Abdominal ultrasound in the evaluation of fibrosis and portal hypertension in an area of schistosomiasis low endemicity

This study was undertaken in the municipality of Bananal, São Paulo, an endemic area for schistosomiasis with a prevalence under 10% and low parasite load among infected individuals. Our objective was to identify the clinical forms of schistosomiasis among 109 patients in whom the disease had been diagnosed through direct fecal analysis and who had been medicated with oxamniquine at the time of the Plan for the Intensification of Schistosomiasis Control Actions (1998-2000). These patients were submitted to an abdominal ultrasonography and fecal analysis by Kato-Katz method, four years, on average, after the end of the Plan. Five patients, whose abdominal ultrasound images were compatible with either peripheral or central periportal fibrosis and portal hypertension, were identified. None of the 109 patients presented Schistosoma mansoni eggs at fecal analysis. Ultrasonography is a sensitive, noninvasive diagnostic method that allows a better identification of the extent of liver involvement in schistosomiasis cases.

Filarmónica Recreio dos Artistas: processos de sociabilidade em contexto de exibição e perfomance

Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Antropologia – Especialização em Culturas Visuais

Tradição e tradução: festa e etnicidade entre os imigrantes açorianos nos E.U.A.

O autor analisa a recriação das Festas dos Espírito Santo pelas comunidades açorianas dos E.U.A. na viragem do século XXI, nomeadamente a tensão entre fidelidade à tradição e inovação. A retórica tradicionalista e etnomimética coexiste com um conjunto de adaptações ao novo contexto social e cultural. Nas sociabilidades subjacentes à Festa, o protagonismo de círculos sociais da terra de origem - a família, o parentesco, a freguesia - convive com a importância das novas identidades forjadas na imigração.

Two sequential PCR amplifications for detection of Schistosoma mansoni in stool samples with low parasite load

Schistosomiasis constitutes a major public health problem, with an estimated 200 million individuals infected worldwide and 700 million people living in risk areas. In Brazil there are areas of high, medium and low endemicity. Studies have shown that in endemic areas with a low prevalence of Schistosoma infection the sensitivity of parasitological methods is clearly reduced. Consequently diagnosis is often impeded due to the presence of false-negative results. The aim of this study is to present the PCR reamplification (Re-PCR) protocol for the detection of Schistosoma mansoni in samples with low parasite load (with less than 100 eggs per gram (epg) of feces). Three methods were used for the lysis of the envelopes of the S. mansoni eggs and two techniques of DNA extraction were carried out. Extracted DNA was quantified, and the results suggested that the extraction technique, which mixed glass beads with a guanidine isothiocyanate/phenol/chloroform (GT) solution, produced good results. PCR reamplification was conducted and detection sensitivity was found to be five eggs per 500 mg of artificially marked feces. The results achieved using these methods suggest that they are potentially viable for the detection of Schistosoma infection with low parasite load.

THE FIRST CASE OF Angiostrongylus cantonensis EOSINOPHILIC MENINGITIS DIAGNOSED IN THE CITY OF SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL

Introduction: Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a natural parasite found in lung arteries of rats, which in humans may cause eosinophilic meningitis. Objective: To report the first case of eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Case report: A male patient, 11 years old, living in the southern area of São Paulo, was admitted to the Pediatric Emergency Department with ongoing headaches for three days, but no fever or any other complaint. The presence of snails and rodents was reported in the peridomicile. The child was awake, lucid, oriented; muscular strength preserved, isochoric, photo reagent pupils and terminal nuchal rigidity - Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) = 15. The laboratory tests showed a mild leukocytosis with 1736 eosinophils/mm3 and the CSF analysis disclosed 160 leukocytes/mm3 with 36% of eosinophils. The bacterial culture was negative. Computed Cerebral Tomography showed no alterations. The RT-PCR assay for detecting Angiostrongylus cantonensis larvae and DNA was negative. ELISA antibodies for IgG anti-A. cantonensis was negative in serum and undetermined in CSF and samples collected five days after the onset of symptoms. Seroconversion was observed in the sample collected 135 days later. Conclusion: the epidemiological and clinical data, the CSF alterations with eosinophilia and the seroconversion strongly suggest Angiostrongylus cantonensis eosinophilic meningitis.

Fasciola hepatica IN BOVINES IN BRAZIL: DATA AVAILABILITY AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION

Fasciolosis is a disease of importance for both veterinary and public health. For the first time, georeferenced prevalence data of Fasciola hepatica in bovines were collected and mapped for the Brazilian territory and data availability was discussed. Bovine fasciolosis in Brazil is monitored on a Federal, State and Municipal level, and to improve monitoring it is essential to combine the data collected on these three levels into one dataset. Data were collected for 1032 municipalities where livers were condemned by the Federal Inspection Service (MAPA/SIF) because of the presence of F. hepatica. The information was distributed over 11 states: Espírito Santo, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Pará, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and São Paulo. The highest prevalence of fasciolosis was observed in the southern states, with disease clusters along the coast of Paraná and Santa Catarina and in Rio Grande do Sul. Also, temporal variation of the prevalence was observed. The observed prevalence and the kriged prevalence maps presented in this paper can assist both animal and human health workers in estimating the risk of infection in their state or municipality.

