939 resultados para Embryonic stem cells


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Prostate cancer is an important male health issue. The strategies used to diagnose and treat prostate cancer underscore the cell and molecular interactions that promote disease progression. Prostate cancer is histologically defined by increasingly undifferentiated tumour cells and therapeutically targeted by androgen ablation. Even as the normal glandular architecture of the adult prostate is lost, prostate cancer cells remain dependent on the androgen receptor (AR) for growth and survival. This project focused on androgen-regulated gene expression, altered cellular differentiation, and the nexus between these two concepts. The AR controls prostate development, homeostasis and cancer progression by regulating the expression of downstream genes. Kallikrein-related serine peptidases are prominent transcriptional targets of AR in the adult prostate. Kallikrein 3 (KLK3), which is commonly referred to as prostate-specific antigen, is the current serum biomarker for prostate cancer. Other kallikreins are potential adjunct biomarkers. As secreted proteases, kallikreins act through enzyme cascades that may modulate the prostate cancer microenvironment. Both as a panel of biomarkers and cascade of proteases, the roles of kallikreins are interconnected. Yet the expression and regulation of different kallikreins in prostate cancer has not been compared. In this study, a spectrum of prostate cell lines was used to evaluate the expression profile of all 15 members of the kallikrein family. A cluster of genes was co-ordinately expressed in androgenresponsive cell lines. This group of kallikreins included KLK2, 3, 4 and 15, which are located adjacent to one another at the centromeric end of the kallikrein locus. KLK14 was also of interest, because it was ubiquitously expressed among the prostate cell lines. Immunohistochemistry showed that these 5 kallikreins are co-expressed in benign and malignant prostate tissue. The androgen-regulated expression of KLK2 and KLK3 is well-characterised, but has not been compared with other kallikreins. Therefore, KLK2, 3, 4, 14 and 15 expression were all measured in time course and dose response experiments with androgens, AR-antagonist treatments, hormone deprivation experiments and cells transfected with AR siRNA. Collectively, these experiments demonstrated that prostatic kallikreins are specifically and directly regulated by the AR. The data also revealed that kallikrein genes are differentially regulated by androgens; KLK2 and KLK3 were strongly up-regulated, KLK4 and KLK15 were modestly up-regulated, and KLK14 was repressed. Notably, KLK14 is located at the telomeric end of the kallikrein locus, far away from the centromeric cluster of kallikreins that are stimulated by androgens. These results show that the expression of KLK2, 3, 4, 14 and 15 is maintained in prostate cancer, but that these genes exhibit different responses to androgens. This makes the kallikrein locus an ideal model to investigate AR signalling. The increasingly dedifferentiated phenotype of aggressive prostate cancer cells is accompanied by the re-expression of signalling molecules that are usually expressed during embryogenesis and foetal tissue development. The Wnt pathway is one developmental cascade that is reactivated in prostate cancer. The canonical Wnt cascade regulates the intracellular levels of β-catenin, a potent transcriptional co-activator of T-cell factor (TCF) transcription factors. Notably, β-catenin can also bind to the AR and synergistically stimulate androgen-mediated gene expression. This is at the expense of typical Wnt/TCF target genes, because the AR:β-catenin and TCF:β-catenin interactions are mutually exclusive. The effect of β-catenin on kallikrein expression was examined to further investigate the role of β-catenin in prostate cancer. Stable knockdown of β-catenin in LNCaP prostate cancer cells attenuated the androgen-regulated expression of KLK2, 3, 4 and 15, but not KLK14. To test whether KLK14 is instead a TCF:β-catenin target gene, the endogenous levels of β-catenin were increased by inhibiting its degradation. Although KLK14 expression was up-regulated by these treatments, siRNA knockdown of β-catenin demonstrated that this effect was independent of β-catenin. These results show that β-catenin is required for maximal expression of KLK2, 3, 4 and 15, but not KLK14. Developmental cells and tumour cells express a similar repertoire of signalling molecules, which means that these different cell types are responsive to one another. Previous reports have shown that stem cells and foetal tissues can reprogram aggressive cancer cells to less aggressive phenotypes by restoring the balance to developmental signalling pathways that are highly dysregulated in cancer. To investigate this phenomenon in prostate cancer, DU145 and PC-3 prostate cancer cells were cultured on matrices pre-conditioned with human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Soft agar assays showed that prostate cancer cells exposed to hESC conditioned matrices had reduced clonogenicity compared with cells harvested from control matrices. A recent study demonstrated that this effect was partially due to hESC-derived Lefty, an antagonist of Nodal. A member of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily, Nodal regulates embryogenesis and is re-expressed in cancer. The role of Nodal in prostate cancer has not previously been reported. Therefore, the expression and function of the Nodal signalling pathway in prostate cancer was investigated. Western blots confirmed that Nodal is expressed in DU145 and PC-3 cells. Immunohistochemistry revealed greater expression of Nodal in malignant versus benign glands. Notably, the Nodal inhibitor, Lefty, was not expressed at the mRNA level in any prostate cell lines tested. The Nodal signalling pathway is functionally active in prostate cancer cells. Recombinant Nodal treatments triggered downstream phosphorylation of Smad2 in DU145 and LNCaP cells, and stably-transfected Nodal increased the clonogencity of LNCaP cells. Nodal was also found to modulate AR signalling. Nodal reduced the activity of an androgen-regulated KLK3 promoter construct in luciferase assays and attenuated the endogenous expression of AR target genes including prostatic kallikreins. These results demonstrate that Nodal is a novel example of a developmental signalling molecule that is reexpressed in prostate cancer and may have a functional role in prostate cancer progression. In summary, this project clarifies the role of androgens and changing cellular differentiation in prostate cancer by characterising the expression and function of the downstream genes encoding kallikrein-related serine proteases and Nodal. Furthermore, this study emphasises the similarities between prostate cancer and early development, and the crosstalk between developmental signalling pathways and the AR axis. The outcomes of this project also affirm the utility of the kallikrein locus as a model system to monitor tumour progression and the phenotype of prostate cancer cells.

