Cambio estructural para la igualdad: una visión integrada del desarrollo. Trigésimo cuarto período de sesiones de la CEPAL

Este documento forma parte de la "Trilogía de la Igualdad"

为平等的结构改变 综合发展

In today's complex and changing global context, the Latin American and Caribbean region must persevere, more than ever, in three directions: structural change to underpin progress towards more knowledge-intensive sectors, convergence to reduce internal and external gaps in income and productivity, and equality of rights. This is the integrated approach proposed by ECLAC as a route towards the development the region needs. This implies tackling three major challenges: to achieve high and sustained rates of growth so as to close structural gaps and generate quality jobs; to change consumption and production patterns in the context of a genuine technological revolution with environmental sustainability; and to guarantee equality on the basis of greater convergence in the production structure, with universal social protection and capacity-building. Such an endeavour requires the return of politics and of the State's role in promoting investment and growth, redistribution and regulation with a view to structural change for equality, through industrial, macroeconomic, social and labour policies. These are some of the key proposals of Structural Change for Equality: An Integrated Approach to Development, which ECLAC will present to its member States at the thirty-fourth session of the Commission (San Salvador, August 2012). The proposals in that document, which is summarized here, deepen and broaden the ideas set forth in Time for equality: closing gaps, opening trails, aiming towards sustainable development with equality and taking into account the diverse national conditions across the region.

O olhar das muito idosas de Piumhi-MG acerca do Programa de Saúde da Família

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Política de cuidados en El Salvador: opciones, metas y desafíos

Este estudio aborda las discusiones conceptuales y las oportunidades y desafíos institucionales para la construcción de una política integrada de cuidados en El Salvador, realizando un diagnóstico sociodemográfico de las necesidades de cuidado para las distintas poblaciones destinatarias y planteando recomendaciones para contribuir al debate interinstitucional, actualmente en marcha, sobre esta política en El Salvador.

Hacia la construcción de pactos para la autonomía económica de las mujeres: la experiencia de Costa Rica, El Salvador, Panamá y el Perú

El presente estudio proporciona un análisis de los procesos desarrollados en Costa Rica, El Salvador, Panamá y el Perú entre 2013 y 2014 para establecer diálogos y construir acuerdos en torno a la autonomía económica de las mujeres, y ofrece una reflexión sobre algunos elementos comunes entre las cuatro experiencias. El análisis busca identificar, de manera preliminar, las condiciones necesarias para el establecimiento e implementación de acuerdos y pactos que pueden tener resultados concretos para alcanzar la autonomía de las mujeres, así como para garantizar sus derechos en la esfera económica.

¿Quién cuida en la ciudad? Oportunidades y propuestas en Montevideo (Uruguay)

El presente estudio pretende contribuir al debate sobre políticas de cuidados enfocando la mirada en las ciudades latinoamericanas, en esta ocasión específicamente en Montevideo. A partir del diagnóstico cuantitativo de la situación socioeconómica de las y los habitantes de Montevideo, y del análisis de las competencias de la administración local en términos de oferta de servicios de cuidado para niños y niñas, personas adultas mayores y personas con alguna discapacidad, se proporcionan recomendaciones para la planificación, la formulación e implementación de políticas urbanas a corto y mediano plazo.

Produção e percepção das vogais e das fricativas /θ/ e /ð/ da língua inglesa por alunos de um curso de Letras

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Um estudo sobre o enfrentamento de pessoas com deficiências físicas e mentais no mundo do trabalho

