De l'antiquarisme a l'arqueologia. La protecció del patrimoni històric i arqueològic a la província de Girona (1835-1876)

The first protective activities of historical and archaeological heritage in the province of Girona (Catalonia, Spain), although some earlier precedents, were produced from the third decade of the nineteenth century. These arose as a reaction to this terrible destruction suffered as a result of the introduction of the liberal state and the disappearance of several regular orders. Preservationists actions were carried out by some pseudo-public entities, which acted at the request of local authorities. These entities include the the Diputación Arqueológica, the Sociedad de Amigos del País and the Comisión de Monumentos. These corporations, with significant human and economic constraints, began activities as important as the beginning of the excavations of the site of Ampurias, the formation of a provincial museum in Girona and the restoration of the monastery of Ripoll.

A national security strategy for England: Matthew Sutcliffe, the Earl of Essex, and the Cadiz Expedition of 1596

The English cleric Matthew Sutcliffe arguably produced the first comprehensive security concept in history. It had at its centre the war between England and Spain (1585-1604), and Sutcliffe advocated taking the war to the Iberian Peninsula to seize Philip II's main Atlantic ports, rather than remaining satisfied with the indirect combat of Spain in Flanders, defensive action against naval attacks on England and the guerre de course on Spanish shipping at sea. This approach seems to be at the heart of Essex's 1596 naval campaing against Spanish ports, which foundered on the bureaucratic politics of the Elizabethan government.

-Borgardöttrar eller bonntöser? : En social rekryteringsstudie av eleverna vid Falu folkskollärarinneseminarium under perioden 1876-1948

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka det sociala rekryteringsmönstret bland kvinnliga elever vid Falu folkskollärarinneseminarium under perioden 1876-1948. Källmaterialet utgörs av uppgifter om faderns yrke hämtade ur seminariets matriklar. Uppsatsen syftar också till att jämföra resultatet med en liknande kartläggning av de manliga seminaristerna vid Karlstads folkskollärarseminarium, detta för att söka utröna huruvida den vedertagna uppfattningen om skillnaderna i socialt rekryteringsmönster mellan könen stämmer. Resultatet visar att de kvinnliga seminaristerna kom från skilda sociala förhållanden. Även om flertalet rekryterades ur samhällets mellanskikt, så hade anmärkningsvärt många jordbruks- eller arbetarbakgrund, framför allt under undersökningsperiodens tidigare skede. Vidare framkom att folkskollärarna, såväl kvinnliga som manliga, i första hand rekryterades ur vad som i undersökningen benämns som Socialgrupp 2. Vissa olikheter mellan de två seminarierna kunde dock påvisas, vilket kan förklara tidigare forsknings ställningstaganden. De mest påtagliga var, att kvinnorna oftare hade fäder som var egna företagare eller tjänstemän, medan de manliga seminaristerna i större utsträckning kom från lantbrukar- eller arbetarhem.

Sarah Ida Levine Scrapbook

Sarah Ida Levine was born in 1872 and died on June 12, 1934. This scrapbook contains photographs, obituary, a story of Sarah's life by her great-great-granddaughter, scans of various documents, deeds, bills of sale, and also includes biographical information on Sarah's brother, Johnny "Dutch" Levine (1876[?] or 1881[?] - 1950), on their father "Tati" and his sister, Annie Henki Cook, on the Abraham Philip branch of the Levine family, on some Shiro family history, as well as some Wolman/Rosenthal/Saperstein history.