Nutrição mineral de gramíneas tropicais III: deficiência de macronutrientes na produção de matéria seca e na composição mineral do milheto forrageiro (Pennisetum americanum)

Plantas de milheto forrageiro, em condições controladas, foram submetidas a tratamentos em soluções nutritivas completa e com emissão de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S, tendo como objetivos avaliar a produção de matéria, a concentração dos nutrientes na planta, bem como estabelecer o quadro sintomatológico das carências nutricionais. As produções de matéria seca alcançaram os seguintes valores (g): completo = 55,8; -N = 2,1; -P = 2,8; -K = 9,5; -Ca = 41,9; -Mg = 35,7 e -S 53,4. Os valores analíticos encontrados nas folhas de plantas sadias e deficientes foram: N% - 3,21-2,07; P% - 0,38 - 0,09; K% - 2, 19-0,54; Ca% - 0,52-0,16; Mg% -0,48-0,04; S% - 0,24-0,12. Plantas deficientes em nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio e magnésio não produziram espigas. Foi obtido o quadro sintomatológico completo, das carências dos macronutrientes.

Acúmulo de macronutrientes pela bananeira cv. prata em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento

Visando estabelecer a marcha de absorção, quantidade exportada e reciclada de nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio e cálcio na bananeira cultivar Prata, instalou-se um ensaio no Estado do Espírito Santo, em janeiro de 1980, em terreno com declividade média de 40% e solo cambissólico distrófico. Sorteou-se três plantas matrizes do plantio até 465 dias após (colheita),sendo bimensal até 300 dias e mensal até o final, totalizando doze estádios de desenvolvimento, e três plantas rebento, mensalmente, da emissão até 300 dias após, atingindo nove estádios. Cada bananeira foi dividida em folha, pecíolo, pseudocaule, rizoma, engaço, botão floral e fruto para se analisar os macronutrientes. A partir dos dados coletados ajustou-se um programa de regressão e obteve-se as curvas de absorção de macronutrientes, cujos resultados permitiram concluir que, as plantas matriz e rebento: necessitam de expressivas quantidades de macronutrientes para desenvolver e produzir; apresentam uma absorção de macronutrientes que acompanha a matéria seca acumulada pelos órgãos, exceto para o potássio no período; absorvem mais de setenta e cinco por cento de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio após o estádio de 180 dias e acima de setenta por cento do cálcio e magnésio, a partir de 240 e 120 dias; podem repor ao solo grande parte dos macronutrientes absorvidos; apresentam uma razão de absorção de macronutrientes de 20 K:12 N:10 Mg: 9 Ca: 1 P e de 26,5:8 N:4,5 Mg: 4,5 Ca: 1 P. Conclui-se ainda que: deve-se considerar a quantidade de macronutrientes exportados com a colheita e consumo dos frutos, principalmente nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio, em um programa de adubação; a planta rebento acumula mais macronutrientes do que a planta matriz.

A atitude do cão na micção e os hormônios sexuais

Neste trabalho foi estudada a influência dos hormônios sexuais sôbre a atitude do cão no ato de urinar. Enquanto nos machos castrados depois de quarto mês de idade não é evitado o aparecimento da atitude característica de elevação de uma das patas traseiras durante a emissão da urina, os castrados antes de segundo mês, em regra, conversam na idade adultao tipo infantil, isto é, afastamento das patas posteriores e leve abaixamento da bacia. A castração precoce, entretanto, não impede as tentativas copulatórias como a monta e os movimentos pélvicos. Cães castrados na infância e mantendo na idade afulta o comportamento infantil de micção começam a elevar uma das patas trazeiras depois do tratamento pela testosterona. O tratamento de machos castrados com estrogênicos não provocou o aparecimento da atitude urinária feminina, que é caracterizada pela flexão das patas traseiras, e abaixamento muito acentuado do trem posterior. Também a administração de testosterona a cadelas normais ou castradas, em regra, não fez, com que elas exibissem a postura masculina, esboçada apenas num único caso. A importância dos fatôres hormonais e nervosos envolvidos no mecanismo regulador foi comentada e discutida. Do exposto, pode-se concluir que o dimorfismo postural do cão no ato de urinar é um caráter sexual secundário e, pelo menos no macho, dependente da testosterona.