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Phosphorylation and activation of Akt1 is a crucial signaling event that promotes adipogenesis. However, neither the complex multistep process that leads to activation of Akt1 through phosphorylation at Thr308 and Ser473 nor the mechanism by which Akt1 stimulates adipogenesis is fully understood. We found that the BSD domain–containing signal transducer and Akt interactor (BSTA) promoted phosphorylation of Akt1 at Ser473 in various human and murine cells, and we uncovered a function for the BSD domain in BSTA-Akt1 complex formation. The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) facilitated the phosphorylation of BSTA and its association with Akt1, and the BSTA-Akt1 interaction promoted the association of mTORC2 with Akt1 and phosphorylation of Akt1 at Ser473 in response to growth factor stimulation. Furthermore, analyses of bsta gene-trap murine embryonic stem cells revealed an essential function for BSTA and phosphorylation of Akt1 at Ser473 in promoting adipocyte differentiation, which required suppression of the expression of the gene encoding the transcription factor FoxC2. These findings indicate that BSTA is a molecular switch that promotes phosphorylation of Akt1 at Ser473 and reveal an mTORC2-BSTA-Akt1-FoxC2–mediated signaling mechanism that is critical for adipocyte differentiation.

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目的 从体外培养成熟囊胚中分离并鉴定猕猴胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cell , ES cell) 。方法 猕猴卵母细 胞经体外成熟培养、体外受精和早期胚胎体外成熟培养后,获得猕猴囊胚。当囊胚由透明带自然孵出后,用细玻璃针剥离 囊胚中的内细胞团(inner cell mass , ICM) 并与饲养细胞进行共培养。由ICM分离,培养并鉴定胚胎干细胞集落。结果 由 4 只FSH 超排猕猴中共取得92 个处于GV 期的猕猴卵母细胞,选取其中的22 个用HECM210 培养基培养后,获得6 个高质 量的囊胚,由此6 个囊胚中分离得到3 个内细胞团,并由此最终获得1 株猕猴ES 细胞,即RS5 细胞。RS5 细胞具高比例核P 质比,核仁多,其细胞集落边缘平整,其内各单个细胞清晰。经约5 个月的连续传代后,仍保持了正常二倍体的核型,其染 色体数目为42 条。碱性磷酸酶细胞组织化学染色为阳性,说明RS5 细胞为未分化态的胚胎干细胞。经高密度和长时间 培养后,RS5 细胞可进一步分化为多种类型细胞。结论 RS5 细胞株具有自我更新能力和多分化潜能,属于胚胎干细胞。