Pós-graduação em Serviço Social - FCHS

Prevalência de tracoma entre escolares brasileiros

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência e descrever a distribuição do tracoma entre escolares em municípios brasileiros. MÉTODOS: Estudo de corte transversal, usando amostragem por conglomerados, da população escolar dos municípios brasileiros com Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano-Municipal menor que a média nacional. O inquérito de prevalência de tracoma foi realizado pelo Ministério da Saúde entre 2002 e 2007. Foram selecionados 119.531 alunos de 2.270 escolas localizadas em 1.156 municípios. Os alunos foram submetidos ao exame ocular externo, com lupa (2,5X), para detecção de sinais clínicos de tracoma segundo critérios da OMS. Estimou-se a prevalência de tracoma segundo estado e em nível nacional, e seus respectivos intervalos de 95% de confi ança. Para a comparação de variáveis categóricas foram usados os testes do Qui-quadrado e do Qui-quadrado de tendência linear. RESULTADOS: Foram detectados 6.030 casos de tracoma, resultando em prevalência de 5,0% (IC95% 4,5;5,4). Não foi encontrada diferença signifi cante entre os sexos. A prevalência de tracoma foi de 8,2% entre menores de cinco anos de idade, diminuindo nas faixas etárias mais altas (p < 0,01). Houve diferença signifi cante entre as prevalências de tracoma na zona urbana e rural, 4,3% versus 6,2%, respectivamente (p < 0,01). Foram detectados casos em 901 municípios (77,7% da amostra), em todas as regiões do País. Em 36,8% dos municípios selecionados a prevalência foi superior a 5%. CONCLUSÕES: O estudo mostra que o tracoma é um importante problema de saúde pública no Brasil, contradizendo a crença de que a endemia estaria controlada no País. O inquérito realizado apresenta uma linha de base para avaliação das intervenções planejadas com vistas ao alcance da meta mundial de certifi cação da eliminação do tracoma como causa de cegueira no Brasil, até 2020.

Accuratezza nella diagnosi prenatale di malformazione fetale

OBJECTIVE: One major problem in counselling couples with a prenatal diagnosis of a correctable fetal anomaly is the ability to exclude associated malformations that may modify the prognosis. Our aim was to assess the precision of fetal sonography in identifying isolated malformations. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the prenatal and postnatal records of our center for cases with a prenatal diagnosis of an isolated fetal anomaly in the period 2002-2007. RESULTS: The antenatal diagnosis of an isolated malformation was made in 284 cases. In one of this cases the anomaly disappeared in utero. Of the remaining cases, the prenatal diagnosis was confirmed after birth in 251 (88.7%). In 8 fetuses (7 with a suspected coarctation of the aorta, 1 with ventricular septal defect) the prenatal diagnosis was not confirmed. In 24 fetuses (8.5%) additional malformations were detected at postnatal or post-mortem. In 16 of these cases the anomalies were mild or would not have changed the prognosis. In 8 cases (2.8%) severe anomalies were present (1 hypoplasia of the corpus callosum with ventriculomegaly, 1 tracheal agenesis, 3 cases with multiple anomalies, 1 Opitz Syndrome, 1 with CHARGE Syndrome, 1 COFS Syndrome). Two of these infants died. CONCLUSIONS: the prenatal diagnosis of an isolated fetal anomaly is highly reliable. However, the probability that additional malformations will go undetected albeit small remains tangible. In our experience, it was 2.8%.