O órgão odorífero abdominal do macho de Caligo arisbe Hbn. (Lepidoptera, Brassolidae)

1. O órgão odorífero do macho de Caligo arisbe é descrito morfológica e histològicamente. 2. O órgão consta de pares de placas glandulares de hipoderme com escamas odoríferas no quarto e quinto segmento do abdomen e de um aparelho auxiliar na asa posterior para a evaporação da secreção. 3. O aparelho auxiliar consta de 4 filas de cerdas e de uma área nua de evaporação com uma área em forma de anel com cerdas compridas. 4. Devido a falta de trabéculas as escamas odoríferas podem ser aumentadas em forma de vesícula. 5. O exame histológico demonstra nas células glandulares a presença de ergastoplasma e plastósomos grandes no pólo basal da célula. 6. A inserção é especialisada em alto grau. O pedúnculo da escama tem uma situação móvel o que facilita uma emissão da secreção em choque.

Toxoplasmose congênita

We had the opportunity to study 6 cases of the congenital form of toxoplasmosis, found in a series of 1200 necropsies of fetuses and newborn babies, realized at 3 different hospitals in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Among the 6 cases, 4 were premature babies liveborn at the 6th-8th gestational month and 2 were stillborn (1 premature and 1 at term). In all those cases, the diagnosis was based in the detection of the parasite in tissues and in one case it was even isolated the Toxoplasma from the necrotic material found in the cranial cavity. This strain of Toxoplasma, pathogenic to pigeons, to guinea pigs and to mice, is preserved by successive transfers in mice. Some facts observed in those cases present an interest not only strictly anatomic but also have certain value for the better acknowlegment of the disease. First, we want to call the attention to the presence of a sudden high fever, during or just before pregnancy in the 4 cases in which the maternal anamnesis was perfectly studied; this fever that was preceded by a normal beginning of pregnancy, had relatively rapid remission, but in 2 cases was immediately followed by uterine bleeding and premature delivery, although the puerperium had been apparently normal. It is known that are normal the subsequent children of the mothers that delivered a baby with toxoplasmosis and that several women have normal babies before the toxoplasmotic one. We believe that the fever observed in our cases could be indicative of the beginning of maternal infection and those are the reasons why we emphasize the need of careful anamnesis, specially in the cases actually diagnosed as inapparent infection. Another fact to notice is that in 5 of our cases the event premature delivery happened always between the 6th and the 8th months of pregnancy, and the only term fetus was delivered in advanced stage of maceration. The above mentioned facts could agree with the opinion of FRENKEL (1949), when he declared that "primary infection of the pregnant mother appears more likely to be the commoner mode of fetal toxoplasmic infection", but they would disagree with WEINMAN (1952) who believes that the transmission of Toxoplasma to the fetus is more frequent through a pregnant woman with chronic disease and who says "that infection contracted during pregnancy may and probably does happen from time to time"...Still in connection with the transmission of toxoplasmosis, we want to note the verification of inflammatory lesions in the placental villi and in the umbilical cord in 3 of the 4 cases in which such organs were examined at the microscope. In the case n. 1, we found several pseudocysts of Toxoplasma in the placenta, and the fibroblasts of Wharton's jelly were particularly rich in isolated forms and in colonies of Toxoplasma; the easy multiplication of the parasite in that tissue calls the attention and even suggests its utilisation for Toxoplasma's cultivation. The confirmation of Toxoplasma in human placenta was made only recently by CRISTEN et al. (1951) and by NEGHME et al. (1952), in Chile; it is not frequent in the literature, what gives some value to our present verification. Another observation was that provided by the case n. 6. This baby, a premature one of the 6th month, was 14 days old and-died with signs of respiratory disease, the causa mortis have been pneumonia. At the necropsy, we found no gross change that suggested toxoplasmosis, except the presence of some small necrotic focuses in the cerebral nervous substance around the ventricles. As a matter of fact, there was no enlargement of spleen or liver and neither leptomeningitis nor hydrocephalus. Such focuses were attributed to possible anoxia and in fact they are extremely similar to anoxial softenings, even when they are examined at the microscope; its structure composed of a central necrotic zone, surrounded by proliferated neuroglia and by a variable deposit of calcium salts, closely simulated the anoxial softenings, when the microscopical examination is based in the common histological preparations (hematoxilin-eosin, etc.). But when we examine preparations by the Giemsa or by the periodic acid-Schiff methods, we will note the presence of Toxoplasma, with its typical aspect or a little changed by degeneration. When we describe this observation, we wish to evidence the need of the search of Toxoplasma and closed parasites, in the cases of supposed pure anoxial softenings of nervous substance, in children. The frequency with which the congenital toxoplasmosis was anatomically verified should be emphasized, although the disease had not been clinically suspected, and it should be borne in mind that the second case of toxoplasmosis reported in the world was observed in Brazil by MAGARINOS TORRES; this case was the first to be described of the generalized congenital form of the infection, i. e. with myocardial lesions and parasites in skeletal muscles and skin.

