Inercia clínica en pacientes con Diabetes Mellitus en la Clínica Metabólica Unidad Médica Soyapango 2013

La falta en iniciar o intensificar la terapia cuando esta está indicada es conceptualizada como inercia clínica (IC). Es una causa importante de fracasos en el tratamiento de pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. La prevalencia de IC se describe entre el 36 a 50% en pacientes con Ddabetes mellitus, y relacionada con el manejo de hipertensión arterial y dislipidemias puede contribuir hasta un 80% de los ataques cardíacos y los accidentes cerebrovasculares. El objetivo de la presente investigación es establecer la proporción de pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 controlados por medio de hemoglobina glicada y su relación con la inercia clínica (inercia terapéutica) dentro del grupo de pacientes diabéticos del programa de Clínicas Metabólicas en la Unidad Médica Soyapango del Instituto Salvadoreño del Seguro Social durante el año 2013. Se realizó un estudio tipo descriptivo retrospectivo tomando de referencia al universo de pacientes documentados dentro del registro a los que se les indicó HbA1c utilizando muestreo probabilístico de tipo aleatorio, resultando una muestra de 41 sujetos, obteniendo los siguientes resultados;51% del sexo masculino, con una edad promedio 55,9 años (DE +/- 10,9),54% con educación menor a bachillerato, el 46% recibe tratamiento con hipoglucemiantes orales; el 59% se les reportó HbA1c > 7%. Al relacionar la presencia de inercia clínica y el grado de control glucémico se obtuvo p< 0.05, Odds Ratio de Prevalencia 0.01538 (IC 0.034- 0.68). Por lo que concluimos que la relación entre IC y el grado control glucémico no es plausible debido a la escasa muestra obtenida. Sin embargo, la investigación puede orientar a medidas que permitan mejorar el control de los pacientes enfocadas a la atención médica y la organización de la prestación del servicio.

Funcionalidad familiar en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en Hospital ISSS Sonsonate

A pesar de existir diversidad de medicamentos para el manejo del paciente con diabetes mellitus tipo 2, persiste el descontrol. La familia juega un papel importante en la salud integral de cada uno de sus miembros y en la recuperación o en el control adecuado de la enfermedad. Objetivo: conocer la asociación entre el puntaje de evaluación de la funcionalidad familiar medido por el APGAR Familiar y el control glucémico en pacientes que consultan subsecuentemente por diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en el Hospital Regional de Sonsonate ISSS. Material y métodos: tipo de diseño del trabajo de investigación; descriptivo transversal. El universo son todas las personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en el Hospital Regional de Sonsonate ISSS en el período de julio 2015 y la muestra fue de 192 personas, todos aquellos pacientes diabéticos que tienen cita de control subsecuente y a quienes por medio de una entrevista-cuestionario y previo consentimiento informado, se recolectó la información a través de un test de percepción de funcionalidad familiar y cuestionario epidemiológico. Resultados: del total de la población de la investigación, el 62% son del sexo femenino, el 36% se encontraron entre 61 y 70 años de edad, el estado civil correspondió a 72% casados o acompañados, el 28% de la población sabían leer y escribir o tenia estudios primarios y el resto con educación básica, media o superior; el 44% es beneficiaria, el 33% pensionada y el 23% cotizante, el 36% se encontraron con valor de glucosa en ayunas; controlados entre 70 - 120mg/dl y el resto, que es el 64% por arriba de esos valores, el 83% de las familias estudiadas fueron funcionales y 17% se encontraron entre disfunción moderada y severa.

