Looking for Determinants of Ontological Security in the Spain of the Crisis

The concept of ontological security has a remarkable echo in the current sociology to describe emotional status of men of late modernity. However, the concept created by Giddens in the eighties has been little used in empirical research covering various sources of risk or uncertainty. In this paper, a scale for ontological security is proposed. To do this, we start from the results of a research focused on the relationship between risk, uncertainty and vulnerability in the context of the economic crisis in Spain. These results were produced through nine focus groups and a telephone survey with standardized questionnaire applied to a national sample of 2,408 individuals over 18 years. This work is divided into three main sections. In the fi rst, a scale has been built from the results of the application of different items present in the questionnaire used. The second part explores the relationships of the scale obtained with the variables further approximate the emotional dimensions of individuals. The third part observes the variables that contribute to changes in the scale: These variables show the structural feature of the ontological security.

Digging up the frequency of phrasal verbs in English for the Police: the case of "up"

The present study focuses on the frequency of phrasal verbs with the particle up in the context of crime and police investigative work. This research emerges from the need to enlarge McCarthy and O’Dell’s (2004) scope from purely criminal behavior to police investigative actions. To do so, we relied on a corpus of 504,124 running words made up of spoken dialogues extracted from the script of the American TV series Castle shown on ABC since 2009. Based on Rudzka-Ostyn’s (2003) cognitive motivations for the particle up, we have identified five different meaning extensions for our phrasal verbs. Drawing from these findings, we have designed pedagogical activities for those L2 learners that study English at the Police Academy.

An Economic Approach to Motor Vehicle Theft

Motor vehicle theft costs dearly to the Australian economy. Conservative estimates have put the annual cost of this form of illegal activity at 654 million during 1996. A number of initiatives aimed at reducing the incidence and cost of car theft have been implemented in recent years, yet statistics indicate that car theft is on the increase. Several authors have proposed an integrated approach to the regulation of markets for stolen property. Understanding property crime as a market is central to identifying approaches to its control. This paper discusses an industry model of crime and develops it on Australian data. Our model is an adaptation of one originally proposed by Vandeale (1978). It considers a production sector that uses inputs from a market of illegal labour to generate a supply of illegal goods that are traded in a product market. These sectors interact with each other and with a criminal justice sector. The model is applied to the analysis of car theft in Queensland.

New challenges for the EU internal security strategy

In recent years, the EU and its member states have experienced a number of changes, as well as challenges, in the areas of politics, economics, security and law. As these areas are interconnected, changes and challenges to any of them have implications for the others, as well as implications for the populations and institutions of the EU or those coming into contact with its international power and influence. This edited collection focuses primarily on security and law, particularly the EU’s internal security strategy. The EU’s Internal Security Strategy, adopted by the Spanish presidency early in 2010, followed the Lisbon Treaty in 2009, building on previous developments within the EU in the Area of Freedom Security and Justice (AFSJ) policy. The focus of the EU Internal Security Strategy is to prevent and combat “serious and organised crime, terrorism and cybercrime, in strengthening the management of our external borders and in building resilience to natural and man-made disasters”. The Internal Security strategy intersects and overlaps with the European Union’s Counter-terrorism strategy, the Strategy for the External Dimension of JHA, and the EU’s Security Strategy. The role of and interaction between these strategies, their supplementing documents, and their implications for crime, victims, the law, political relations, democracy and human rights, form the backdrop against which the chapters in this collection are written. Building on original research by its contributors, this collection comprises work by authors from a wide variety of academic and professional areas and perspectives, as well as different countries, on a variety of areas and issues related to or raised by the EU’s Internal Security Strategy, from intelligence-led policing to human trafficking and port security. This book examines, from a wide variety of disciplinary perspectives including law, geography, politics and practice, both this further refinement of existing internal provisions on cross-border crime, and the increasing external relations of the EU in the AFSJ.