Alteration of brain glycogen turnover in the conscious rat after 5h of prolonged wakefulness.

Although glycogen (Glyc) is the main carbohydrate storage component, the role of Glyc in the brain during prolonged wakefulness is not clear. The aim of this study was to determine brain Glyc concentration ([]) and turnover time (tau) in euglycemic conscious and undisturbed rats, compared to rats maintained awake for 5h. To measure the metabolism of [1-(13)C]-labeled Glc into Glyc, 23 rats received a [1-(13)C]-labeled Glc solution as drink (10% weight per volume in tap water) ad libitum as their sole source of exogenous carbon for a "labeling period" of either 5h (n=13), 24h (n=5) or 48 h (n=5). Six of the rats labeled for 5h were continuously maintained awake by acoustic, tactile and olfactory stimuli during the labeling period, which resulted in slightly elevated corticosterone levels. Brain [Glyc] measured biochemically after focused microwave fixation in the rats maintained awake (3.9+/-0.2 micromol/g, n=6) was not significantly different from that of the control group (4.0+/-0.1 micromol/g, n=7; t-test, P>0.5). To account for potential variations in plasma Glc isotopic enrichment (IE), Glyc IE was normalized by N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) IE. A simple mathematical model was developed to derive brain Glyc turnover time as 5.3h with a fit error of 3.2h and NAA turnover time as 15.6h with a fit error of 6.5h, in the control rats. A faster tau(Glyc) (2.9h with a fit error of 1.2h) was estimated in the rats maintained awake for 5h. In conclusion, 5h of prolonged wakefulness mainly activates glycogen metabolism, but has minimal effect on brain [Glyc].

Association of adiposity genetic variants with menarche timing in 92,105 women of European descent.

Obesity is of global health concern. There are well-described inverse relationships between female pubertal timing and obesity. Recent genome-wide association studies of age at menarche identified several obesity-related variants. Using data from the ReproGen Consortium, we employed meta-analytical techniques to estimate the associations of 95 a priori and recently identified obesity-related (body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)(2)), waist circumference, and waist:hip ratio) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with age at menarche in 92,116 women of European descent from 38 studies (1970-2010), in order to estimate associations between genetic variants associated with central or overall adiposity and pubertal timing in girls. Investigators in each study performed a separate analysis of associations between the selected SNPs and age at menarche (ages 9-17 years) using linear regression models and adjusting for birth year, site (as appropriate), and population stratification. Heterogeneity of effect-measure estimates was investigated using meta-regression. Six novel associations of body mass index loci with age at menarche were identified, and 11 adiposity loci previously reported to be associated with age at menarche were confirmed, but none of the central adiposity variants individually showed significant associations. These findings suggest complex genetic relationships between menarche and overall obesity, and to a lesser extent central obesity, in normal processes of growth and development.

