Studies of a Self Cooled Lead Lithium blanket for HiPER Reactor

Within the frame of the HiPER reactor, we propose and study a Self Cooled Lead Lithium blanket with two different cooling arrangements of the system First Wall – Blanket for the HiPER reactor: Integrated First Wall Blanket and Separated First Wall Blanket. We compare the two arrangements in terms of power cycle efficiency, operation flexibility in out-off-normal situations and proper cooling and acceptable corrosion. The Separated First Wall Blanket arrangement is superior in all of them, and it is selected as the advantageous proposal for the HiPER reactor blanket. However, it still has to be improved from the standpoint of proper cooling and corrosion rates

Probabilistic Atlas Based Segmentation Using Affine Moment Descriptors and Graph-Cuts

We show a procedure for constructing a probabilistic atlas based on affine moment descriptors. It uses a normalization procedure over the labeled atlas. The proposed linear registration is defined by closed-form expressions involving only geometric moments. This procedure applies both to atlas construction as atlas-based segmentation. We model the likelihood term for each voxel and each label using parametric or nonparametric distributions and the prior term is determined by applying the vote-rule. The probabilistic atlas is built with the variability of our linear registration. We have two segmentation strategy: a) it applies the proposed affine registration to bring the target image into the coordinate frame of the atlas or b) the probabilistic atlas is non-rigidly aligning with the target image, where the probabilistic atlas is previously aligned to the target image with our affine registration. Finally, we adopt a graph cut - Bayesian framework for implementing the atlas-based segmentation.

Level Set Segmentation with Shape and Appearance Models Using Affine Moment Descriptors

We propose a level set based variational approach that incorporates shape priors into edge-based and region-based models. The evolution of the active contour depends on local and global information. It has been implemented using an efficient narrow band technique. For each boundary pixel we calculate its dynamic according to its gray level, the neighborhood and geometric properties established by training shapes. We also propose a criterion for shape aligning based on affine transformation using an image normalization procedure. Finally, we illustrate the benefits of the our approach on the liver segmentation from CT images.

El caolin y la arena silicea como materiales de construcción

El caolín es una arcilla, blanca procedente de la descomposición de rocas feldespáticas y puede venir mezclada con cuarzo, feldespato y minerales ferruginosos. El caolín que se trata en esta ponencia procede la compañía Caolina, ubicada en Arguisuelas - Cuenca (España). El objetivo es la explotación minera, lavado, concentración y comercialización de caolín y arena silícea, dado que los dos minerales aparecen conjuntamente en la explotación. Caolina explota a cielo abierto su recurso minero, para obtener un producto cuyas características sean aceptadas por grandes fabricantes de porcelana sanitaria y de esmaltes cerámicos. El valor añadido de los productos finales de Caolina se aporta en la planta de tratamiento, mediante procesos de molienda, lavado, cribado, hidrociclonado, filtrado, secado y extrusionado. El caolín es un mineral básico para la fabricación de la porcelana sanitaria y otros materiales cerámicos de construcción tales como baldosas, azulejos, tejas y sus correspondientes esmaltes. En Caolina el principal mercado es la porcelana sanitaria dadas las excelentes propiedades cerámicas del producto. El segundo mineral que se obtiene en Caolina, es un importante material de construcción, la arena silícea. Además de las aplicaciones en la industria de la cerámica, el vidrio y los abrasivos, la arena silícea es un constituyente de morteros y hormigones de alta resistencia a la abrasión. Caolina comercializa su arena silícea fundamentalmente para estos prefabricados de hormigón. Además, la arena silícea presenta muy buenas propiedades como material de construcción drenante y filtrante. El artículo describe detalladamente las aplicaciones del caolín de Caolina en los materiales cerámicos y de construcción

Properties of aluminium nodules foamed with concentrated solar energy

Commercial aluminium foam filled structures and sandwich panels are available for structural applications. As alternative to these materials, small granular foamed pieces are proposed to fill structures as well as sandwich panels. On the present work, foam precursors are obtained by Powder Metallurgy (PM) route, using natural calcium carbonate as foaming agent instead of titanium hydride. Extruded precursor bars were cut into small pieces (around 4.5 mm long and 5mm in diameter). Foaming treatment was carried out on two different ways: electrical preheated furnace and by solar furnace. Foamed nodules presented a low cell size, density e.g. 0.67 g/cm3 to 0.88 g/cm3 and a height/diameter ratio between 0.72 and 0.84 as a function of precursor size. These properties depend on the foaming particle size, foaming cycle and precursor dimensions. Carbonate precursors are easily foamed by concentrated solar energy, due to the lower risk of cell collapse than with hydride precursors, resulting from cell stabilization by oxide skin formation into cells and a low degree of foamed nodules bonding.