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采用分阶段诱导方法模拟肝细胞体内发育,建立体外诱导猕猴胚胎干细胞(rhesus monkey embryonic stem cells,rESCs)分化为成熟肝细胞的体系,对研究以ES细胞为基础的临床替代治疗人类晚期肝脏疾病具有重要的意义.将rESCs团块在含有10%FBS的DMEM培养基中悬浮培养11d,形成含有早期内胚层细胞的拟胚体(embryonic bodies,EB)并开始表达早期肝细胞的部分基因或蛋白,将11日龄EB接种至包被有ECM的组织培养皿,分阶段加入aFGF、BMP-4及OSM.经aFGF和BMP-4诱导7~10d后,分化细胞形态变为具有双核的多角形细胞,表达早期和中期肝细胞特异性的蛋白(AFP、ALB及CK18)和基因(AFP、ALB、APOH,G-6-P及TAT),并具有储存糖原的功能.撤除aFGF和BMP-4,添加OSM继续诱导7~10 d,分化的细胞表达成熟肝细胞所特有基因CYP1B1和ADH1C,并具有摄取靛青绿的能力.

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肝细胞牛长因子(hepatoeyte growth factor,HGF)足一个多效应因子,在神经系统中具有重要作用.早前的研究发现采用HGF和G5 supplement结合EB(embryoid body)法可诱导猕猴胍胎干细胞(rhesus embryonic stem cells,rESCs)定向分化成高纯度的可移植的神经前体细胞(neural progenitors),但对于HGF在整个诱导分化过程中的具体作用及机制还不清楚.本研究改进先前研究体系,采用单层培养法,同时添加HGF和bFGF(basic fibroblast growth factor,碱性成纤维细胞生长因子)诱导rESCs在两周内定向分化为高纯度[(81.66±4.37)%]的神经前体细胞,并且单独添加HGF或bFGF以及两者都没有添加的条件下也得到了相似比例的神经前体细胞,表明外源性的HGF在诱导rESCs向神经前体细胞转变的过程中对十神经细胞命运的决定并不起作用;进一步研究发现HGF能有效地促进神经前体细胞的增殖,并且与bFGF具有协同作用.总之,本研究建立了一种更为简单的诱导rESCs分化成神经细胞的方法,发现外源性的HGF在rESCs向神经前体细胞分化的过程中并没有神经诱导的作用,但能与bFGF协同作用促进rESCs来源的神经前体细胞的增殖.

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用转基因和RNA干扰(RNAi)法建立5组不同成纤维细胞生长因子-2(fibroblast growth factor-2,FGF2)表达量的猕猴耳部皮肤成纤维细胞(MESF)系:过表达FGF2组(f1),过表达的阴性对照组(f2),FGF2 RNA干扰组(f3),RNA干扰的阴性对照组(f4)和未作任何处理的对照组(f5).5组MESF的FGF2表达量相对值为f1:f2:f3:f4:f5=4:2:1:2:2;c-fos,TGF-β1,INHBA,Gremlinl在f1中表达量上升,在f3中表达量下降;BMP4,TGF-β2在f1中表达量下降,在f3中表达量上升;表明内源FGF2能够作用于MESF的TGF-β信号通路,引起相关基因表达量的变化.用这砦细胞作为饲养层长期培养(10代)猕猴胚胎干细胞(RhESC),结果在f1上培养的RhESC增殖速度都比对照组快,并且c-fos,TGF-β1,INHBA,Gremlinl,Oct-4,Nanog,Sox2表达量均上升,BMP4表达下调;在f3上培养的RhESC增殖较慢,BMP4表达上调,c-fos,TGF-β1,INHBA,Gremlinl,Oct-4,Nanog,Sox2表达下调.5组MESF上培养的RhESC形成的EB均表达各胚层早期标记基因(marker),说明RhESC的多能性没有受到影响,但表达量有差异,f1上RhESC形成的EB所有marker都低表达.结果表明饲养层的FGF2含量不仅影响自身相关基凶的表达,还对RhESC的自我更新有一定的作用.