Cancer Inequalities in the East Midlands

This report by Trent Cancer Registry and EMPHO provides important information on variations in the incidence, mortality and survival for the four most common cancers diagnosed in people living in the East Midlands (lung, colorectal, breast and prostate). In particular, it highlights large differences in incidence and mortality rates between different parts of the Region and identifies significant gaps in survival after diagnosis between the most affluent and most deprived areas.

Ambiente favorável ao desenvolvimento de inovações e cultura organizacional: integração de duas perspectivas de análise

O objetivo neste trabalho foi propor uma perspectiva de análise do ambiente propício à inovação com a incorporação da variável cultura organizacional. A base da análise recai sobre a adaptação da metodologia proposta por Van de Ven, Angle e Poole (2000). A contribuição proposta neste trabalho situa-se na adaptação da metodologia, retirando o foco do processo de inovação para o ambiente de inovação. Para que fosse contemplado todo o ambiente, foi necessária a inclusão de uma análise dos comportamentos coletivos organizacionais. Incorporaram-se questões que envolvem aspectos relacionados com a cultura organizacional, sob a perspectiva dos estudos de Bates et al. (1995). O questionário proposto pelo Minnesota Innovation Research Program (MIRP), com 45 questões adaptadas para o levantamento do ambiente de inovação, foi aplicado a 349 empregados de uma empresa de grande porte do setor metal-mecânico. Com a técnica de modelagem de equações estruturais (MEE), testou-se o modelo apresentado pelo MIRP, considerando as dimensões externas e internas ao grupo de inovação e os resultados decorrentes do ambiente de inovação. Em um segundo momento, um novo teste com a incorporação da variável cultura organizacional foi realizado. Os resultados apontaram que o segundo teste obteve um melhor ajuste, em torno de 27%, indicando que a variável impactou o resultado da modelagem. Convém ressaltar que o construto apresentado foi baseado em um levantamento teórico e para sua validação necessita de gama maior de resultados empíricos.

O impacto da liquidez nos retornos esperados das debêntures brasileiras

Neste trabalho, teve-se como objetivo identificar o impacto do risco de liquidez nos retornos excedentes esperados das debêntures no mercado secundário brasileiro. Foram realizadas análises de regressão em painel desbalanceado com dados semestrais de 101 debêntures ao longo de oito semestres (primeiro semestre de 2006 ao segundo semestre de 2009), totalizando 382 observações. Sete proxies (spread de compra e venda, %zero returns, idade, volume de emissão, valor nominal de emissão, quantidade emitida e %tempo) foram utilizadas para testar o impacto do risco de liquidez nos yield spreads das debêntures. O yield spread foi controlado por até dez outras variáveis determinantes que não a liquidez (fator de juros, fator de crédito, taxa livre de risco, rating, duration, quatro variáveis contábeis e volatilidade de equity). A hipótese nula de que não há prêmio de liquidez para o mercado secundário de debêntures no Brasil foi rejeitada apenas para três das sete proxies (spread de compra e venda, valor nominal de emissão e quantidade emitida). Os prêmios encontrados são bastante baixos (1,9 basis point para cada 100 basis point de incremento no spread de compra e venda, 0,5 basis point para um aumento de 1% no valor do valor nominal de emissão e 0,17 basis point para cada menos 1.000 debêntures emitidas). De qualquer forma, houve perda na eficiência das proxies de liquidez após correção das autocorrelações e potenciais endogeneidades, seja por meio da inclusão de efeitos fixos, da análise de primeiras diferenças ou da utilização de um sistema de três equações. Esses resultados apontam para a suspeita de que o risco de liquidez não é um fator importante na composição das expectativas dos investidores no mercado secundário de debêntures.