O meio envolvente como fonte de riscos para a delinquência

Projeto de Graduação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de licenciada em Criminologia

Delito y moral en el Coloquio de los perros

[es] En virtud del pensamiento jurídico de la Edad Moderna los conceptos de delito y pecado estaban interrelacionados. Asimismo, las Novelas ejemplares, entre otras obras literarias, reflejan la ideología imperante y concerniente a la necesaria salvaguarda del orden público y religioso. A la luz del derecho criminal castellano, el principal propósito de este ensayo es el análisis de los comportamientos heterodoxos y de los delitos perpetrados por los personajes del Coloquio de los perros. Algunas prácticas ilícitas contempladas son el robo, el amancebamiento y la brujería. [en]In the Early Modern legal thought the concepts of crime and sin were interconnected. Furthermore Exemplary Novels, amongst other literary works, reflect the prevailing ideology concerning to necessary maintenance of public and religious order. In the light of the Castilian criminal law, the main purpose of this essay is the analysis of the heterodox behaviors and the offences perpetrated by the characters in The dialogue of the dogs. Some narrated crimes are theft, concubinage and sorcery.

Vagabundos e criminosos: o trabalho como mecanismo de poder e índice de criminalização no discurso jurídico-penal de reinserção social dos apenados

This study was a critical investigation of the configuration of discourse on work in the Brazilian criminal legal discourse. We problematized the discourse of an alleged reintegrative social function proposed by the criminal legal system and analyzed the role of such discourse in the core of disciplinary power strategies that impose on individuals the honest worker condition as a major criterion for their rehabilitation and return to society as citizens. This critique is our starting point to build the argument that discourse on work as it appears in current criminal legal texts operates more as a criminalization index of those who do not have a lawful occupation than a guarantee of legitimate social transit for convicts and recognition of their dignity. For this purpose, we used as corpus the main sources of Law, namely the Federal Constitution of 1988, the Penal Code, the Penal Execution Law, the Brazilian criminal doctrine and an extensive, more recent penal jurisprudence with regard to techniques of resocialization through work. This critical line enabled us to recognize complexity and plurality of discourses - antagonistic, at times - that build the world of work as portrayed in legal texts. We also sought reference in the discussion on the centrality of work as a formative category of the social being as well as theories that defend the non-centrality of work. Throughout our investigation, we sough to question the very condition of such centrality and to understand the ways in which it was possible to produce a legitimating discourse on work as a model of emancipatory social conduct defended and demanded by the Brazilian punitive system. In a context of precariousness, unemployment and flexibilization of the world of work in contemporary society, convicts hardly ever succeed to resume the identity of honest, hard-working citizens - and no longer offenders. In this context, we also questioned the formulation of a discourse that speaks about human labor as the essence of man and criticizes the Marxist vision that is based on work centrality, and we approached the concept of Michel Foucault, our theoretician of reference, who understands work more as a mechanism of power that promotes the individuals’ submission and adaptation to a goods-producing society than the natural activity of man. We ascribe our study to the field of questions that tackle the political conception of the body as subject to labor imposed as productive and political force. It is about the issue of political technology of individuals, a technology of power, as named by the French author. The intended analysis has not dismissed the material existence of labor relations but sought to discuss the validity of a discourse that considers work the main resource for convict rehabilitation and index for the recognition of dignity and honesty. The Foucauldian discourse analysis was the foundation for the investigation of our object, especially if we understand discourses as social practices with power to institute knowledge and produce truths.

Legal disclosure of childhood sexual abuse: what can professionals tell us?

ABSTRACT: Purpose: This study explores how the decision to disclose Childhood Sexual Abuse (CSA) to the legal setting for adult victims is perceived by key informants, specifically factors that are believed to facilitate or prevent legal disclosure from occurring. Background: Prevalence rates of CSA are high (Pereda, Guilera, Forns & Gomez-Benito, 2009) and the negative consequences caused by the abuse acknowledged (Filipas & Ullman, 2006). Disclosure of this crime is understood to be complex and delayed disclosure recognised (Arata, 1998) but little is known about disclosure to the legal system. Rates of legal disclosure of CSA remain low and the attrition rates high (London, Bruck, Ceci & Shuman, 2005), but investigation and understanding of the contributory factors is rare. Disclosure of CSA to the legal system enables prosecution of the abuser and protection of the victim and others. Method: 10 “key informants” consisting of specialised clinicians working with adult victims of CSA were interviewed. Each informant completed an indepth interview exploring their beliefs about factors that facilitated or prevented adult victims of CSA from disclosing their experience to the legal system. Interviews were transcribed and the qualitative data subjected to Thematic Analysis. Conclusions: Two super-ordinate themes (Legal Disclosures Are Rare: “Why would they do that?” and The Anomalies: Acknowledging that this is a crime) and four sub-ordinate themes emerged from the analysis and an analytical narrative constructed. Themes emphasised the rarity of legal disclosure and the significant number of barriers adult victims of CSA perceive. Implications for clinical practice and future research are outlined.

