Metabolismo di oligosaccaridi prebiotici in Bifidobacterium per il potenziale sviluppo di nuovi prodotti alimentari funzionali

The growth and the metabolism of Bifidobacterium adolescentis MB 239 fermenting GOS, lactose, galactose, and glucose were investigated. An unstructerd unsegregated model for growth of B. adolescentis MB 239 in batch cultures was developed and kinetic parameters were calculated with a Matlab algorithm. Galactose was the best carbon source; lactose and GOS led to lower growth rate and cellular yield, but glucose was the poorest carbon source. Lactate, acetate and ethanol yields allowed calculation of the carbon fluxes toward fermentation products. Similar distribution between 3- and 2-carbon products was observed on all the carbohydrates (45 and 55%, respectively), but ethanol production was higher on glucose than on GOS, lactose and galactose, in decreasing order. Based on the stoichiometry of the fructose 6-phosphate shunt and on the carbon distribution among the products, ATP yield was calculated on the different carbohydrates. ATP yield was the highest on galactose, while it was 5, 8, and 25% lower on lactose, GOS, and glucose, respectively. Therefore, a correspondance among ethanol production, low ATP yields, and low biomass production was established demonstrating that carbohydrate preferences may result from different sorting of carbon fluxes through the fermentative pathway. During GOS fermentation, stringent selectivity based on the degree of polymerization was exhibited, since lactose and the trisaccharide were first to be consumed, and a delay was observed until longer oligosaccharides were utilized. Throughout the growth on both lactose and GOS, galactose accumulated in the cultural broth, suggesting that β-(1-4) galactosides can be hydrolysed before they are taken up. The physiology of Bifidobacterium adolescentis MB 239 toward xylooligosaccharides (XOS) was also studied and our attention was focused on an extracellular glycosyl-hydrolase (β-Xylosidase) expressed by a culture of B. adolescentis grown on XOS as sole carbon source. The extracellular enzyme was purified from the the supernatant, which was dialyzed and concentrated by ultrafiltration. A two steps purification protocol was developed: the sample was loaded on a Mono-Q anion exchange chromatography and then, the active fractions were pooled and β-Xylosidase was purified by gel filtration chromatography on a Superdex-75. The enzyme was characterized in many aspects. β- Xylosidase was an homo-tetramer of 160 kDa as native molecular mass; it was a termostable enzyme with an optimum of temperature at 53 °C and an optimum of pH of 6.0. The kinetics parameter were calculated: km = 4.36 mM, Vmax = 0.93 mM/min. The substrate specificity with different di-, oligo- and polysaccharides was tested. The reactions were carried out overnight at pH 7 and at the optimum of temperature and the carbohydrates hydrolysis were analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Only glycosyl-hydrolase activities on XOS and on xylan were detected, whereas sucrose, lactose, cellobiose, maltose and raffinose were not hydrolyzed. It’s clearly shown that β-Xylosidase activity was higher than the Xylanase one. These studies on the carbohydrate preference of a strain of Bifidobacterium underlined the importance of the affinity between probiotics and prebiotics. On the basis of this concept, together with Barilla G&R f.lli SpA, we studied the possibility to develop a functional food containing a synbiotic. Three probiotic strains Lactobacillus plantarum BAR 10, Streptococcus thermophilus BAR 20, and Bifidobacterium lactis BAR 30 were studied to assess their suitability for utilization in synbiotic products on the basis of antioxidative activity, glutathione production, acid and bile tolerance, carbohydrates fermentation and viability in food matrices. Bile and human gastric juice resistance was tested in vitro to estimate the transit tolerance in the upper gastrointestinal tract. B. lactis and L. plantarum were more acid tolerant than S. thermophilus. All the strains resisted to bile. The growth kinetics on 13 prebiotic carbohydrates were determined. Galactooligosaccharides and fructo-oligosaccharides were successfully utilized by all the strains and could be considered the most appropriate prebiotics to be used in effective synbiotic formulations. The vitality of the three strains inoculated in different food matrices and maintained at room temperature was studied. The best survival of Lactobacillus plantarum BAR 10, Streptococcus thermophilus BAR 20, and Bifidobacterium lactis BAR 30 was found in food chocolate matrices. Then an in vivo clinical trial was carried out for 20 healthy volunteers. The increase in faecal bifidobacteria and lactobacilli populations and the efficacy of the pre-prototype was promising for the future develop of potential commercial products.