Surface acoustic wave streaming in a PDMS microfluidic system: effect of frequency and fluid geometry & A remote ultrasonic glucose sensor

This thesis describes two separate projects. The first is a theoretical and experimental investigation of surface acoustic wave streaming in microfluidics. The second is the development of a novel acoustic glucose sensor. A separate abstract is given for each here. Optimization of acoustic streaming in microfluidic channels by SAWs Surface Acoustic Waves, (SAWs) actuated on flat piezoelectric substrates constitute a convenient and versatile tool for microfluidic manipulation due to the easy and versatile interfacing with microfluidic droplets and channels. The acoustic streaming effect can be exploited to drive fast streaming and pumping of fluids in microchannels and droplets (Shilton et al. 2014; Schmid et al. 2011), as well as size dependant sorting of particles in centrifugal flows and vortices (Franke et al. 2009; Rogers et al. 2010). Although the theory describing acoustic streaming by SAWs is well understood, very little attention has been paid to the optimisation of SAW streaming by the correct selection of frequency. In this thesis a finite element simulation of the fluid streaming in a microfluidic chamber due to a SAW beam was constructed and verified against micro-PIV measurements of the fluid flow in a fabricated device. It was found that there is an optimum frequency that generates the fastest streaming dependent on the height and width of the chamber. It is hoped this will serve as a design tool for those who want to optimally match SAW frequency with a particular microfluidic design. An acoustic glucose sensor Diabetes mellitus is a disease characterised by an inability to properly regulate blood glucose levels. In order to keep glucose levels under control some diabetics require regular injections of insulin. Continuous monitoring of glucose has been demonstrated to improve the management of diabetes (Zick et al. 2007; Heinemann & DeVries 2014), however there is a low patient uptake of continuous glucose monitoring systems due to the invasive nature of the current technology (Ramchandani et al. 2011). In this thesis a novel way of monitoring glucose levels is proposed which would use ultrasonic waves to ‘read’ a subcutaneous glucose sensitive-implant, which is only minimally invasive. The implant is an acoustic analogy of a Bragg stack with a ‘defect’ layer that acts as the sensing layer. A numerical study was performed on how the physical changes in the sensing layer can be deduced by monitoring the reflection amplitude spectrum of ultrasonic waves reflected from the implant. Coupled modes between the skin and the sensing layer were found to be a potential source of error and drift in the measurement. It was found that by increasing the number of layers in the stack that this could be minimized. A laboratory proof of concept system was developed using a glucose sensitive hydrogel as the sensing layer. It was possible to monitor the changing thickness and speed of sound of the hydrogel due to physiological relevant changes in glucose concentration.

Prevalence, types and factors associated with echocardiographic abnormalities among newly diagnosed diabetic patients at Mulago Hospital.

Background: The prevalence of Diabetes mellitus (DM) is on a rise in sub-Saharan Africa and will more than double by 2025. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) accounts for up to 2/3 of all deaths in the diabetic population. Of all the CVD deaths in DM, 3/4 occur in sub Saharan Africa (SSA). Non invasive identification of cardiac abnormalities, such as Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH), diastolic and systolic dysfunction, is not part of diabetes complications surveillance programs in Uganda and there is limited data on this problem. This study sought to determine the prevalence, types and factors associated with echocardiographic abnormalities among newly diagnosed diabetic patients at Mulago National referral hospital in Uganda. Methods: In this cross sectional study conducted between June 2014 and December 2014, we recruited 202 newly diagnosed adult diabetic patients. Information on patients\' socio-demographics, bio-physical profile, biochemical testing and echocardiographic findings was obtained for all the participants using a pre-tested questionnaire. An abnormal echocardiogram in this study was defined as the presence of LVH, diastolic and/or systolic dysfunction and wall motion abnormality. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the association of several parameters with echocardiographic abnormalities. Results: Of the 202 patients recruited, males were 102(50.5%) and the mean age was 46±15 years. Majority of patients had type 2 DM, 156(77.2%) and type 1 DM, 41(20.3%) with mean HbA1C of 13.9±5.3%. Mean duration of diabetes was 2 months. The prevalence of an abnormal echocardiogram was 67.8 % (95% CI 60%-74%). Diastolic dysfunction, systolic dysfunction, LVH and wall motion abnormalities were present in 55.0%, 21.8%, 19.3% and 4.0% of all the participants respectively. In bivariate logistic regression analysis, the factors associated with an abnormal echocardiogram were age (OR 1.09 [95% CI 1.06–1.12], P <0.0001), type 2 DM (OR 5.8[95% CI 2.77-12.07], P<0.0001), hypertension (OR 2.64[95% CI 1.44-4.85], P=0.002), obesity (OR 3.51[955 CI 1.25-9.84], P=0.017 and increased waist circumference (OR 1.02[95% CI 1.00-1.04], P=0.024. On Multiple logistic regression analysis, age was the only factor associated with an abnormal echocardiogram (OR 1.09[95%CI 1.05-1.15], P<0.0001). Conclusion: Echocardiographic abnormalities were common among newly diagnosed adults with DM. Traditional CVD risk factors were associated with an abnormal echocardiogram in this patient population. Due to a high prevalence of echocardiographic abnormalities among newly diagnosed diabetics, we recommend screening for cardiac disease especially in patients who present with traditional CVD risk factors. This will facilitate early diagnosis, management and hence better patient outcomes.