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采用单层贴壁分化的方法在无血清条件下诱导同源饲养层培养的人胚胎干细胞定向分化,得到了高比例的神经前体细胞(97.5±0.83)%(P<0.05).这些神经前体细胞具有分化为神经元、星形胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞的能力.在长期的传代培养中发现,随着培养时间的延长,nestin阳性的神经前体细胞比例下降,同时发育能力也发生了变化.在传代培养的早期,神经前体细胞发育为神经元的比例很高,几乎没有胶质细胞分化出来.随着培养时间的延长,胶质细胞的比例逐渐上升.这与体内神经系统的发育过程非常相似.进一步研究发现具有bHLH (basic helix-loop-helix) 结构域的转录因子neurogenein2(Ngn2) 和Olig2可能在这一变化中起重要作用.因此,人胚胎干细胞来源的神经前体细胞能够模拟体内神经发育的模式,为在体外研究人的神经发育和再生医学奠定了基础.

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干细胞冷冻保存是干细胞研究和临床应用中的必需技术.为提高兔胚胎干细胞在慢速冻存过程中的保存效果,比较了二甲基亚砜(DMSO)和乙二醇(ethylene glycol,EG)对兔胚胎干细胞冷冻保护效果.对冷冻复苏后的细胞进行台盼蓝染色,并研究其胚胎干细胞分子特性,结果表明DMSO比EG具有更好的冷冻保护效果.再在以10% DMSO为基础的防冻液中添加膜稳定剂海藻糖(trehalose)或谷氨酰胺(glutamine),细胞冷冻复苏后结果显示,谷氨酰胺对兔胚胎干细胞有明显的冷冻保护作用,使细胞存活率从71%提高到83.7%.当谷氨酰胺浓度为0、5、10、20、40 mmol/L分别加入防冻液中后,20 mmol/L的谷氨酰胺具有最佳的冷冻保护效果.以上结果得出兔胚胎干细胞慢速冷冻的防冻液改进配方为:在胚胎干细胞培养液中添加10% DMSO+20 mmol/L谷氨酰胺.

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为研究肿瘤细胞凋亡调控因子ASPP(Apoptosis-stimulating protein of p53)家族蛋白(ASPP1,ASPP2,iASPP)在猕猴神经系统细胞早期发育过程中是否存在变化,并初步研究其变化趋势,通过体外诱导猕猴胚胎干细胞定向分化为神经前体细胞模拟猕猴神经系统细胞早期发育过程,并对此过程中细胞内ASPP蛋白量进行检测,检测方法使用细胞免疫荧光和western blotting.实验初步检测出,肿瘤调控因子ASPP家族蛋白在猕猴神经系统细胞早期发育过程中在蛋白量和蛋白分子量上有变化,并且可以初步了解其变化趋势.该实验结果表明ASPP蛋白家族作为肿瘤细胞凋亡调控因子与猕猴神经系统早期发育过程有着密切的关系,这也许对将来治疗神经系统退行性疾病和肿瘤发生有一定帮助.

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胚胎干细胞(ESC)培养是ESC研究的基础,饲养层的选择是ESC培养的一个重要方面。本实验曾对不同的猕猴饲养层进行研究,显示能够更好的支持猕猴ESC生长的饲养层FGF-2表达量也较高。FGF-2,又名bFGF(碱性成纤维生长因子),是ESC生长所需的重要因子,但其中的分子机制现在并未完全了解。本文一方面对ESC相关研究进展进行了综述,另一方面对以下内容进行了研究:用转基因和RNA干(RNAi)扰的方法建立不同FGF-2的表达量猕猴耳部皮肤细胞(MESF)系五组:过表达FGF-2(f1),过表达的阴性对照组(f2),FGF-2 RNA干扰组(f3),RNA干扰的阴性对照组(f4)以及未作任何处理的对照组(f5),这五组MESF的FGF-2表达量相对值为f1:f2:f3:f4:f5=4:2:1:2:2;c-fos,TGF-β1,INHBA,Gremlin1在f1中表达量上升,在f3中表达量下降;BMP4,TGF-β2在f1中表达量下降,在f3中表达量上升;表明内源FGF-2能够作用于MESF的TGF-β信号通路,引起相关基因表达量的变化。用这些细胞作为饲养层分别培养两种ESC(猕猴ESC,R366. 4和兔ESC,RFESC) ,连续培养了10代,其中在f1上培养的两种ESC增殖速度都比对照组快,并且c-fos,TGF-β1,INHBA,Gremlin1,OCT-4,Nanog,Sox2表达量均上升,BMP4表达下调;在f3上培养的猕猴ESC增殖较慢,BMP4表达上调,c-fos,TGF-β1,INHBA,Gremlin1,OCT-4,Nanog,Sox2表达下调;f3上的兔ESC没有变化。表明ESC中的TGF-β信号通路也受到调节。五组猕猴和兔的ESC形成的EB均表达各胚层早期标记基因(marker),但表达量有差异,f1上ESC形成的EB所有marker都低表达。实验结果表明饲养层中的FGF-2含量高低不仅影响自身相关基因的表达,还对ESC的增殖和维持自我更新有一定的作用。