Robustness Analysis of Eigenstructure Assignment Controllers on Rigid-Flexible Satellites

Flexible spacecraft with attached solar panels may exhibit undesired vibrations and structural deformations. These types of vehicles show an intrinsic coupling of the elements of the structure. The attitude maneuvers performed by flexible spacecraft may cause non-desired deflections of attached flexible elements. Any attitude and orbit control system generally solves these problems using filters that are designed to attenuate the relative deflections of flexible appendages. In this paper, we propose a method for designing attitude static controllers using an eigenstructure assignment (EA) method. A set of requirements were specified from our understanding of the system modes in an open loop. Exhaustive theoretical and numerical simulations were performed on special cases to verify the controller design procedure. In the design of the controller, we considered all of the aspects that relate to the eigenstructure assignment. The primary objective of this paper is to demonstrate the feasibility of obtaining a high degree of decoupling for some selected modes via the application of an EA method. Finally a robustness analysis is perform to the system together with the designed controller by means of a mu-analysis

Improvement of Mechanical Properties and Life Extension of High Reliability Structural Components by Laser Shock Processing

Profiting by the increasing availability of laser sources delivering intensities above 109 W/cm2 with pulse energies in the range of several Joules and pulse widths in the range of nanoseconds, laser shock processing (LSP) is being consolidating as an effective technology for the improvement of surface mechanical and corrosion resistance properties of metals and is being developed as a practical process amenable to production engineering. The main acknowledged advantage of the laser shock processing technique consists on its capability of inducing a relatively deep compression residual stresses field into metallic alloy pieces allowing an improved mechanical behaviour, explicitly, the life improvement of the treated specimens against wear, crack growth and stress corrosion cracking. Following a short description of the theoretical/computational and experimental methods developed by the authors for the predictive assessment and experimental implementation of LSP treatments, experimental results on the residual stress profiles and associated surface properties modification successfully reached in typical materials (specifically Al and Ti alloys) under different LSP irradiation conditions are presented. In particular, the analysis of the residual stress profiles obtained under different irradiation parameters and the evaluation of the corresponding induced surface properties as roughness and wear resistance are presented.

Morteros históricos de Santa Eulalia de Bóveda (Lugo)

Con el fin de establecer las características composicionales de las muestras de mortero de distinta fases constructivas del templo de Santa Eulalia de Bóveda. El presente escrito expone los resultados obtenidos en laboratorio, presentando especial atención a la relación árido/aglomerante y a la composición del aglomerante, para establecer una correlación estratigráfica de los mismos

Laser Shock Processing: An Emerging Technique for the Enhancement of Surface Properties and Fatigue Life of High Strength Metal Alloys

Profiting by the increasing availability of laser sources delivering intensities above 10 9 W/cm 2 with pulse energies in the range of several Joules and pulse widths in the range of nanoseconds, laser shock processing (LSP) is being consolidating as an effective technology for the improvement of surface mechanical and corrosion resistance properties of metals and is being developed as a practical process amenable to production engineering. The main acknowledged advantage of the laser shock processing technique consists on its capability of inducing a relatively deep compression residual stresses field into metallic alloy pieces allowing an improved mechanical behaviour, explicitly, the life improvement of the treated specimens against wear, crack growth and stress corrosion cracking. Following a short description of the theoretical/computational and experimental methods developed by the authors for the predictive assessment and experimental implementation of LSP treatments, experimental results on the residual stress profiles and associated surface properties modification successfully reached in typical materials (specifically steels and Al and Ti alloys) under different LSP irradiation conditions are presented

A stereological study of synapse number in the epileptic human hippocampus

Hippocampal sclerosis is the most frequent pathology encountered in resected mesial temporal structures from patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Here, we have used stereological methods to compare the overall density of synapses and neurons between non-sclerotic and sclerotic hippocampal tissue obtained by surgical resection from patients with TLE. Specifically, we examined the possible changes in the subiculum and CA1, regions that seem to be critical for the development and/or maintenance of seizures in these patients. We found a remarkable decrease in synaptic and neuronal density in the sclerotic CA1, and while the subiculum from the sclerotic hippocampus did not display changes in synaptic density, the neuronal density was higher. Since the subiculum from the sclerotic hippocampus displays a significant increase in neuronal density, as well as a various other neurochemical changes, we propose that the apparently normal subiculum from the sclerotic hippocampus suffers profound alterations in neuronal circuits at both the molecular and synaptic level that are likely to be critical for the development or maintenance of seizure activity

