An evaluation of the Cypress Creek watershed for inorganic chemical load as it flows into Lake Houston

Background. The Cypress Creek is one of the main tributaries of Lake Houston, which provides drinking water to 21.4 million customers. Furthermore, the watershed is being utilized for contact and non-contact recreation, such as canoeing, swimming, hiking trail, and picnics. Water along the creek is impacted by numerous wastewater outfalls from both point and non-point sources. As the creek flows into Lake Houston, it carries both organic and inorganic contaminants that may affect the drinking water quality of this important water source reservoir. Objective. This study was carried out to evaluate the inorganic chemical load of the water in Cypress Creek along its entire length, from the headwaters in Waller County and up to the drainage into Lake Houston. The purpose was to determine whether there are hazardous concentrations of metals in the water and what would be the likely sources. Method. Samples were collected at 29 sites along the creek and analyzed for 29 metals, 17 of which were on the Environmental Protection Agency priority pollution list. Public access sites primarily at bridges were used for sample collection. Samples were transported on ice to the University Of Texas School Of Public Health laboratory, spiked with 2 ml HNO3 kept overnight in the refrigerator, and the following day transported to the EPA laboratory for analysis. Analysis was done by EPA Method 200.7-ICP, Method 200.8ICP/MS and Method 245.1-CVAAS. Results. Metals were present above the detection limits at 65% of sites. Concentrations of aluminum, iron, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium, were particularly high at all sites. Aluminum, sodium, and iron concentrations greatly exceeded the EPA secondary drinking water standards at all sites. ^ Conclusion. The recreational water along Cypress Creek is impacted by wastewater from both permitted and non-permitted outfalls, which deposit inorganic substances into the water. Although a number of inorganic contaminants were present in the water, toxic metals regulated by the EPA were mostly below the recommended limits. However, high concentrations of aluminum, sodium, and iron in the Cypress Creek bring forward the issue of unauthorized discharges of salt water from mining, as well as industrial and domestic wastewater.^

Influence of Crop Load on Tree Growth, Yield, and Fruit Quality of Scab Resistant Apples at Harvest

Apple scab, caused by Venturia inaequalis, is a major disease affecting apple production. Breeding programs have developed over 30 releases of scab-resistant cultivars since 1970 with recent ones having much improved quality. Redfree and GoldRush are from a cooperative breeding program involving Purdue, Rutgers, and Illinois universities while Liberty was introduced from the Cornell University breeding program. For these cultivars to gain better acceptance, more information is needed on their cropping capacities and the effect of crop load on fruit quality attributes. Our study was conducted to determine the relationship between increasing crop load on tree growth, fruit size, and fruit quality variables of the three cultivars under Iowa conditions.

Calidad del agua en el área regadía del Río Mendoza (Argentina)

