores than inflorescences on ant-excluded branches (P<0.001). Therefore, these results suggest that the presence of ants alters the structure of insect herbivore community associated with B. crassifolia.

Der akute anale Schmerz [Acute anal pain].

Acute anal pain is a common proctological problem. A detailed history together with the clinical examination are crucial for the diagnosis. An acute perianal vein thrombosis can be successfully excised within the first 72 hours. Acute anal fissures are best treated conservatively using stool regulation and topical medications reducing the sphincter spasm. A chronic anal fissure needs surgery. Perianal abscesses can very often be incised and drained in local anesthesia. Proctalgia fugax and the levator ani syndrome are exclusion diagnoses and are treated symptomatically.

Coronary MR angiography clinical applications and potential for imaging coronary artery disease.

Over the past decade, CMRA has emerged as a unique clinical imaging tool with applications in selected populations. Patients with suspected coronary artery anomalies and patients with Kawasaki disease and coronary aneurysms are among those for whom CMRA has demonstrated clinical usefulness. For assessment of patients with atherosclerotic CAD, CMRA is useful for detection of patency of bypass grafts. At centers with appropriate expertise and resources, CMRA also appears to be of value for exclusion of severe proximal multivessel CAD in selected patients. Data from multicenter trials will continue to define the clinical role of CMRA, particularly as it relates to assessment of CAD. Future developments and enhancements of CMRA promise better lumen and coronary artery wall imaging. This may become the new target in noninvasive evaluation of CAD.

Pertenças identitárias de jovens do Casal da Boba

O trabalho que aqui se apresenta centra-se numa reflexão sobre as pertenças identitárias de jovens descendentes de imigrantes cabo-verdianos. O objectivo principal do estudo é o de contribuir para compreender como é que estes jovens definem e afirmam as suas pertenças identitárias. Os jovens em estudo estabelecem relações com dois códigos culturais, um transmitido no seio familiar e outro pelo contacto com a sociedade portuguesa e nessa medida a sua gestão identitária é complexa. Os descendentes de imigrantes cabo-verdianos ou novos portugueses têm múltiplas referências e pertenças identitárias e representam parte da juventude portuguesa de hoje.

Prévention de la violence commise par les spectateurs lors de manifestations sportives : étude des mesures préventives et de la responsabilité de l'organisateur à la lumière du droit comparé, du droit suisse et du droit associatif

