El delito en Mendoza

En el contexto de la crisis socioeconómica que está sufriendo el país se advierte, en estos primeros años del siglo 21, tanto en las cifras oficiales como por la “insistencia" mediática, un crecimiento sostenido en la Argentina del total de delitos cometidos. Si se hace un poco de memoria se recordará que, por lo menos en Mendoza, el punto de inflexión en que la capital provincial pasó de ser la tranquila ciudad principal del oasis norte de la provincia, a una ciudad con las características de inseguridad y violencia propias de las grandes urbes tercermundistas (México D.F., Sao Paulo), parece ubicarse aproximadamente a mediados de la década del 1990. Las razones y el momento en que ocurren ciertas situaciones, como las crisis económicas o el aumento del delito, no se debe al azar y a cuestiones aleatorias. Las situaciones que se viven hoy día son efecto de otras que han sucedido en el pasado, reciente o remoto. Es el fin de las ciencias sociales darle un sentido a lo que de otra manera aparecería como caótico, buscando las causas que operan en el trasfondo y que determinan cómo suceden los fenómenos y cuándo. Si se acepta lo anterior resulta importante, entonces, estudiar desde una perspectiva sociológica las causas de la criminalidad y su aumento en la ciudad de Mendoza. Sólo de esta manera se podrá mejorar la comprensión del fenómeno, para actuar “técnicamente" sobre él desde las políticas de Estado y para predecir, desde las teorías criminológicas, el desarrollo futuro probable. Se parte de la idea de que uno de los grandes defectos de todos los partidos políticos argentinos, y de los gobiernos de turno, es la falta de acuerdo o de ideas para desarrollar e implementar políticas estratégicas de Estado a largo plazo. Se intentará que este trabajo, aunque se ocupe del tema concreto del delito en Mendoza, igual refleje la importancia dada a que existan políticas de Estado y de que éstas se basen sobre marcos conceptuales coherentes.

Normas y protocolos clínicos sobre el empleo del misoprostol en ginecología y obstetricia

SAAF/IPPF

Sr-Nd isotopic analyses of sand-sized sediment from the San Francisco Bay coastal system

A diverse suite of geochemical tracers, including 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd isotope ratios, the rare earth elements (REEs), and select trace elements were used to determine sand-sized sediment provenance and transport pathways within the San Francisco Bay coastal system. This study complements a large interdisciplinary effort (Barnard et al., 2012) that seeks to better understand recent geomorphic change in a highly urbanized and dynamic estuarine-coastal setting. Sand-sized sediment provenance in this geologically complex system is important to estuarine resource managers and was assessed by examining the geographic distribution of this suite of geochemical tracers from the primary sources (fluvial and rock) throughout the bay, adjacent coast, and beaches. Due to their intrinsic geochemical nature, 143Nd/144Nd isotopic ratios provide the most resolved picture of where sediment in this system is likely sourced and how it moves through this estuarine system into the Pacific Ocean. For example, Nd isotopes confirm that the predominant source of sand-sized sediment to Suisun Bay, San Pablo Bay, and Central Bay is the Sierra Nevada Batholith via the Sacramento River, with lesser contributions from the Napa and San Joaquin Rivers. Isotopic ratios also reveal hot-spots of local sediment accumulation, such as the basalt and chert deposits around the Golden Gate Bridge and the high magnetite deposits of Ocean Beach. Sand-sized sediment that exits San Francisco Bay accumulates on the ebb-tidal delta and is in part conveyed southward by long-shore currents. Broadly, the geochemical tracers reveal a complex story of multiple sediment sources, dynamic intra-bay sediment mixing and reworking, and eventual dilution and transport by energetic marine processes. Combined geochemical results provide information on sediment movement into and through San Francisco Bay and further our understanding of how sustained anthropogenic activities which limit sediment inputs to the system (e.g., dike and dam construction) as well as those which directly remove sediments from within the Bay, such as aggregate mining and dredging, can have long-lasting effects.

Bedform measurements from the San Francisco Bay Coastal System

The morphology of ~45,000 bedforms from 13 multibeam bathymetry surveys was used as a proxy for identifying net bedload sediment transport directions and pathways throughout the San Francisco Bay estuary and adjacent outer coast. The spatially-averaged shape asymmetry of the bedforms reveals distinct pathways of ebb and flood transport. Additionally, the region-wide, ebb-oriented asymmetry of 5% suggests net seaward-directed transport within the estuarine-coastal system, with significant seaward asymmetry at the mouth of San Francisco Bay (11%), through the northern reaches of the Bay (7-8%), and among the largest bedforms (21% for lambda > 50 m). This general indication for the net transport of sand to the open coast strongly suggests that anthropogenic removal of sediment from the estuary, particularly along clearly defined seaward transport pathways, will limit the supply of sand to chronically eroding, open-coast beaches. The bedform asymmetry measurements significantly agree (up to ~ 76%) with modeled annual residual transport directions derived from a hydrodynamically-calibrated numerical model, and the orientation of adjacent, flow-sculpted seafloor features such as mega-flute structures, providing a comprehensive validation of the technique. The methods described in this paper to determine well-defined, cross-validated sediment transport pathways can be applied to estuarine-coastal systems globally where bedforms are present. The results can inform and improve regional sediment management practices to more efficiently utilize often limited sediment resources and mitigate current and future sediment supply-related impacts.