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胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cells, ES 细胞)起源于着床前胚胎内的细胞群,对 鼠ES 细胞研究已经有20 多年,但直到1998 年才首次报道从人的胚胎中获得ES 细胞,2006 年本实验室从兔体外受精胚胎的内细胞团分离建立了兔胚胎干细胞 系RF。ES 细胞是能在体外长期培养,高度未分化的全能细胞系,可在适合的条 件下分化为胎儿或成体的各种类型的组织细胞。根据这一特性,它们可用于再生 细胞或组织移植。胚胎干细胞的成功冻存是其应用于临床的前提。成功的冻存是 在冷冻、解冻和复苏培养过程中,细胞具有较高的存活率,且仍能保持胚胎干细 胞的自我更新和全能性的特性。目前除了小鼠ES 细胞用常规慢速冷冻方法可以 达到95%以上的未分化集落复苏率外(Yao & Yuan, 2005),其它物种尤其是灵长 类的许多ES 细胞系用常规慢速冷冻方法的复苏率极低,极大地限制了这些细胞 的临床应用。为提高兔胚胎干细胞RF 在慢速冷冻中的保存效果, 本研究比较了 二甲基亚砜(DMSO)和乙二醇(ethylene glycol,EG)对兔胚胎干细胞冷冻保护效 果。对冷冻复苏后的细胞进行台盼蓝染色,并研究其胚胎干细胞的分子特性,结 果表明, DMSO 比EG 具有更好的冷冻保护效果。再在以10% DMSO 为基础的 防冻液中添加膜稳定剂海藻糖或谷氨酰胺,细胞冷冻复苏后结果显示, 谷氨酰胺 对兔胚胎干细胞有明显的冷冻保护作用,使细胞存活率从71%提高到83.7%。当 谷氨酰胺浓度为0、5、10、20、40mmol/L 分别加入防冻液中后,20mmol/L 的 谷氨酰胺具有最佳的冷冻保护效果。以上结果得出兔胚胎干细胞慢速冷冻的防冻 液改进配方为:胚胎干细胞培养液中添加10% DMSO+20 mmol/L 谷氨酰胺.

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人胚胎干细胞(ESC)的成功分离培养,吸引大批人对干细胞生物学的关注,特 别是ESC 在再生医学及人类早期胚胎发育研究的潜在价值。然而在人ESC 临床应用 之前需要找到合适的动物模型进行大量的预实验研究,从而评价其应用的安全性、有 效性及存活效率。因此,从其它物种建立稳定而可用的ESC 系也是必不可少的。ESC 能无限地自我更新并保持多潜能性,但控制其自我更新的分子机制现在仍然知之甚少 且物种间存在差异,了解ESC 的自我更新有利于提高建系率、改善培养体系及定向 分化体系。本文一方面对ESC 分离培养及自我更新机制的研究进展进行了综述,另 一方面对以下几个方面的内容进行了研究:1)建立了4 株稳定的兔ESC 系,能在体 外进行长期的培养并保持ESC 的多潜能Markers 及正常的XY 或XX 核型,具有碱性 磷酸酶活性、表达Oct-4、SSEA-1、SSEA-3、SSEA-4、TRA-1-60 及TRA-1-81。与人 和小鼠ESC 相似,兔ESC 表达多潜能基因(Oct-4、Nanog、Sox-2 及UTF-1),并表 达了与ESC 自我更新相关的信号通路(FGF、TGFβ及WNT)的许多基因。从形态 来说,兔ESC 与灵长类ESC 相似,但兔ESC 具有较快的增殖能力,与小鼠ESC 相类 似。在体外及体内兔ESC 均能分化成代表原始三胚层的各种细胞类型及组织。2) 从 受体抑制实验及生长因子的联合加入可以得出结论FGF 及TGF 信号通路对维持兔 ESC 的多潜能性发挥着重要的作用,这样的结果与人ESC 相类似。也表明FGF、TGF β及WNT 信号通路在兔ESC 的自我更新中都起着作用,而且他们之间可能形成了信 号调控网络,相互之间有着正负反馈作用。FGF2+Activin A 或TGFβ1+Noggin 的无 饲养层无血清培养体系不仅能显著抑制兔ESC 的分化,且能维持其长期的自我更新。 但与小鼠不同,TGFβ信号通路能影响其增殖能力,而对其多潜能性的维持并没有作 用。这就更说明了兔比小鼠更适宜成为人类疾病临床治疗之前的模型动物。3)四种 猕猴细胞系(MOF、MESF、MFG 和CMESF)可作为饲养层比MEFs(小鼠饲养层 细胞)更好或同等好支持猕猴ESC 的生长,保持其自我更新能力和分化的多能性。 而卵泡颗粒上皮样细胞(MFGE)不能支持猕猴ESC 的自我更新。进一步的研究表明 饲养层支持ESC 生长能力的差异可能是由于基因表达种类以及表达量上的差异而导 致的。