Introduction 1. Généralités : Le sport occupe une place importante dans notre société, de manière active par la pratique d'une ou de plusieurs activités sportives, ou de manière passive, au travers de la presse, de la radio et de la télévision. Le sport est ainsi un acte de participation, d'appartenance, de revendication et d'intégration à la société en général ou à un groupe. Il stimule l'imagination et permet de rêver aux héros sportifs. Enfin, non seulement il améliore la santé de ceux qui le pratique, mais il a une dimension éducative et joue un rôle social, culturel et récréatif. Toutefois, le sport est également un spectacle qui provoque des passions et engendre des émotions de la part des supporters, dont certains s'exaltent pour leur équipe fétiche. Il arrive que ce supportérisme soit à tel point exacerbé qu'il mène à des dérives pouvant aboutir à des actes de violence dans et en dehors des stades, ceci tant avant, pendant qu'après le match. A titre d'exemple tragique, les téléspectateurs garderont longtemps en mémoire les scènes auxquelles ils ont assisté le 29 mai 1985, en direct, lorsque, avant le début de la rencontre, des hooligans anglais ont attaqué des supporters italiens dans les gradins du bloc Z du stade du Heysel à Bruxelles, lors de la finale de la Coupe d'Europe des champions, opposant le FC Liverpool à la Juventus de Turin; 39 personnes en sont mortes et 600 ont été blessées. La Suisse, longtemps épargnée par le phénomène, en regard de la situation qui a prévalu dans d'autres Etats européens, ne peut échapper, depuis quelques années, au triste constat selon lequel les stades constituent désormais des environnements propices à des actions de violence, de racisme et, plus rarement, d'extrémisme. Le cas le plus révélateur a eu lieu le 13 mai 2006, lorsque des fauteurs de trouble ont envahi le terrain du Parc Saint-Jacques de Bâle après le coup de sifflet final du match de championnat opposant le FC Bâle au FC Zurich, match dont l'enjeu était la première place du classement du championnat de Super League, pour attaquer à coups de pied et à coups de poing des joueurs, des accompagnants et des personnes chargées de la sécurité. Les affrontements ont continué dans la rue jusque tard dans la soirée. Il s'en est suivi une centaine de blessés et des dégâts d'un demi million de francs. De tels débordements mettent en danger la sécurité du public, des équipes et des arbitres. Il s'agit de tout mettre en oeuvre afin que les spectateurs qui assistent à une manifestation sportive puissent prendre du plaisir aux performances des sportifs sans devoir craindre pour leur sécurité. De même, les acteurs sur le terrain doivent pouvoir exercer leur sport sans craindre un envahissement de l'aire de jeu. Ainsi, les Etats et les associations sportives ont élaboré des textes juridiques afin d'éviter des débordements ou tout autre événement qui pourraient mettre en danger des personnes ou des biens matériels lors de manifestations sportives. Sous l'angle du droit étatique helvétique, cela s'est traduit, notamment en vue du déroulement en Suisse du Championnat d'Europe de football de l'UEFA en 2008 (EURO 2008) et du Championnat du monde de hockey sur glace en 2009, par l'adoption de mesures préventives permettant de lutter contre les actes de violence lors de manifestations sportives, introduites dans la Loi fédérale du 21 mars 1997 instituant des mesures visant au maintien de la sûreté intérieure (LMSI). Elles se concrétisent par l'inscription d'individus ayant commis des actes de violence dans une banque de données nationale, ainsi que par le recours au périmètre d'exclusion, à l'interdiction de sortie du territoire, à l'obligation de s'annoncer à la police et, en dernier ressort, à la garde à vue; enfin, il est également possible de saisir, séquestrer ou confisquer du matériel de propagande5. La mise en place de telles mesures relève de l'Etat, garant de la sécurité et de l'ordre publics à l'extérieur des enceintes sportives. L'organisateur, chargé quant à lui d'assurer la sécurité à l'intérieur du stade, n'est toutefois pas en marge, puisque les fédérations et associations sportives ont édicté des règlements dont il est le destinataire. Ces textes prévoient, à sa charge, notamment les mesures suivantes: le prononcé d'interdictions de stade à l'encontre de supporters violents, la fouille accrue des spectateurs, l'engagement d'un service de sécurité privé, l'obligation de désigner un responsable de la sécurité, la séparation des différents groupes de supporters, etc.. Il appartient ainsi aux associations sportives, aux organisateurs, aux chargés de la sécurité au sein des clubs et aux forces de l'ordre public d'appliquer de la meilleure façon que ce soit les mesures proposées et de collaborer afin de combattre les débordements des spectateurs de manière effective. Prévenir et supprimer la violence dans les manifestations sportives exige ainsi la mobilisation et la collaboration de tous les protagonistes concernés.

Pertenças identitárias de jovens do Casal da Boba

Resumo - O trabalho que aqui se apresenta centra-se numa reflexão sobre as pertenças identitárias de jovens descendentes de imigrantes cabo-verdianos. O objectivo principal do estudo é o de contribuir para compreender como é que estes jovens definem e afirmam as suas pertenças identitárias. Os jovens em estudo estabelecem relações com dois códigos culturais, um transmitido no seio familiar e outro pelo contacto com a sociedade portuguesa e nessa medida a sua gestão identitária é complexa. Os descendentes de imigrantes cabo-verdianos ou novos portugueses têm múltiplas referências e pertenças identitárias e representam parte da juventude portuguesa de hoje.