Blood Donation in the Hospital de S. José. A 11-Year Retrospective Analysis of Deferrals and Exclusions

Background: Approximately 5% of the population donates blood each year in developed countries. Recruiting and maintaining a pool of altruistic and healthy blood donors is a challenging task. Blood donation as a dynamic process must naturally co-exist with the arguably essential deferrals. Aims: To analyse a 11-year cohort of donors and blood donations in order to determine the profile of the average donor and the typical donation. Characterize the donor’s population in terms of gender, age, number of donations, most common causes for deferral and exclusion and the possible relationships between them. Establish the tendency flow of donations per year. Methods: Analysis of 95861 blood donations from 31550 donors collected between 2000 and 2010 (11 years) in the Immunohemotherapy Department of the ‘‘Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Central - Hospital de Sa˜o Jose´’’ (Lisboa, Portugal). Prior to blood donation, donors were required to fill out a form of informed consent, a questionnaire of 21 ‘‘yes or no’’ questions and were submitted to a clinical assessment and physical examination including: measurement of weight, blood pressure, pulse and capillary hemoglobin levels. Post-donation, the collected blood was tested for ALT elevation and blood-borne viral agents (HBV, HCV, HIV 1 and 2 and HTLV 1 and 2) and other infections (Treponema pallidum). Blood donors and donations were registered in a database and statistically studied in terms of: gender and age distribution, number of donations, most common causes for deferral and exclusion. The frequency of blood donations throughout the period of observation was analyzed and statistically significant relationships between the collected variables were investigated. Results: From the population of 31550 donors 61% were male and a mean age of 41.5 years (± 12.5 years) was found. From the total of 95682 blood donations collected 78% were successful while the most common causes for deferral were: donation incompatible hemoglobin levels (5% of the blood donations and 22% of deferrals), ALT elevation (3% and 14%), positive blood screening test for Treponema pallidum (1% and 6%), medication (1% and 4%), positive serological blood markers for HBV (1% and 4%), endoscopy in the previous 12 months (1% and 3%), arterial hypertension (1% and 3%), infectious conditions (1% and 3%), influenza or influenza-like symptoms (1% and 2%) and positive serological blood markers for HCV (1% and 2%). Summary/Conclusions: Several factors may have contributed to a limited number of new regular donors in the population, namely: ageing population, the alienation of the individual from the community induced by modern lifestyles and job precariousness. It is of the utmost importance to refine our blood donation campaigns according to the existing population of donors. The optimization of the blood donation potential of a population of donors must be achieved through the development of reliable and consistent screening methods. In order to appeal to new donors it is important to promote blood donations considering the profile of the regular and healthy blood donor of the existing population.

A Transfusão Sanguínea na Drepanocitose

A Drepanocitose é uma doença genética caracterizada pela presença de uma hemoglobina anormal (Hb S). Esta apresenta baixa afinidade para o oxigénio, permitindo uma boa oxigenação dos tecidos com níveis baixos de hemoglobina. Assim, as transfusões sanguíneas não se justificam para corrigir a anemia basal, mas são indispensáveis no tratamento e prevenção de algumas complicações. Apresentam-se detalhadamente as indicações transfusionais, bem como as diferentes modalidades utilizáveis nesta patologia: transfusão simples, exsanguíneo-transfusão e hiper-transfusão. Termina-se referindo o componente sanguíneo a utilizar preferencialmente, as complicações relacionadas com a transfusão e as medidas preventivas a tomar, sugerindo a necessidade da existência do boletim transfusional do doente.

Internationalization strategy: HOLOS Mobile - Angola

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics

O programa Assurfinance e os desafios encontrados na parceria entre Bancos e Companhias de Seguros: caso de estudo

Dissertação apresentada como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Estatística e Gestão de Informação

Detection of Mycobacterium leprae infection in wild nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) using the rapid ML Flow test

Mycobaterium leprae infection was investigated in armadillos from the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. The ML Flow test was performed on 37 nine-banded armadillos and positive results were found in 11 (29.7%). The ML Flow test may be used to identify possible sources of Mycobaterium leprae among wild armadillos.