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研究和利用人胚胎干细胞(hES)细胞已成为生命科学领域的核心问题之一。当前hES 细胞研究主要集中在hES 的建系和维持其不分化状态;提高hES 细胞定向分化为特定 细胞的比例;ES 细胞自我更新和分化的机制等方面。本论文一方面概述了hES 细胞相 关领域的研究进展;另一方面建立了不同培养体系条件下3 株hES 细胞,并在此基础 上利用G5 和肝生长因子(HGF)诱导hES 细胞定向分化成高纯度的NPs。主要结论如 下:1) 建立人卵体外受精和胚胎培养体系。获得了15 个囊胚,采用了免疫外科法分离 内细胞团,运用含血清以及不含血清的培养体系,在ICR 小鼠胚胎成纤维饲养层上分 别建立了YKh-1、YKh-2 和YKh-3 3 株人胚胎干细胞系,生长良好,核型正常。ES 细 胞表达碱性磷酸酶活性、SSEA-3、SSEA-4、TRA-1-60、TRA-1-81 和Oct-4,但不表达 SSEA-1; ES 细胞在体外能够分化为属于外胚层、中胚层和内胚层的各种分化细胞, 在SCID 小鼠体内能形成畸胎瘤,畸胎瘤包括了所有三个胚层来源的细胞类型。证实了 ES 细胞系的多向分化潜能。2) 对比含血清以及无血清的培养体系的hES 细胞系的特征, 观察了其集落形态、生长速度、分化能力。结果表明,在含血清培养体系的Yhk-2,其 集落形态较致密,含2-3 个核的细胞较多,细胞倍增时间为43.9±5.7h;而在无血清培 养体系的Yhk-3,其集落形态较铺展,细胞较小而圆,倍增时间为34.8±3.8h。细胞免疫 染色和PCR 结果表明,二者在体外都能分化为三个胚层来源的多种细胞,但比例有所 差异。提示二者在向三个胚层来源的细胞的分化能力上有所不同。 3) 以所建立的hES 细胞系为模型,采用HGF 和G5 作为诱导因子添加到神经诱导培养基中,诱导hES 细 胞分化成高纯度的NPs。单独的HGF 或G5 仅能诱导ES 细胞分化成70.9± 5.0%和 72.9±7.2%NPs,而联用HGF 和G5 使NPs 的比率达到91.2±11.2%,进一步纯化后获得 98±3.2%的NPs。获得的NPs 能分化成三个谱系神经细胞,亚克隆实验也进一步证明采 用HGF+G5 获得的单个NPs 具有神经干细胞的特性,也能在体外分化成三个谱系的神 经细胞。用SHH 处理NPs,获得的分化细胞表达不同脑区标志,表明所得到NPs 具有 对脑区信号发生反应,进一步分化为不同脑区神经元细胞的能力。 本实验建立了具有自主知识产权的中国人源胚胎干细胞系,建立了ES 细胞的含血 清以及无血清的培养体系和向神经前体细胞定向分化系统,得到高比例的神经前体细 胞,为进一步研究利用人胚胎干细胞打下良好的基础。