Results from a multicentre international registry of familial Mediterranean fever: impact of environment on the expression of a monogenic disease in children.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is an autoinflammatory disease caused by mutations of the MEFV gene. We analyse the impact of ethnic, environmental and genetic factors on the severity of disease presentation in a large international registry. METHODS: Demographic, genetic and clinical data from validated paediatric FMF patients enrolled in the Eurofever registry were analysed. Three subgroups were considered: (i) patients living in the eastern Mediterranean countries; (ii) patients with an eastern Mediterranean ancestry living in western Europe; (iii) Caucasian patients living in western European countries. A score for disease severity at presentation was elaborated. RESULTS: Since November 2009, 346 FMF paediatric patients were enrolled in the Eurofever registry. The genetic and demographic features (ethnicity, age of onset, age at diagnosis) were similar among eastern Mediterranean patients whether they lived in their countries or western European countries. European patients had a lower frequency of the high penetrance M694V mutation and a significant delay of diagnosis (p<0.002). Patients living in eastern Mediterranean countries had a higher frequency of fever episodes/year and more frequent arthritis, pericarditis, chest pain, abdominal pain and vomiting compared to the other two groups. Multivariate analysis showed that the variables independently associated with severity of disease presentation were country of residence, presence of M694V mutation and positive family history. CONCLUSIONS: Eastern Mediterranean FMF patients have a milder disease phenotype once they migrate to Europe, reflecting the effect of environment on the expression of a monogenic disease.

Financiamento das pequenas e médias empresas: análise das empresas do distrito do Porto em Portugal

RESUMONeste artigo, o objetivo é conhecer e analisar as formas de financiamento e produtos mais utilizados pelas pequenas e médias empresas do distrito do Porto, em Portugal. Pretende-se ainda perceber a aceitabilidade e a propensão para utilização de formas de financiamento alternativas e compreender quais as dificuldades das empresas no acesso ao crédito. O método utilizado é quantitativo e exploratório, um inquérito foi enviado a 1.600 empresas do distrito do Porto, acerca das diferentes formas de financiamento das organizações. Os resultados permitem concluir que o crédito bancário é a principal fonte de financiamento das pequenas e médias empresas, seguindo-se o autofinanciamento. O financiamento pela emissão de ações e obrigações é residual. Os resultados apresentam três fatores preponderantes quando as empresas têm necessidade de financiar-se: o crescimento da empresa, o custo do empréstimo e os aspetos burocráticos. Apesar de tratar-se de um estudo exploratório, os três fatores encontrados são um contributo para o estudo sobre o financiamento de pequenas e médias empresas, merecendo atenção por parte de investidores, gestores e detentores de capital.

Genetic structure of a linear population of Beta vulgaris ssp maritima (sea beet) revealed by isozyme and RFLP analysis

Knowledge of the genetic structure of plant populations is necessary for the understanding of the dynamics of major ecological processes. It also has applications in conservation biology and risk assessment for genetically modified crops. This paper reports the genetic structure of a linear population of sea beet, Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima (the wild relative of sugar beet), on Furzey Island, Poole Harbour. The relative spatial positions of the plants were accurately mapped and the plants were scored for variation at isozyme and RFLP loci. Structure was analysed by repeated subdivision of the population to find the average size of a randomly mating group. Estimates of F-ST between randomly mating units were then made, and gave patterns consistent with the structure of the population being determined largely by founder effects. The implications of these results for the monitoring of transgene spread in wild sea beet populations are discussed.