Avaliação do retinol em parturientes com diabetes mellitus gestacional no pós parto imediato

Micronutrient deficiencies affect individuals mainly in developing countries, where vitamin A deficiency is a public health problem worldwide more worrying, especially in groups with increased physiological needs such as children and women of reproductive age. Vitamin A is supplied to the body through diet and has an important role in the visual process, cell differentiation, maintenance of epithelial tissue, reproductive and resistance to infection. The literature has demonstrated the relationship between vitamin A and diabetes, including gestational, leading to a risk to both mother and child. Gestational diabetes is any decrease in glucose tolerance of variable magnitude diagnosed each the first time during pregnancy, and may or may not persist after delivery. Insulin resistance during pregnancy is associated with placental hormones, as well as excess fat. Studies have shown that retinol transport protein produced in adipose tissue in high concentrations, this would be associated with resistance by interfering with insulin signaling. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the concentration of retinol in serum and colostrum from healthy and diabetic mothers in the immediate postpartum period. One hundred and nine parturient women were recruited, representing seventy-three healthy and thirty-six diabetic. Retinol was extracted and subsequently analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Among the results highlights the mothers with gestational diabetes were older than mothers healthy, had more children and a higher prevalence of cases of cesarean section. Fetal macrosomia was present in 1.4% of healthy parturient women and in 22.2% of diabetic mothers. The maternal serum retinol showed an average of 39.7 ± 12.5 mg/dL for healthy parturients 35.12 ± 15 mg/dL for diabetic and showed no statistical difference. It was observed that in the group of diabetic had 17% vitamin A deficiency, whereas in the healthy group, only 4% of the women were deficentes. Colostrum, the concentration of retinol in healthy was 131.3 ± 56.2 mg/dL and 125.3 ± 41.9 mg/dL in diabetic did not differ statistically. This concentration of retinol found in colostrum provides approximately 656.5 mg/day for infants born to healthy mothers and 626.5 mg/day for infants of diabetic mothers, based on a daily consumption of 500 mL of breast milk and need Vitamin A 400 mg/day, thus reaching the requirement of the infant. The diabetic mothers showed significant risk factors and complications related to gestational diabetes. Although no 11 difference was found in serum retinol concentration and colostrum among women with and without gestational diabetes, the individual analysis shows that parturients women with diabetes are 4.9 times more likely to develop vitamin A deficiency than healthy parturients. However, the supply of vitamin A to the newborn was not committed in the presence of gestational diabetes

The concept of low glycemic index and glycemic load foods as panacea for type 2 diabetes mellitus; prospects, challenges and solutions.