Biomasa, distribución y metabolismo del zooplancton en aguas de la Península Antártica

[ES]El presente trabajo de tesis titulado "Biomasa, distribución y metabolismo del zooplancton en aguas de la Península Antártica" forma parte de un ambicioso proyecto que tiene como finalidad cuantificar, examinar y desentrañar las interacciones complejas de la cadena trófica en el Océano Sur. La primera parte describe la complejidad de la red trófica característica del Océano Sur. También, esta parte introductora se enfoca en la distribución de las especies zooplanctónicas y surelación con el ciclo del carbono y nitrógeno. En este mismo proyecto y como segunda parte, hemos desarrollado un método no destructivo a partir de imágenes digitales para una estimación precisa de la biomasa de cada grupo sistemático del mesozooplancton.

Alteraciones del metabolismo mineral óseo y prevalencia de fracturas por fragilidad en pacientes afectos de lesión medular traumática

Programa de doctorado: Avances en Medicina Interna. La fecha de publicación es la fecha de lectura

Manipolazione del metabolismo degli xenobiotici da frutta convenzionale ed attività chemiopreventiva

A reduced cancer risk associated with fruit and vegetable phytochemicals initially dictated chemopreventive approaches focused on specific green variety consumption or even single nutrient supplementations. However, these strategies not only failed to provide any health benefits but gave rise to detrimental effects. In parallel, public-health chemoprevention programmes were developed in the USA and Europe to increase whole vegetable consumption. Among these, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) sponsored plan “5 to 9 a day for a better health” was one of the most popular. This campaign promoted wide food choice through the consumption of at least 5 to 9 servings a day of colourful fruits and vegetables. In this study the effects of the diet suggested by NCI on transcription, translation and catalytic activity of both xenobiotic metabolizing (XME) and antioxidant enzymes were studied in the animal model. In fact, the boost of both antioxidant defences and “good” phase-II together with down-regulation of “bad” phase-I XMEs is still considered one of the most widely-used strategies of cancer control. Six male Sprague Dawley rats for each treatment group were used. According to the Italian Society of Human Nutrition, a serving of fruit, vegetables and leafy greens corresponds to 150, 250 and 50 g, respectively, in a 70 kg man. Proportionally, rats received one or five servings of lyophilized onion, tomato, peach, black grape or lettuce – for white, red, yellow, violet or green diet, respectively - or five servings of each green (“5 a day” diet) by oral gavage daily for 10 consecutive days. Liver subcellular fractions were tested for various cytochrome P450 (CYP) linked-monooxygenases, phase-II supported XMEs such as glutathione S-transferase (GST) and UDP-glucuronosyl transferase (UDPGT) as well as for some antioxidant enzymes. Hepatic transcriptional and translational effects were evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis, respectively. dROMs test was used to measure plasmatic oxidative stress. Routine haematochemical parameters were also monitored. While the five servings administration didn’t significantly vary XME catalytic activity, the lower dose caused a complex pattern of CYP inactivation with lettuce exerting particularly strong effects (a loss of up to 43% and 45% for CYP content and CYP2B1/2-linked XME, respectively; P<0.01). “5 a day” supplementation produced the most pronounced modulations (a loss of up to 60% for CYP2E1-linked XME and a reduction of CYP content of 54%; P<0.01). Testosterone hydroxylase activity confirmed these results. RT-PCR and Western blot analysis revealed that the “5 a day” diet XMEs inactivations were a result of both a transcriptional and a translational effect while lettuce didn’t exert such effects. All administrations brought out none or fewer modulation of phase-II supported XMEs. Apart from “5 a day” supplementation and the single serving of lettuce, which strongly induced DT- diaphorase (an increase of up to 141 and 171%, respectively; P<0.01), antioxidant enzymes were not significantly changed. RT-PCR analysis confirmed DT-diaphorase induction brought about by the administration of both “5 a day” diet and a single serving of lettuce. Furthermore, it unmasked a similar result for heme-oxygenase. dROMs test provided insight into a condition of high systemic oxidative stress as a consequence of animal diet supplementation with “5 a day” diet and a single serving of lettuce (an increase of up to 600% and 900%, respectively; P<0.01). Haematochemical parameters were mildly affected by such dietary manipulations. According to the classical chemopreventive theory, these results could be of particular relevance. In fact, even if antioxidant enzymes were only mildly affected, the phase-I inactivating ability of these vegetables would be a worthy strategy to cancer control. However, the recorded systemic considerable amount of reactive oxygen species and the complexity of these enzymes and their functions suggest caution in the widespread use of vegan/vegetarian diets as human chemopreventive strategies. In fact, recent literature rather suggests that only diets rich in fruits and vegetables and poor in certain types of fat, together with moderate caloric intake, could be associated with reduced cancer risk.