El río Mendoza conforma el oasis norte que es el más importante de la provincia. El crecimiento urbano ha avanzado sobre áreas originalmente agrícolas, rodeando la red de canales y desagües, que también recibe los desagües pluviales urbanos, producto de tormentas convectivas. La actividad antropogénica utiliza el recurso para bebida, saneamiento, riego, recreación, etc., y vuelca sus excedentes a la red, contaminándola. Para conocer la calidad del agua de esta cuenca se seleccionaron, estratégicamente, 15 sitios de muestreo: 3 a lo largo del río y a partir del dique derivador Cipolletti (R_I a R_III), 5 en la red de canales (C_I a C_V) y 7 ubicados en los colectores de drenaje (D_I a D_VII). Se realizaron los siguientes análisis físico-químicos y microbiológicos; en el río y en la red de canales: conductividad eléctrica, temperatura, pH, aniones y cationes (cálculo de RAS), oxígeno disuelto (OD), sólidos sedimentables, demanda química de oxígeno (DQO), bacterias aerobias mesófilas (BAM), coliformes totales y fecales y metales pesados. En la red de drenaje sólo se realizaron los cuatro primeros. Los resultados de los análisis, se incorporaron a una base de datos y se sometieron a un análisis estadístico descriptivo e inferencial. Este último consistió en la aplicación de diversas pruebas en busca de posibles diferencias entre los sitios de muestreo, para cada variable respuesta, a un α = 0.05. Se realizó el análisis de la varianza de efectos fijos y de efectos aleatorios y se probaron los supuestos de homocedasticidad y de normalidad de los errores. En el caso de violación de los supuestos, se utilizó la prueba de Kruskal- Wallis. Se compararon los siguientes sitios de muestreo entre sí: ríos, R_I-canales y drenajes. Se concluyó que hay un aumento significativo de la salinidad y la sodicidad en R_II, que los cambios de calidad ocurridos entre R_II y R_III podrían deberse al aporte de otras aguas. Con respecto a la comparación de los parámetros entre la cabeza del sistema (R_I) y la red de canales se puede decir que los aportes realizados por los escurrimientos urbanos ubicados hacia el oeste del canal Cacique Guaymallén, sumados a los vuelcos de Campo Espejo (detectados en C_II), incrementan significativamente la salinidad (+55 %) y sodicidad del agua (+95 %) respecto del punto R_I, aunque el valor de sodicidad sigue siendo bajo. También se han encontrado incrementos de salinidad (+80 %), de DQO (+1159 %) y BAM (+2873 %) con lógica disminución de OD (-58 %) en el punto C_V (canal Auxiliar Tulumaya) respecto del punto R_I, ocasionados por aportes urbanos (Gran Mendoza) sumados a la carga contaminante del canal Pescara. Los metales pesados no presentan grandes diferencias entre sitios de muestreo.

Remediation of feedlot effluents using aquatic plants

Feedlots have increased in several regions of Argentina, particularly in the Pampas. The absence of adequate treatments of the effluents produced in these establishments creates serious problems to the society. Phytoremediation can be defined as inexpensive and environmentally sustainable strategy used to remove pollutants by plants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the remediation potential of two macrophyte species (Eichhornia crassipes and Hydrocotyle ranunculoides) on a feedlot effluent. This effluent was treated with these species for 31 days. Control and macrophyte treatments decreased dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), Kjeldahl nitrogen (Kj N), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved salts (TDS), total phosphorus (TP), Pb, Zn and Cr levels. At macrophyte treatments, relatively constant pH levels were kept and decreased EC and TDS values were obtained compared to control, mitigating the release of contaminants and potential greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Moreover, significant increases in biomass were obtained, being higher in E. crassipes. The results allow concluding that the presence of aquatic plants increases the removal rates of nutrients, organic matter and heavy metals from wastewater in approximately 10-17 days for a feedlot effluent with high organic load.

Survival of Atlantic cod larvae from the Barents Sea and the Western Baltic sea due to ocean acidification from two experiments

The data show the survival data of Atlantic cod larvae from two different stocks, which were measured in two separate experiments in Kristineberg, Sweden in 2013 on the Western Baltic stock and in Tromsö, Norway in 2014 on the Barents Sea stock. Survival was measured as a response to ocean acidification, control tanks were kept at ambient CO2 concentrations. CO2 concentrations and feeding concentrations are also provided.

Planktonic foraminifera and their stable isotope record of MICNESS samples off Cape Cod

Monthly samples of stratified plankton tows taken from the slope waters off Cape Cod nearly 25 years ago are used to describe the seasonal succession of planktonic foraminifera and their oxygen isotope ratios. The 15°C seasonal cycle of sea surface temperature (SST) accounts for a diverse mixture of tropical to subpolar species. Summer samples include various Globigerinoides and Neogloboquadrina dutertrei, whereas winter and early spring species include Globigerina bulloides and Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (dextral). Globorotalia inflata lives all year but at varying water depths. Compared with the fauna in 1960-1961 (described by R. Cifelli), our samples seem warmer. Because sea surface salinity varies little during the year, d18O is mostly a function of SST. Throughout the year, there are always species present with d18O close to the calculated isotopic equilibrium of carbonate with surface seawater. This raises the possibility that seasonality can be estimated directly from the range of d18O in a sediment sample provided that the d18O-salinity relationship is the same as today.