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人胚胎干细胞(human embryonic stem cells, hES细胞)来源于植入前胚胎的内细胞团,具有自我更新能力和发育全能性,能够在体内外分化为代表三个胚层的细胞类型。hES细胞来源的神经前体细胞(neural progenitor)对于研究胚胎早期的神经发育以及药物筛选和神经系统疾病的细胞替代性治疗具有重要意义。然而,许多因素影响了ES细胞的临床应用,如供体细胞不足、纯度低、异源物质污染等。 本研究采用同源饲养层培养的hES细胞在单层培养条件下高效地分化得到了神经前体细胞。主要结论如下:1)hES细胞在同源饲养层HAFi上培养八个月后仍保持ES细胞的各项表型特征和抗原特性。表明HAFi能够支持hES细胞的长期培养,从培养条件上避免了异源物质污染的可能性。2)单层贴壁分化的方法培养成分简单,不含血清和条件培养基,不需繁琐的筛选步骤就可以得到高比例的神经前体细胞(97.5%±0.83%)(P<0.05)。此外,成分确定的培养基是研究神经分化的分子机制的良好模型。3)hES细胞来源的神经前体细胞具有分化为神经元,星形胶质和少突胶质细胞的能力,并能够模拟体内神经发育的过程和分子表达模式。长期的传代培养中发现,随着培养时间的延长,nestin阳性的神经前体细胞比例下降,同时发育能力也发生了变化。在传代培养的早期,神经前体细胞发育为神经元的比例很高,几乎没有胶质细胞分化出来。随培养时间的延长,胶质细胞的比例逐渐上升。进一步研究发现具有bHLH (basic helix-loop-helix) 结构域的转录因子neurogenein2(Ngn2) 和olig2可能在这一变化中发挥了重要的作用。

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灵长类胚胎干细胞(ES 细胞)不仅能为研究生殖发育生物学基础理论提供良好的 模型,而且可为细胞替代治疗提供大量的供体细胞,因此具有重要的研究价值。当前 灵长类ES 细胞研究还有很多问题需要解决,如分离建立更多的胚胎干细胞系,优化培 养体系,提高ES 细胞定向分化为特定细胞的比例,研究ES 细胞自我更新和分化的机 制等。本文一方面概括了灵长类ES 细胞的研究进展,另一方面并对制备抗体,免疫外 科手术法分离灵长类胚胎内细胞团,建立猕猴ES 细胞的无饲养层、无血清培养体系和 诱导猕猴ES 细胞分化成高纯度的O2A 神经胶质前体细胞进行了研究。主要结论如下: 1)分别以猕猴脾脏淋巴细胞和人外周血单个核细胞作为免疫原,免疫日本大耳白兔, 得到免疫血清。在补体介导的细胞毒作用下,兔抗人和兔抗猕猴免疫血清可以裂解人 和猕猴囊胚滋养层细胞,从而分离出内细胞团,用于分离培养人和猕猴胚胎干细胞。2) 猕猴ES 细胞在以层粘连蛋白(laminin)为胞外基质,含转化生长因子beta1(TGFβ1) 的无血清培养基(SFM)中可以稳定的增殖至少22 代,保持不分化,并具有分化成三 个胚层细胞的能力。进一步的研究发现去除TGFβ1 后,猕猴ES 细胞出现分化,整合 素表达降低,推测TGFβ1 可能通过促进猕猴ES 细胞整合素的表达,加强其与胞外基 质的相互作用,从而维持ES 细胞的自我更新。然而猕猴ES 细胞不能在纤粘连蛋白 (fibronectin)和明胶上生长。3)无饲养层、无血清培养体系中长期培养的猕猴ES 细 胞,分化出拟胚体,14 天的拟胚体在血清中分化培养一周后,在含碱性成纤维生长因 子bFGF、表皮生长因子EGF 和胰岛素+转铁蛋白+亚硒酸钠ITS 的培养基中培养, 获得97%的O2A 胶质前体细胞,得到的O2A 细胞能够稳定增殖,并且可以自发分化 为II 型星型胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞。本实验的结果有助于猕猴ES 细胞分离建系和培 养系统的优化、推动猕猴ES 细胞自我更新和诱导为神经胶质细胞机制的研究,便于建 立ES 细胞替代治疗的猕猴模型,从而为人类ES 细胞的临床疾病治疗提供参考。