Segurtasun eza eta delituarekiko beldurra: XXI.mendeko emakumeen ikuspegiak

[EU]Ikerketa honen bidez XXI. Mendeko emakumezkoek sentitzen duten segurtasun-ezaren eragileak zeintzuk diren eta zergatik mantentzen diren jakin nahi da. Segurtasun-ezari buruzko bibliografiarik esanguratsuenaren azterketa egin ondoren, atal teorikoan jaso dira aipagarrienak diren eragile edo faktoreak, ikuspegi makro, meso eta mikro-soziologikoak aplikatuaz. Era berean, atal honen baitan bildu dira fenomenoa generoaren ikuspegitik behatu duten hainbat ikerketen ekarpenak. Atal enpirikoa egikaritzeko, metodologia kualitatiboa erabiliaz sei elkarrizketa egin zaizkie adin desberdinetako sei emakumezkori. Pertsonen hautaketa egiterako orduan bi aldagai hartu dira kontuan: bizilekua (hiri eremua eta herri eremua desberdinduz) eta amatasuna (seme alabak izatea ala ez izatea zehaztuz), parekotasuna bilatu delarik laginaren baitan kolektibo desberdinetako emakumeen esperientziak jaso ahal izateko. Lortutako emaitzak atal teorikoan landutako ikerketekin kontrastatu dira eta amaitzeko, ondorio orokorrei buruzko sintesia egin da etorkizunerako ikuspegiak kontuan hartuz.

A extensibilidade da competência própria dos OPC no inquérito, instrução e julgamento.

As medidas cautelares e de polícia podem ser encaradas como um direito de primeira intervenção, uma vez que permitem a actuação dos órgãos de polícia criminal logo após terem obtido conhecimento da notícia do crime, mas a priori da intervenção das autoridades judiciárias. Como são um espaço de iniciativa própria dos órgãos de polícia criminal, mesmo depois da intervenção das autoridades judiciárias, em que estes podem aplicar medidas que contendem com os direitos fundamentais dos cidadãos, importa esclarecer os limites da extensibilidade da sua competência própria ao longo do processo penal. O n.º 3 do artigo 249.º do Código de Processo Penal indica de forma vaga que “mesmo após a intervenção da autoridade judiciária, cabe aos órgãos de polícia criminal assegurar novos meios de prova de que tiverem conhecimento, sem prejuízo de deverem dar deles notícia imediata àquela autoridade”, mas não especifica em que fase processual (ou fases processuais) é aplicável, nem a que tipo de meios de prova se refere. A ambiguidade da norma pode conduzir a interpretações que violem princípios constitucionais a que a Polícia, enquanto órgão da Administração Pública, deve obedecer na sua actuação, pelo que urge esclarecer o alcance do n.º 3 do artigo 249.º do Código de Processo Penal.

O impacto da urbanização na violência : Contraste urbano e rural

A urbanização mais recente em Portugal caracterizou-se por uma bipolarização concentrada em Lisboa e no Porto acompanhada também pelo crescimento de população ao longo do litoral norte e por fim pelo crescimento de algumas cidades mais pequenas. A construção de habitações sociais para albergar famílias mais carenciadas e com dificuldades económicas veio acompanhada também, ao longo do tempo, por um crescimento da violência urbana. Contudo, pode-se constatar que a criminalidade violenta e grave tem diminuído, pelo menos desde 2010. Este estudo tem o objetivo de descrever as diferenças existentes na criminalidade entre uma área predominantemente urbana e outra área predominantemente rural entre 2010 e 2015 com a finalidade de perceber o que existe nas áreas urbanas que não existe nas áreas rurais, para poder estabelecer uma relação com a criminalidade violenta e grave em ambientes urbanos. Para tal, foi calculada a taxa de criminalidade violenta e grave da área do Subdestacamento Territorial de Alcabideche e do Posto Territorial de Merceana, para perceber a incidência criminal deste fenómeno no período de estudo. Foram também conduzidos inquéritos por entrevista a comandantes e militares responsáveis pela investigação criminal em ambos os locais que exerceram funções entre 2010 e 2015. Chegou-se à conclusão que a criminalidade violenta e grave é bastante mais significativa nas áreas urbanas e a principal causa e fonte da maior parte desta criminalidade poderão ser os bairros de habitação social, no caso de Alcabideche, que albergam algumas pessoas de famílias desestruturadas, onde se concentram muitos indivíduos num mesmo local que poderão praticar crimes, nomeadamente, a crimes violentos e graves.