ESPINA: a tool for the automated segmentation and counting of synapses in large stacks of electron microscopy images

The synapses in the cerebral cortex can be classified into two main types, Gray’s type I and type II, which correspond to asymmetric (mostly glutamatergic excitatory) and symmetric (inhibitory GABAergic) synapses, respectively. Hence, the quantification and identification of their different types and the proportions in which they are found, is extraordinarily important in terms of brain function. The ideal approach to calculate the number of synapses per unit volume is to analyze 3D samples reconstructed from serial sections. However, obtaining serial sections by transmission electron microscopy is an extremely time consuming and technically demanding task. Using focused ion beam/scanning electron microscope microscopy, we recently showed that virtually all synapses can be accurately identified as asymmetric or symmetric synapses when they are visualized, reconstructed, and quantified from large 3D tissue samples obtained in an automated manner. Nevertheless, the analysis, segmentation, and quantification of synapses is still a labor intensive procedure. Thus, novel solutions are currently necessary to deal with the large volume of data that is being generated by automated 3D electron microscopy. Accordingly, we have developed ESPINA, a software tool that performs the automated segmentation and counting of synapses in a reconstructed 3D volume of the cerebral cortex, and that greatly facilitates and accelerates these processes.

Manuales técnicos para la elaboración de huertos de patio sostenible y transformación de la producción en San Jose de Cusmapa (Nicaragua)

El proyecto ha sido realizado dentro del Programa de Proyectos Fin de Carrera para el Desarrollo (PFCD), correspondiente a la IV Convocatoria. Se realizó en el marco del proyecto financiado por la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid,“Reducción de la vulnerabilidad alimentaria de las familias rurales de San José de Cusmapa”. Con el título de “Manuales técnicos para la elaboración dehuertos de patio sostenibles y trasformación de la producción”, elproyecto está formado por tres documentos, la memoria y sus anejos, presupuesto y manuales técnicos diseñados. Este proyecto no sólo tiene el carácter académico de Proyecto Fin de Carrera, sino también, educativo y humano. Es una herramienta para el desarrollo humano, que mediante la educación agronómica (uno de los objetivos específicos), trata de mejorar los índices de desarrollo (objetivo general). Durante el periodo de nueve meses(octubre 2010 a junio 2011) se realizó el trabajo de campo, mediante la recogida de información, aprendizaje de técnicas, ensayos, y otras experiencias vividas. Con los objetivos y el análisis de la situación actual se realizaron tres manuales técnicos, resultado final del proyecto. El primero,recoge las técnicas de elaboración de un huerto y los cultivos que se pueden sembrar. El segundo, está centrado en el control y prevención de plagas y enfermedades. El tercero se divide en dos bloques, el primero de conservación y trasformación de alimentos, de forma casera, y el segundo bloque la importancia de la dieta y la nutrición. Los manuales han sido diseñados para que estén al alcance de las personas que lo necesiten y de las cuales, muchas de ellas, han colaborado en su realización. El compromiso no solo es académico, sino también humano y emocional. El trabajo diario, los ensayos,los errores y aciertos, la convivencia con los beneficiarios y el aprendizaje continuo, me han permitido obtener una educación profesional y social, ayudándome a desarrollarme como persona.

Differential Micro RNA Expression in PBMC from Multiple Sclerosis Patients

Differences in gene expression patterns have been documented not only in Multiple Sclerosis patients versus healthy controls but also in the relapse of the disease. Recently a new gene expression modulator has been identified: the microRNA or miRNA. The aim of this work is to analyze the possible role of miRNAs in multiple sclerosis, focusing on the relapse stage. We have analyzed the expression patterns of 364 miRNAs in PBMC obtained from multiple sclerosis patients in relapse status, in remission status and healthy controls. The expression patterns of the miRNAs with significantly different expression were validated in an independent set of samples. In order to determine the effect of the miRNAs, the expression of some predicted target genes of these were studied by qPCR. Gene interaction networks were constructed in order to obtain a co-expression and multivariate view of the experimental data. The data analysis and later validation reveal that two miRNAs (hsa-miR-18b and hsa-miR-599) may be relevant at the time of relapse and that another miRNA (hsa-miR-96) may be involved in remission. The genes targeted by hsa-miR-96 are involved in immunological pathways as Interleukin signaling and in other pathways as wnt signaling. This work highlights the importance of miRNA expression in the molecular mechanisms implicated in the disease. Moreover, the proposed involvement of these small molecules in multiple sclerosis opens up a new therapeutic approach to explore and highlight some candidate biomarker targets in MS