Financial Markets and Real Ecinomy: Four Essays in International Trade

Financial markets play an important role in an economy performing various functions like mobilizing and pooling savings, producing information about investment opportunities, screening and monitoring investments, implementation of corporate governance, diversification and management of risk. These functions influence saving rates, investment decisions, technological innovation and, therefore, have important implications for welfare. In my PhD dissertation I examine the interplay of financial and product markets by looking at different channels through which financial markets may influence an economy.My dissertation consists of four chapters. The first chapter is a co-authored work with Martin Strieborny, a PhD student from the University of Lausanne. The second chapter is a co-authored work with Melise Jaud, a PhD student from the Paris School of Economics. The third chapter is co-authored with both Melise Jaud and Martin Strieborny. The last chapter of my PhD dissertation is a single author paper.Chapter 1 of my PhD thesis analyzes the effect of financial development on growth of contract intensive industries. These industries intensively use intermediate inputs that neither can be sold on organized exchange, nor are reference-priced (Levchenko, 2007; Nunn, 2007). A typical example of a contract intensive industry would be an industry where an upstream supplier has to make investments in order to customize a product for needs of a downstream buyer. After the investment is made and the product is adjusted, the buyer may refuse to meet a commitment and trigger ex post renegotiation. Since the product is customized to the buyer's needs, the supplier cannot sell the product to a different buyer at the original price. This is referred in the literature as the holdup problem. As a consequence, the individually rational suppliers will underinvest into relationship-specific assets, hurting the downstream firms with negative consequences for aggregate growth. The standard way to mitigate the hold up problem is to write a binding contract and to rely on the legal enforcement by the state. However, even the most effective contract enforcement might fail to protect the supplier in tough times when the buyer lacks a reliable source of external financing. This suggests the potential role of financial intermediaries, banks in particular, in mitigating the incomplete contract problem. First, financial products like letters of credit and letters of guarantee can substantially decrease a risk and transaction costs of parties. Second, a bank loan can serve as a signal about a buyer's true financial situation, an upstream firm will be more willing undertake relationship-specific investment knowing that the business partner is creditworthy and will abstain from myopic behavior (Fama, 1985; von Thadden, 1995). Therefore, a well-developed financial (especially banking) system should disproportionately benefit contract intensive industries.The empirical test confirms this hypothesis. Indeed, contract intensive industries seem to grow faster in countries with a well developed financial system. Furthermore, this effect comes from a more developed banking sector rather than from a deeper stock market. These results are reaffirmed examining the effect of US bank deregulation on the growth of contract intensive industries in different states. Beyond an overall pro-growth effect, the bank deregulation seems to disproportionately benefit the industries requiring relationship-specific investments from their suppliers.Chapter 2 of my PhD focuses on the role of the financial sector in promoting exports of developing countries. In particular, it investigates how credit constraints affect the ability of firms operating in agri-food sectors of developing countries to keep exporting to foreign markets.Trade in high-value agri-food products from developing countries has expanded enormously over the last two decades offering opportunities for development. However, trade in agri-food is governed by a growing array of standards. Sanitary and Phytosanitary standards (SPS) and technical regulations impose additional sunk, fixed and operating costs along the firms' export life. Such costs may be detrimental to firms' survival, "pricing out" producers that cannot comply. The existence of these costs suggests a potential role of credit constraints in shaping the duration of trade relationships on foreign markets. A well-developed financial system provides the funds to exporters necessary to adjust production processes in order to meet quality and quantity requirements in foreign markets and to maintain long-standing trade relationships. The products with higher needs for financing should benefit the most from a well functioning financial system. This differential effect calls for a difference-in-difference approach initially proposed by Rajan and Zingales (1998). As a proxy for demand for financing of agri-food products, the sanitary risk index developed by Jaud et al. (2009) is used. The empirical literature on standards and norms show high costs of compliance, both variable and fixed, for high-value food products (Garcia-Martinez and Poole, 2004; Maskus et al., 2005). The sanitary risk index reflects the propensity of products to fail health and safety controls on the European Union (EU) market. Given the high costs of compliance, the sanitary risk index captures the demand for external financing to comply with such regulations.The prediction is empirically tested examining the export