Ärztliche Haltung zur Komplementärmedizin in der Region Burgdorf

Hintergrund: Komplementärmedizinische Methoden sind in der Schweiz seit langem sehr beliebt. Gemäss den Schweizerischen Gesundheitsbefragungen 2002/2007 lassen sich mehr als 30% der Bevölkerung über 15 Jahren innerhalb eines Jahres komplementärmedizinisch behandeln. Auf Lebensfrist steigt diese Zahl auf 63.4%. Eine aktuelle Untersuchung der KIKOM zeigt, dass ca. 30% der befragten Grundversorgern in der ganzen Schweiz mehr als einmal pro Woche von Patienten nach Komplementärmedizin gefragt werden. Dieselbe Studie zeigt, dass ein Grossteil der befragten Grundversorger selber Komplementärmedizin anbieten oder Patienten für komplementärmedizinische Behandlungen überweisen. Zur Einstellung von Ärzten gegenüber Komplementärmedizin existieren viele Studien. Kaum untersucht ist bisher, ob und wie sich die Haltung von Spitalärzten und zuweisenden Ärzten nach Einrichtung eines Ambulatoriums/Konsiliartätigkeit mit Komplementärmedizin ändert. Fragestellung Wie ist die Haltung gegenüber Komplementärmedizin bei den Ärzten in der Region Burgdorf (Spital Burgdorf, zuweisende Ärzte) vor der Einrichtung einer Sprechstunden-/Konsiliartätigkeit von drei komplementärmedizinischen Methoden (Akupunktur/TCM, Anthroposophische Medizin, Klassische Homöopathie) am Spital Burgdorf und wie ist die Haltung nach einem Jahr und nach zwei Jahren? Methode: Mittels eines Fragebogens werden Meinung und Entschiedenheit dieser Aussage gegenüber Komplementärmedizin und ganzheitlichem Heilungsverständnis erfasst. Der Fragebogen steht Online zur Verfügung und wird zusätzlich allen Ärzten per Post zugeschickt. Die erste Befragung Ende 2010/Anfangs 2011 dient der Erhebung der Ausgangsdaten vor der Aufnahme der Sprechstundentätigkeit. In jährlichen Abständen wird die Umfrage wiederholt. Ergebnis: Von 170 verschickten Fragebogen wurden 6 nicht zugestellt. Lediglich 5 Teilnehmer haben den Fragebogen online ausgefüllt. 43 Fragebogen kamen spontan zurück. Nach telefonischem und schriftlichem Reminder konnten nochmals 26 Fragebogen eingeholt werden. Die Rücklaufquote beträgt damit 45% (74 von 164). Die weiteren Resultate sind in der Auswertung und werden im August zur Verfügung stehen.

Risk attribution of Campylobacter infection by age group using exposure modelling

Knowledge on the relative importance of alternative sources of human campylobacteriosis is important in order to implement effective disease prevention measures. The objective of this study was to assess the relative importance of three key exposure pathways (travelling abroad, poultry meat, pet contact) for different patient age groups in Switzerland. With a stochastic exposure model data on Campylobacter incidence for the years 2002-2007 were linked with data for the three exposure pathways and the results of a case-control study. Mean values for the population attributable fractions (PAF) over all age groups and years were 27% (95% CI 17-39) for poultry consumption, 27% (95% CI 22-32) for travelling abroad, 8% (95% CI 6-9) for pet contact and 39% (95% CI 25-50) for other risk factors. This model provided robust results when using data available for Switzerland, but the uncertainties remained high. The output of the model could be improved if more accurate input data are available to estimate the infection rate per exposure. In particular, the relatively high proportion of cases attributed to 'other risk factors' requires further attention.

Hodgkin lymphoma in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) risk is elevated among persons infected with HIV (PHIV) and has been suggested to have increased in the era of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). Among 14,606 PHIV followed more than 20 years in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS), determinants of HL were investigated using 2 different approaches, namely, a cohort and nested case-control study, estimating hazard ratios (HRs) and matched odds ratios, respectively. Forty-seven incident HL cases occurred during 84,611 person-years of SHCS follow-up. HL risk was significantly higher among men having sex with men (HR vs intravenous drug users = 2.44, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13-5.24) but did not vary by calendar period (HR for 2002-2007 vs 1995 or earlier = 0.65, 95% CI, 0.29-1.44) or cART use (HR vs nonusers = 1.02, 95% CI, 0.53-1.94). HL risk tended to increase with declining CD4(+) cell counts, but these differences were not significant. A lower CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio at SHCS enrollment or 1 to 2 years before HL diagnosis, however, was significantly associated with increased HL risk. In conclusion, HL risk does not appear to be increasing in recent years or among PHIV using cART in Switzerland, and there was no evidence that HL risk should be increased in the setting of improved immunity.