Una aplicación específica de las IDE: la información aeronáutica

El conjunto de actividades ligadas al transporte aéreo se ha convertido, a nivel global, en una importante fuente de recursos económicos, generación de empleo e incremento de la calidad de vida de los ciudadanos. Sin embargo, la situación crónica de saturación del espacio aéreo y de los propios aeropuertos limita enormemente el potencial crecimiento económico mundial basado en este sector estratégico del transporte. Como efecto colateral de esta saturación, se producen graves daños medioambientales debidos fundamentalmente, a la emisión directa a la atmósfera de mucha mayor cantidad de gases de efecto invernadero de la estrictamente necesaria. La solución al problema no es abordable exclusivamente a través de la construcción de nuevas infraestructuras aeroportuarias o la ampliación de las ya existentes. Los organismos mundiales relacionados con la aviación civil han diagnosticado que la forma anacrónica en la que actualmente se está gestionando la información aeronáutica (IA) impide que los proveedores de servicios de navegación aérea puedan tratar de forma eficiente y segura un mayor volumen de tránsito aéreo en el mismo espacio y lapso de tiempo. En definitiva, se advierte que la actual falta de eficiencia de la gestión de IA constriñe de forma notable el verdadero potencial del sistema aéreo mundial. Para solucionar este problema, se encuentra en marcha un ambicioso programa de trabajo que pretende mejorar la situación actual, dando respuesta a la necesidad de una interoperabilidad mundial desde un punto de vista análogo al que promueven las IDE en otros campos temáticos. Denominado genéricamente transición de AIS (Servicios de Información Aeronáutica) a AIM (Gestión de la Información Aeronáutica), este proceso está liderado por la Organización de Aviación Civil Internacional (OACI), encargada de su tutela y coordinación con los estados para evitar en lo posible evoluciones divergentes. Basada en la futura puesta en marcha de un modelo mundial de intercambio de datos aeronáuticos normalizados, el avance de esta iniciativa está obligando a los servicios AIS a replantearse la forma en la que, hasta el momento, publican y difunden el contenido de las denominadas Publicaciones de Información Aeronáutica (AIP). Todavía hoy (mediados de 2011), las AIS publican su cartografía en formato papel y estos mapas son de uso obligatorio en todos los vuelos de transporte de pasajeros que realicen las compañías aéreas. Aunque nada impide que los pilotos puedan llevar otra información adicional en instrumentos electrónicos propios (ordenadores portátiles, teléfonos, tabletas tipo iPad, y otros), el uso de los mapas en papel sigue siendo obligatorio. Esto arrastra algunas consecuencias relacionadas con su manejo (la cabina del piloto es muy pequeña), con la lectura de los mapas (hay cada vez más información en los mapas), con su actualización (hay que versionar constantemente los mapas para incorporar novedades con el gasto de impresión y distribución que supone) y con otros aspectos que pueden ser fácilmente mejorables por medio de las tecnologías emergentes, como por ejemplo el acceso ubicuo a la información espacial más actual. Entre los cambios que impulsará la iniciativa del cambio de AIS a AIM, está el que los mapas usados por los pilotos y otros técnicos de IA, dejarán de concebirse como productos terminales y cerrados para evolucionar hacia el conocido formato de datos distribuidos e interoperables que auspician las IDE, logrando con ello integrar la información, contenida en la definición de diferentes flujos de trabajo dentro del campo aeronáutico, de forma directa, transparente y eficiente.

Sensitivity of a distributed temperature-radiation index melt model based on AWS observations and surface energy balance fluxes, Hurd Peninsula glaciers, Livingston Island, Antarctica

We use an automatic weather station and surface mass balance dataset spanning four melt seasons collected on Hurd Peninsula Glaciers, South Shetland Islands, to investigate the point surface energy balance, to determine the absolute and relative contribution of the various energy fluxes acting on the glacier surface and to estimate the sensitivity of melt to ambient temperature changes. Long-wave incoming radiation is the main energy source for melt, while short-wave radiation is the most important flux controlling the variation of both seasonal and daily mean surface energy balance. Short-wave and long-wave radiation fluxes do, in general, balance each other, resulting in a high correspondence between daily mean net radiation flux and available melt energy flux. We calibrate a distributed melt model driven by air temperature and an expression for the incoming short-wave radiation. The model is calibrated with the data from one of the melt seasons and validated with the data of the three remaining seasons. The model results deviate at most 140 mm w.e. from the corresponding observations using the glaciological method. The model is very sensitive to changes in ambient temperature: a 0.5 ◦ C increase results in 56 % higher melt rates.