Représentations identitaires chez un homme ayant purgé une longue peine : aspects stables et mobiles

Nombre de recherches portent sur la question de l’abandon de la délinquance et du processus de désistance qui la précède. Bien que les angles d’approche soient diversifiés, elles s’entendent pour dire que ce processus implique des changements sociaux autant que personnels. Ce mémoire s’est intéressé à la question des changements identitaires chez des individus qui avaient été condamnés à une longue peine d’emprisonnement et qui ont obtenu leur libération conditionnelle totale. Le principal objectif de ce mémoire est de comprendre en quoi les aspects permanents de l’identité et ceux qui sont modifiables sont à l’œuvre dans la trajectoire de changement d’un homme condamné à perpétuité pour meurtre et qui a obtenu sa libération conditionnelle totale. La méthode qualitative qu’est le récit de vie, et selon une perspective phénoménologique, a été utilisée afin d’atteindre les objectifs de cette recherche. Un homme condamné à une sentence de prison à vie, mais ayant obtenu sa libération totale a été rencontré en dix entretiens en profondeur d’une durée d’une heure à une heure et demie. Nous avons choisi de procéder à un nombre élevé d’entretiens de type semi-directifs afin de permettre l’approfondissement des propos de l’individu rencontré. Les résultats suggèrent que certaines représentations de l’identité restent stables dans le temps alors que d’autres se transforment au fil de la trajectoire de vie. En effet, de l’analyse du récit de vie de l’individu se dégagent deux représentations stables, qui marquent durablement l’identité de ce dernier dans sa trajectoire de vie, et quatre modifiables, qui se sont développées au cours de sa détention. Les résultats montrent aussi que les représentations stables semblent intervenir autant dans le processus criminogène que dans celui de la désistance.

Comment les médias couvrent-ils les causes de justice? : l'affaire Guy Turcotte sous la loupe.

Les médias n’offrent pas une réflexion objective des évènements et de la société. Ils emploient plutôt des cadres afin de construire la nouvelle. Les journaux suivent un style de contenu axé sur le marché, ce qui résulte entre autres en la construction d’une « histoire » pouvant mieux rejoindre leurs lectorats. Bien que des études sur la représentation des crimes et criminels dans les médias soient nombreuses, celles portant sur la représentation du système judiciaire sont plutôt rares. Ce mémoire cherche à comprendre comment les médias ont présenté le système judiciaire lors des procédures intentées contre Guy Turcotte, un procès durant lequel le système judiciaire a été fortement discuté et critiqué. Cette affaire judiciaire a été reprise par plusieurs politiciens pour proposer des réformes populistes misant sur des modifications de notre système de justice ou visant une plus grande sévérité face à ce type de crime. Le présent mémoire cherche à vérifier si les médias ont contribué à ce populisme pénal en utilisant des stratégies populistes lors de la présentation de l’affaire judiciaire. De manière plus précise, le mémoire décrit comment les aspects judiciaires et légaux sont représentés dans les médias, et ce, grâce à des analyses quantitatives et qualitatives effectuées sur 239 articles publiés entre 2009 et 2012 dans le Journal de Montréal (JM) et La Presse (LP). Ces journaux sont reconnus pour avoir des lignes éditoriales différentes et un lectorat distinct. Le mémoire analyse le contenu des articles de journaux et cherche à différencier les stratégies de présentation utilisées par les médias selon la période judiciaire (avant, pendant ou après procès) et le type de journal. Le contenu des articles est analysé à travers le prisme des théories sur les stratégies de populisme pénal retrouvées dans les discours politiques. Ces analyses mettent en lumière la présence de stratégies telles que l’emploi d’émotion, les simplifications excessives, le discrédit des experts et la polarisation, lesquelles sont davantage mises de l’avant dans le Journal de Montréal et en l’absence de nouvelles informations (durant la période après le procès). Les analyses révèlent également que les médias ont parfois recours à des stratégies que l’on qualifie d’anti-populistes, comme ce fut le cas pour La Presse, qui a proposé une couverture médiatique de cette affaire qui rompt avec plusieurs des stratégies associées au populisme pénal.