Controllo adrenergico del metabolismo glucidico in Anguilla anguilla

Le conoscenze relative al controllo ormonale del metabolismo epatico dei pesci sono ancora piuttosto limitate e per molti anni sono state controverse. Per lungo tempo si è ritenuto che le catecolamine, adrenalina e noradrenalina, agissero nel fegato dei pesci soltanto attraverso i recettori adrenergici di tipo β. Quindi l’assetto recettoriale dei mammiferi, che comprende recettori α e β, era considerato frutto di un processo evolutivo che non aveva ancora avuto luogo nei pesci. Successivamente, nel fegato di vari teleostei è stata dimostrata la presenza di recettori sia α che β. Tuttavia il ruolo fisiologico dei due tipi di recettori non è ancora chiaro. Per esempio, in acciughe e sgombri non è stato fatto alcuno studio sulla risposta alle catecolamine ottenuta attraverso i recettori α e β, nel fegato di trota i recettori α non sono accoppiati alla cascata fisiologica che porta al rilascio di glucosio, e in anguilla e pesce gatto l’azione delle catecolamine attraverso recettori β è predominante rispetto a quella attraverso recettori α. L’utilizzo di ligandi farmacologici non ha portato a chiarimenti significativi, perché la loro specificità per i recettori di mammifero non trova sempre riscontro nei pesci. In questo studio, quindi, abbiamo studiato l’espressione dei geni codificanti per i recettori α e β adrenergici attraverso la tecnica della PCR real time, ottenendo i primi dati in letteratura per quanto riguarda la loro quantificazione assoluta. L’organismo modello utilizzato è stata l’anguilla, teleosteo caratterizzato da un ciclo biologico molto particolare in cui si distinguono nettamente una fase gialla ed una argentina. Le anguille argentine non sono mai state studiate a tale proposito, e date le estreme differenze nella disponibilità e nell’uso delle risorse energetiche in questi due stadi di crescita, il presente studio ha mirato a valutare la differente sensibilità alle catecolamine da parte degli epatociti isolati da anguille gialle ed argentine. I nostri dati hanno confermato quanto solo ipotizzato nei vari studi pubblicati negli ultimi due decenni, ma mai avvalorato da risultati sperimentali, cioè che i recettori α e β sono contemporaneamente espressi negli epatociti dell’anguilla, sia gialla che argentina, e la proporzione tra loro giustifica il ruolo significativamente maggiore giocato dai recettori β. Nelle anguille argentine infatti, come nelle gialle, l’effetto dell’adrenalina sul rilascio di glucosio ottenuto attraverso recettori β è chiaramente predominante. Inoltre, i nostri dati indicano che in due diverse fasi del ciclo vitale dell’anguilla, così come si osserva nell’ontogenesi dei mammiferi, i recettori adrenergici sono espressi in quantità differente.

Alterazioni del metabolismo osseo e fratture vertebrali dopo trapianto di rene

Introduction:Persistent Hyperparathyroidism after transplantation (HPT),bone disease and vertebral fractures are an important clinical problem in renal transplant patients. Several factors such as renal osteodystrophy, immunosuppressive therapy, deficit/insufficiency Vitamin D may contribute to that.In literature are described different percentages of HPT, vertebral fractures and Osteoporosis/Osteopenia that may be due to the different therapy and to the different employ of steroid. We analyzed 90 patients who received a renal graft between 2005 e 2010. Patients and Methods: 44 male and 46 female. Average age 52,2± 10,1 years, follow-up 31,3±16,6 months, time on dialysis 37±29,6 months. Patients who had creatinine level greater than 2,5 mg/dl were excluded. Immunosuppressive therapy was based on basiliximab, steroids (1.6 to 2 mg/kg/day progressively reduced to 5 mg/day after 45 days from the transplantation) in all patients + calcineurin inhibitor+ mycophenolate mophetil/mycophenolic acid in 88,8% of patients or Everolimus± calcineurin inhibitor in the others. Patients were studied with X-ray of the spine, dual-energy-X-ray, PTH, 25(OH)VitD. Results: 41,1% had HPT; 41,1% had osteopenia at femoral neck and 36,7% at vertebral column; 16,7% had osteoporosis at femoral neck and 15,6% at vertebral column. 10 patients (11%) had vertebral fractures. Patients with normal bone mineral density, compared to those with osteoporosis/osteopenia, are more younger (average age 46,4±11,7 years vs 54.3±8,6); they have spent less time on dialysis (26,5±14,8 months vs 40,7±32,6) and they have values of 25(OH)VitD higher (22,1±7,6 ng/ml vs 17,8±8,5). Patients with vertebral fractures have values of 25(OH)VitD lowest (14,1±6,4 ng/ml vs 19,7±8,5) and they had transplant since more time (29,1±16,2 vs 48,1±8,7 months). There is a significant correlation between HPT and PTH pre transplantation; HPT and levels of VitD (p<0,05) Conclusion: Prevention of Bone disease and vertebral fractures after renal transplant includes: a)treatment before transplantation b)supplementation of vitamin D with cholecalciferol or calcidiol c)shorten the dialysis time.