Background: This article examines the concepts of low glycemic indices (GIs) and glycemic load (GL) foods as key drivers in the dietary management of type 2 diabetes as well as their shortcomings. The controversies arising from the analysis of glycemic index (GI) and GL of foods such as their reproducibility as well as their relevance to the dietary management of type 2 diabetes are also discussed. Methods: Search was conducted in relevant electronic databases such as: Pubmed, Google Scholar, HINARI, the Cochrane library, Popline, LILACS, CINAHL, EMBASE, etc to identify the current status of knowledge regarding the controversies surrounding management of diabetes with low GI and GL foods. Conclusion: This article suggests that in view of discrepancies that surround the results of GI versus GL of foods, any assay on the GI and GL of a food with the aim of recommending the food for the dietary management of type 2 diabetes, could be balanced with glycated hemoglobin assays before they are adopted as useful antidiabetic foods.

Relationship between religiosity, religious coping and socio-demographic variables among out-patients with depression or diabetes mellitus in Enugu, Nigeria.

Background: Religion is a powerful coping strategy. Diabetes and depression are common conditions in our environment that induce psychological distress, thus requiring coping for better outcome. Studies indicate that increased religiosity is associated with better outcome in clinical and general populations. Therefore, studies of the distribution of religiosity and religious coping among these populations are essential to improve outcome. Objectives: To assess the association between religiosity, religious coping in depression and diabetes mellitus, and selected sociodemographic variables (age, gender and occupational status). Methods:Using simple random sampling we recruited 112 participants with diabetes and an equal number with depression consecutively, matching for gender. Religiosity was determined using religious orientation scale (revised), religious coping with brief religious coping scale and socio-demographic variables with a socio-demographic questionnaire. Results: Intrinsic religiosity was greater among older people with depression than among older people with diabetes(t=5.02,p<0.001); no significant difference among young people with depression and diabetes(t=1.47,p=0.15).Positive religious coping was greater among older people with depression than among older people with diabetes(t=2.31,p=0.02); no difference among young people with depression and diabetes(t=0.80,p=0.43). Females with depression had higher intrinsic religiosity scores than males with depression(t=3.85,p<0.001); no difference in intrinsic religiosity between females and males with diabetes(t=0.99,p=0.32).Positive religious coping was greater among participants with diabetes in the low occupational status(t=2.96,p<0.001) than those in the high occupational status. Conclusion: Religion is indeed a reliable coping method, most commonly used by the elderly and females with depression. Positive religious coping is more common among diabetic patients who are in the low occupational status.

Alteration of the bone tissue material properties in type 1 diabetes mellitus: A Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy study

International audience

Stable Incretin Mimetics Counter Rapid Deterioration of Bone Quality in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.

International audience

Diabetes mellitus among tuberculosis patients: a cross sectional study from Pakistan

Background: The co-occurrence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and tuberculosis (TB) is largely associated with high frequency of morbidity. Objective: To determine the prevalence of DM among TB patients and describe the socio-demographic and behavioral factors associated with TB-DM co-occurrence . Methods: We enrolled 500 TB patients from September, 2014 to August 2015 at four major public sector hospitals of Lahore, Pakistan. A questionnaire was used to collect information regarding associated socio-demographic and behavioral factors of the patients. We monitored the fasting blood sugar of each patient by using a semi automated clinical chemistry analyzer followed by an HbA1c level check of all hyperglycemic patients. Results: The prevalence of TB-DM co-occurrence was 14.8%. The prevalence of TB-DM was higher (62.2%) among males. The >57 year age group had the highest proportion of patients (35.1%), with co-existent TB-DM. Most were illiterate (73.0%) and unemployed (48%). Moreover, among the 74 patients positive for TB-DM had a history of smoking. Age and education level were significantly associated with DM-TB while gender, occupation and smoking were not associated. Conclusion: The study revealed a 14.8% prevalence of DM among TB patients. This was associated with several socio-demographic factors, including age, unemployment, literacy and polluted environment. Thus, poor and unhealthy lifestyles were the factors associated with DM among immunologically compromised individuals due to TB.