survival of different agri-food products from firms operating in Ghana, Mali, Malawi, Senegal and Tanzania. The results suggest that agri-food products that require more financing to keep up with food safety regulation of the destination market, indeed sustain longer in foreign market, when they are exported from countries with better developed financial markets.Chapter 3 analyzes the link between financial markets and efficiency of resource allocation in an economy. Producing and exporting products inconsistent with a country's factor endowments constitutes a serious misallocation of funds, which undermines competitiveness of the economy and inhibits its long term growth. In this chapter, inefficient exporting patterns are analyzed through the lens of the agency theories from the corporate finance literature. Managers may pursue projects with negative net present values because their perquisites or even their job might depend on them. Exporting activities are particularly prone to this problem. Business related to foreign markets involves both high levels of additional spending and strong incentives for managers to overinvest. Rational managers might have incentives to push for exports that use country's scarce factors which is suboptimal from a social point of view. Export subsidies might further skew the incentives towards inefficient exporting. Management can divert the export subsidies into investments promoting inefficient exporting.Corporate finance literature stresses the disciplining role of outside debt in counteracting the internal pressures to divert such "free cash flow" into unprofitable investments. Managers can lose both their reputation and the control of "their" firm if the unpaid external debt triggers a bankruptcy procedure. The threat of possible failure to satisfy debt service payments pushes the managers toward an efficient use of available resources (Jensen, 1986; Stulz, 1990; Hart and Moore, 1995). The main sources of debt financing in the most countries are banks. The disciplining role of banks might be especially important in the countries suffering from insufficient judicial quality. Banks, in pursuing their rights, rely on comparatively simple legal interventions that can be implemented even by mediocre courts. In addition to their disciplining role, banks can promote efficient exporting patterns in a more direct way by relaxing credit constraints of producers, through screening, identifying and investing in the most profitable investment projects. Therefore, a well-developed domestic financial system, and particular banking system, would help to push a country's exports towards products congruent with its comparative advantage.This prediction is tested looking at the survival of different product categories exported to US market. Products are identified according to the Euclidian distance between their revealed factor intensity and the country's factor endowments. The results suggest that products suffering from a comparative disadvantage (labour-intensive products from capital-abundant countries) survive less on the competitive US market. This pattern is stronger if the exporting country has a well-developed banking system. Thus, a strong banking sector promotes exports consistent with a country comparative advantage.Chapter 4 of my PhD thesis further examines the role of financial markets in fostering efficient resource allocation in an economy. In particular, the allocative efficiency hypothesis is investigated in the context of equity market liberalization.Many empirical studies document a positive and significant effect of financial liberalization on growth (Levchenko et al. 2009; Quinn and Toyoda 2009; Bekaert et al., 2005). However, the decrease in the cost of capital and the associated growth in investment appears rather modest in comparison to the large GDP growth effect (Bekaert and Harvey, 2005; Henry, 2000, 2003). Therefore, financial liberalization may have a positive impact on growth through its effect on the allocation of funds across firms and sectors.Free access to international capital markets allows the largest and most profitable domestic firms to borrow funds in foreign markets (Rajan and Zingales, 2003). As domestic banks loose some of their best clients, they reoptimize their lending practices seeking new clients among small and younger industrial firms. These firms are likely to be more risky than large and established companies. Screening of customers becomes prevalent as the return to screening rises. Banks, ceteris paribus, tend to focus on firms operating in comparative-advantage sectors because they are better risks. Firms in comparative-disadvantage sectors finding it harder to finance their entry into or survival in export markets either exit or refrain from entering export markets. On aggregate, one should therefore expect to see less entry, more exit, and shorter survival on export markets in those sectors after financial liberalization.The paper investigates the effect of financial liberalization on a country's export pattern by comparing the dynamics of entry and exit of different products in a country export portfolio before and after financial liberalization.The results suggest that products that lie far from the country's comparative advantage set tend to disappear relatively faster from the country's export portfolio following the liberalization of financial markets. In other words, financial liberalization tends to rebalance the composition of a country's export portfolio towards the products that intensively use the economy's abundant factors.