Influencia de varios polimorfismos en los genes MCT1 y CPT2 sobre el metabolismo energético durante el ejercicio

Las diferencias individuales ante cualquier estímulo son parte de la condición humana, y reflejan nuestra diversidad genética, así como la influencia del entorno. Conocer el papel que juegan las variaciones genéticas o polimorfismos, es vital para entender de forma integral la respuesta del organismo al ejercicio. Por tanto, el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo fundamental definir el posible rol de tres variantes genéticas en el metabolismo energético durante la realización de ejercicio físico. Más concretamente, los objetivos principales son, por un lado, observar si existen diferencias en la respuesta láctica en sangre capilar y venosa en función del polimorfismo A1470T del gen del Transportador de Monocarboxilatos 1 (MCT1) (rs1049434). Por otro lado, el segundo objetivo es estudiar si presencia del polimorfismo del gen MCT1 determina parcialmente la máxima concentración de lactato en sangre venosa alcanzada durante diferentes protocolos de circuitos de fuerza. Por último, los objetivos tercero y cuarto se centran en analizar si existen diferencias en las ratios de acilcarnitinas en sangre, que reflejan la actividad de la Carnitina Palmitoiltransferasa II (CPTII), en función de los polimorfismo Val368Ile (rs1799821) y Met647Val (rs1799822) del gen de la CPTII (CPT2) durante la realización de una sesión de Circuito Mixto de musculación-aeróbico. Para la consecución de estos objetivos se realizaron dos estudios (Piloto y General). En el primero de ellos (Estudio Piloto) 10 hombres estudiantes de la Licenciatura en Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (CCAFD) realizaron 6 sesiones de fuerza en circuito. En días no continuados y a una intensidad diferente (30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70% u 80% de la 15 repetición máxima, 15RM), los sujetos ejecutaron tres vueltas a un mismo circuito de 8 ejercicios. A lo largo de la sesión se tomaron muestras de sangre capilar para el análisis de la concentración de lactato. En el Estudio General, 15 hombres y 14 mujeres estudiantes de la Licenciatura en CCAFD realizaron 3 protocolos de fuerza en circuito, al 70% de la 15 RM y al 70% de la reserva de la frecuencia cardiaca. Cada día ejecutaron un protocolo diferente: Circuito de Máquinas, Circuito de Peso Libre o Circuito Mixto de musculación- aeróbico, completando en cada uno tres vueltas. Durante cada una de las sesiones se extrajeron muestras de sangre venosa para el análisis de la concentración de lactato y del perfil de acilcarnitinas. Los resultados del presente trabajo evidencian que los sujetos portadores del polimorfismo A1470T del MCT1 (genotipos AT y TT) tienen un comportamiento de lactato diferente que los sujetos no portadores (genotipo AA) cuando se someten a diferentes circuitos de fuerza. En el Estudio Piloto los portadores tuvieron mayor pendiente de acumulación de lactato capilar a la intensidad del 80% de la 15RM, mientras que en el Estudio General los sujetos homocigotos para la variante genética (TT) registraron menores concentraciones de lactato venoso que los homocigotos normales (AA) durante el Circuito de Máquinas. No podemos concluir si esta diferencia de resultados se deriva del tipo de sangre analizada (capilar VS. venosa), de la existencia de un efecto umbral para el transportador o de una bidireccionalidad del MCT1, aunque la hipótesis de bidireccionalidad parece la más integradora. En el grupo de mujeres, no se observó un patrón claro de diferencias entre grupos genéticos por lo que no podemos concluir si el polimorfismo tiene efecto o no en este sexo. En el estudio 2 del Estudio General, la inclusión la variante del MCT1 como variable predictora cuando las variables dependientes fueron la máxima concentración de lactato venosa en los tres protocolos en conjunto, o la máxima concentración venosa durante el Circuito de Máquinas, confirma su influencia en los entrenamientos con elevada producción de lactato. No obstante, en los entrenamientos con concentraciones de lactato más bajas, parece que existen factores más determinantes para la máxima concentración que el polimorfismo del MCT1. Por último, los resultados del tercer estudio del Estudio General, aunque preliminares, sugieren que la presencia de las variantes polimórficas del CPT2 podría influir sobre el transporte de los ácidos grasos durante la realización de actividad física, particularmente en hombres. Aún así, son necesarios más estudios para confirmar, especialmente en mujeres, la influencia de ambos polimorfismos en la actividad de la CPTII.