Modulation of immune cells and Th1/Th2 cytokines in insulin-treated type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Background: The role of the immune system in insulin resistance associated with type 2 diabetes has been suggested. Objectives: We assessed the profile of Th1/Th2 cytokines along with the frequencies of immune cells in insulin-treated type 2 diabetic patients (T2DP). Methods: 45 T2D patients and 43 age-matched healthy subjects were selected. Serum concentrations of T-helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 cytokines and the frequencies of innate and adaptive immunity cells were assessed. Results: T2DP were hyperglycemic and showed high level of insulin, normal levels of triglycerides and total-cholesterol and without any change in HDL-cholesterol.Compared to healthy subjects, T2DP exhibited significant decreased frequencies of neutrophils, without any change in monocytes, eosinophils and natural killer cells. The percentages of total lymphocytes (CD3+) and CD8+-T-cells decreased whereas those of regulatory T-cells increased without any change in CD4+ T-cells in T2DP. Interestingly, the frequencies of effector CD4+-T and B-cells increased in T2DP. Serum concentrations of IL-2, IFN-γ and IL-4 decreased while IL-10 significantly enhanced in T2DP, suggesting a differentiation of CD4+T helper cells towards IL-10-producing- Teff-cells in these patients. Conclusion: Insulin-treated type 2 diabetes is associated with anti-inflammatory profile consistent with differentiation of CD4+-Th-cells towards IL-10-producing-Teff-cells, concomitant with increased frequencies of Treg and B-cells, and this may probably offer prevention against certain infections or autoimmune/inflammatory diseases.

Use of GLP-1 mimetic in type 2 diabetes mellitus: is it the end of fragility fractures?

International audience

Diabetes mellitus na comunidade do Instituto Politécnico de Bragança: caracterização e conhecimentos

Dada a relevância da Diabetes mellitus (DM) como um problema de saúde pública pretendeu-se caracterizar a DM e o conhecimento na comunidade do Instituto Politécnico de Bragança (IPB). Para tal, desenvolveu-se um estudo descritivo e transversal, com aplicação de um questionário. A prevalência de DM foi de 3,4%. Destes, 30,8% faz uso de insulina e 46,2% de antidiabéticos orais, 61,8% tem antecedentes familiares, 37,0% consome álcool e 36,2% tabaco. A grande maioria (97,7%) diz saber o que é a DM e 69,5% afirmam conhecer a terapêutica. A prevalência de DM é muito baixa e os conhecimentos acerca da doença são razoáveis.

A new stable GIP-Oxyntomodulin hybrid peptide improved bone strength both at the organ and tissue levels in genetically-inherited type 2 diabetes mellitus

International audience

Efecto del ajuste del tratamiento al alta en los resultados a 30 días en los pacientes con diabetes mellitus atendidos por hipoglucemia en un servicio de urgencias hospitalario

Fundamento. Determinar si ajustar el tratamiento antidiabético al alta se relaciona con los resultados a 30 días en los pacientes con diabetes mellitus atendidos por hipoglucemia en un servicio de urgencias (SU). Método. Estudio observacional de cohorte retrospectivo. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes con diabetes mellitus con hipoglucemia dados del alta desde SU entre 2012-2014. La variable resultado fue un evento adverso por cualquier causa a los 30 días. Resultados. El estudio se realizó en 203 pacientes con edad media de 69,7 (DE 18,9) mayoritariamente con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. El diagnóstico de hipoglucemia fue principal en 162 (79%) y se realizó ajuste terapéutico en 98 (48%) casos. El no ajuste de tratamiento fue un factor independiente asociado con un evento adverso a los 30 días (OR=2,82; IC 95%=1,34-5,93; p=0,006). Conclusiones. No ajustar el tratamiento antidiabético al alta del SU podría ser un factor independiente de sufrir un resultado adverso a los 30 días en los pacientes con diabetes mellitus que presentaron hipoglucemia en un SU.