Um ensaio para estimar o custo da Leptospirose na Ilha de São Miguel, Açores

Introdução: Na ilha de São Miguel e Terceira (Arquipélago dos Açores) tem-se verificado nos últimos anos, uma incidência média anual da ordem de 11,1 casos de Leptospirose por 100.000 habitantes, o que representa um problema emergente de Saúde Pública, estimando-se com consequências económicas de grande dimensão. Os custos reais ou aproximados que esta doença acarreta para a sociedade e para os serviços de saúde nomeadamente ao nível hospitalar, onde se incidirá o objecto do presente estudo, são até à data desconhecidos em Portugal. O presente estudo nasce da necessidade de avaliar o peso económico da Leptospirose nos Açores, a região com mais ocorrência do País, através da estimativa dos custos da componente hospitalar. Material População e Métodos: Foi estudada uma amostra de 309 doentes seleccionados a partir de suspeita de leptospirose no momento da admissão na urgência do Hospital do Espírito Santo em Ponta Delgada, no período decorrente entre 2004 e 2008. Destes 82 tiveram confirmação de Leptospirose, 102 diagnóstico negativo e 98 diagnóstico não conclusivo. Seguiu-se uma abordagem Custo da Doença (CdD) “Cost of Illness”retrospectivo baseado na metodologia de estudos buttom-up através de métodos directos de custo por doente. Foram considerados os custos imputáveis à consulta de urgência, o internamento nos diferentes serviços, as análises clínicas, o teste de diagnóstico da Leptospirose e a consulta de seguimento. Resultados Obtidos: os custos hospitalares apurados para a Leptospirose na Ilha de São Miguel foram de 331.332,75€. O contributo mais significativo emerge dos 82 doentes com Leptospirose confirmada, que tiveram um custo global de 299.721,95€, correspondendo a um valor médio estimado por doente de 3 655,15€. A maior contribuição para este valor está relacionada com os custos de internamento (84%), seguido pelos custos das análises clínicas (12,2%), da consulta de urgência (2,70%) e por fim do seguimento (1,03%). Na globalidade, os custos relacionados com o rastreio nos restantes 201 doentes com diagnóstico final negativo ou não conclusivo foram de 31 610,80 euros, que representaram cerca de 10% do valor total apurado. Discussão e Conclusões: Os custos hospitalares globais associados ao rastreio e tratamento da Leptospirose na Ilha de São Miguel, no período entre 2004 e 2008 foram superiores a 300 mil euros, para um total de 309 doentes. O facto do presente estudo não ter contemplado os custos indirectos e inatingíveis limita consideravelmente o impacte da avaliação dos custos. Considerando que os custos do internamento foram a maior componente deste valor, a prevenção e o despiste precoce parecem ser a via para a redução do impacte económico e em termos de Saúde Pública.

Oportunidades perdidas de avaliação sorológica para a infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana na rotina de atendimento ambulatorial do Hospital Universitário de Brasília, Distrito Federal

Foram estudados os fatores envolvidos na oferta de sorologia para detectar a infecção pelo vírus de imunodeficiência humana, no atendimento de adultos no ambulatório do Hospital Universitário de Brasília, por meio de aplicação de questionários específicos a 53 médicos e 347 usuários. Os resultados revelaram que 96,8% dos usuários identificaram como fator de risco para adquirir a infecção as relações sexuais desprotegidas e 13,6% desconheciam a possibilidade de transmissão vertical. Em relação à exposição dos usuários aos fatores de risco, 88,2% praticaram relações sexuais desprotegidas, 22,2% tiveram diagnóstico de outras doenças de transmissão sexual e 22,2% tinham recebido transfusões sangüíneas. Os fatores de risco mais questionados pelos médicos foram a prática de relações sexuais desprotegidas e o diagnóstico prévio de hepatite B ou C (35,9% para ambos). Dezoito por cento dos usuários receberam oferta de testes no Hospital Universitário de Brasília; 15,8% foram testados e 7,4% dos indivíduos testados não tiveram acesso ao resultado. Noventa e um por cento dos médicos referiram sentir-se confortáveis ao oferecer testes e apenas 30,4% oferecem-nos rotineiramente. O estudo confirma a perda de oportunidades de testagem sorológica para detectar a infecção no Hospital Universitário de Brasília e reforça a necessidade de implementar medidas para corrigir o problema.

Comparison between clinical and ultrasonographic findings in cases of periportal fibrosis in an endemic area for schistosomiasis mansoni in Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Abdominal palpation and ultrasound findings among patients from an endemic area for schistosomiasis in Brazil who had been followed up for 27 years were compared. METHODS: In 2004, 411 patients from Brejo do Espírito Santo, in the State of Bahia, were selected for the present investigation after giving their written informed consent. Based on clinical data, they were divided into three groups: 41 patients with evidence of liver fibrosis in 2004 (Group 1); 102 patients with evidence of liver fibrosis in the past (1976-1989) but not in 2004 (Group 2); and 268 patients without evidence of liver fibrosis at any time during the 27-year follow-up (Group 3). All of the patients underwent abdominal ultrasound in which the examiner did not know the result from the clinical examination. The data were stored in a database. RESULTS: The prevalence of periportal fibrosis on ultrasound was 82.9%, 56.9% and 13.4% in Groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. In the presence of hard, nodular liver or prominent left lobe and a hard palpable spleen, ultrasound revealed periportal fibrosis in 70.9%. However, periportal fibrosis was diagnosed using ultrasound in 25.4% of the patients in the absence of clinical evidence of liver involvement. Thus, ultrasound diagnosed periportal fibrosis 3.1 times more frequently than clinical examination did. CONCLUSIONS: Although clinical examination is important in evaluating morbidity due to Manson's schistosomiasis in endemic areas, ultrasound is more accurate in diagnosing liver involvement and periportal fibrosis.