Efecto de la incorporación de γ-tocoferol en dietas para salmón Atlántico (Salmo Salar L.) sobre la composición y metabolismo lipídico

El aceite de pescado ha sido la principal fuente de grasa incluida en la dieta de salmón Atlántico ya que su uso optimiza el crecimiento y aporta grandes cantidades de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (PUFA) omega 3, principalmente los ácidos eicosapentaenoico (EPA) y docosahexaenoico (DHA). En los años 90 se utilizaba un 24% de aceite de pescado en los piensos para salmón, sin embargo la escasez del recurso y la presión comercial sobre su demanda por parte de distintos sectores ha dado lugar a una progresiva reducción de su inclusión teniendo la industria como objetivo llegar a utilizar en 2020 tan sólo un 8%. Al reducir los niveles de aceite de pescado disminuye el contenido de EPA y DHA aportado, por lo que se hace necesario diseñar estrategias que permitan maximizar la retención de EPA y DHA en los tejidos del animal. De esta forma, la optimización del uso de antioxidantes para prevenir la peroxidación lipídica de los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga (LC-PUFA), puede ser una estrategia a seguir. Entre los antioxidantes empleados en acuicultura destaca la vitamina E. Aunque el α-tocoferol es el isómero principal de la vitamina E, estudios recientes sugieren que el γ-tocoferol presenta igualmente una potente actividad antioxidante. Sin embargo, hasta la fecha no hay muchos estudios con salmón Atlántico empleando γ-tocoferol como principal isómero añadido en la dieta. Además de su función como antioxidante, en investigaciones recientes la vitamina E ha mostrado capacidad para inducir de manera directa o indirecta la expresión de genes que codifican enzimas implicadas en el metabolismo de los ácidos grasos. Con esta perspectiva el presente trabajo tiene como principal objetivo determinar si la incorporación de 300 ppm de γ-tocoferol a la dieta del salmón da lugar a una mayor capacidad antioxidante en los tejidos del animal, disminuyendo la oxidación lipídica in vivo y afectando tanto a la composición como al metabolismo lipídico. Un total de 180 esguines de salmón Atlántico (Salmo Salar) con un peso inicial de 137,4 ± 1g fueron distribuidos al azar y uniformemente en 6 tanques y fueron alimentados con una de las tres dietas experimentales. Se aportó agua salada a los tanques y la temperatura se mantuvo a 12°C. Las dietas experimentales se formularon para tener: bajo contenido en EPA y DHA (CB); alto en EPA y DHA (CA); y con bajos niveles de EPA y DHA pero con un suplemento de 300 ppm de γ-tocoferol como antioxidante (CB+γtoc). Las dietas fueron suministradas en tanques duplicados durante 14 semanas. Al final del experimento, se sacrificaron 4 peces de cada tanque y se tomaron muestras de hígado y filete izquierdo para realizar el análisis de ácidos grasos y de expresión génica. A pesar de que los peces alimentados con la dieta CB+γtoc presentaron 3 veces más concentración de γ-tocoferol en los tejidos, la administración de esta dieta no tuvo un efecto significativo (P>0.05) sobre la composición de EPA, DHA y ácido araquidónico (ARA) en los tejidos del salmón. Los resultados del análisis de expresión de genes mostraron que la incorporación de 300 ppm de γ-tocoferol dio lugar a una cierta inhibición del metabolismo lipídico tanto de genes relacionados con la β-oxidación como de aquellos relacionados con la síntesis de LC-PUFA. En cuanto al sistema de defensa antioxidante GPx4, los resultados indicaron que no hubo efecto estimulatorio del γ-tocoferol sobre el mismo. Sin embargo, se observó un aumento de omega 3 totales (P<0.05) en el músculo del animal. La incorporación de 300 ppm de γ-tocoferol tuvo un efecto limitado sobre la composición lipídica y un efecto inhibitorio del metabolismo lipídico a nivel de expresión.