Stabilities of ternary carbides UWC1.75 and UWC2

The methane-hydrogen gas equilibration technique has been used to measure the chemical potential of carbon associated with two three-phase fields of the system U-W-C in the temperature range 973 to 1173 K. By combining the values of the chemical potential of carbon in the three-phase fields UC + W + UWC1.75 and UC + UWC1.75 + UWC2 Obtained in this study with the data on the Gibbs energy of formation of UC available in the literature, expressions for the Gibbs energies of formation of the two ternary carbides were derived: Delta(f)G degrees [UWC1.75] = -131, 600 - 300 T (+/-8000) J mol(-1) Delta(f)G degrees [UWC2] = -144, 800 - 32.0 T (+/- 10,000) J mol(-1) Although estimates of Gibbs energies of formation of the two ternary carbides TSWC1.75 and UWC2 have been reported, there have been no previous experimental determinations of thermodynamic properties of these compounds.

Microstructure and high-temperature wear and oxidation resistance of laser clad gamma/W2C/TiC composite coatings on gamma-TiAl intermetallic alloy

There are very strong interests in improving the high-temperature wear resistance of the y-TiAl intermetallic alloy, especially when applied as tribological moving components. In this paper, microstructure, high-temperature dry sliding wear at 600 degrees C and isothermal oxidation at 1000 degrees C on ambient air of laser clad gamma/W2C/TiC composite coatings with different constitution of Ni-Cr-W-C precursor mixed powders on TiAl alloy substrates have been investigated. The results show that microstructure of the laser fabricated composite coatings possess non-equilibrium microstructure consisting of the matrix of nickel-base solid solution gamma-NiCrAl and reinforcements of TiC, W2C and M23C6 carbides. Higher wear resistance than the original TiAl alloy is achieved in the composite coatings under high-temperature wear test conditions. However, the oxidation resistance of the laser clad gamma/W2C/TiC composite coatings is deceased. The corresponding mechanisms resulting in the above behaviors of the laser clad composite coatings are discussed. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Simple phenomenological determination of contact stiffness and elastic modulus of Ce-based bulk metallic glasses through nanoindentation

The viscoelastic deformation of Ce-based bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) with low glass transition temperature is investigated at room temperature. Contact stiffness and elastic modulus of Ce-based BMGs cannot be derived using the conventional Oliver-Pharr method [W. C. Oliver and G. M. Pharr, J. Mater. Res. 7, 1564 (1992)]. The present work shows that the time dependent displacement of unloading segments can be described well by a generalized Kelvin model. Thus, a modified Oliver-Pharr method is proposed to evaluate the contact stiffness and elastic modulus, which does, in fact, reproduce the values obtained via uniaxial compression tests. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics.

纤维和颗粒增强复合材料中的裂纹扩展

颗粒和纤维增强复合材料中的裂纹扩展,是用双扭试件(Double—Torsion)在扫描电子显微镜下,直接观察裂纹扩展,并同时进行力学测量的方法来进行研究的。这些结果加深了对裂纹尖端应变场、裂纹扩展机理和影响复合材料韧性因素等的理解。

Flood of September 20-23, 1969 in the Gadsden County area, Florida

The center of low pressure of a tropical disturbance which moved northward in the Gulf of Mexico, reached land between Panama City and Port St. Joe, Florida, on September 20, 1969. This system was nearly stationary for 48 hours producing heavy rainfall in the Quincy-Havana area, 70-80 miles northeast of the center. Rainfall associated with the tropical disturbance exceeded 20 inches over a part of Gadsden County, Florida, during September 20 through 23, 1969, and the maximum rainfall of record occurred at Quincy with 10.87 inches during a 6-hour period on September 21. The 48-hour maximum of 17.71 inches exceeded the 1 in 100-year probability of 16 inches for a 7-day period. The previous maximum rainfall of record at Quincy (more than 12 inches) was on September 14-15, 1924. The characteristics of this historical storm were similar in path and effect to the September 1969 tropical disturbance. Peak runoff from a 1.4-square mile area near Midway, Florida, was 1,540 cfs (cubic feet per second) per square mile. A peak discharge of 45,600 cfs on September 22 at the gaging station on the Little River near Quincy exceeded the previous peak of 25,400 cfs which occurred on December 4, 1964. The peak discharge of 89,400 cfs at Ochlockonee River near Bloxham exceeded the April 1948 peak of 50,200 cfs, which was the previous maximum of record, by 1.8 times. Many flood-measurement sites had peak discharges in excess of that of a 50-year flood. Nearly $200,000 was spent on emergency repairs to roads. An additional $520,000 in contractual work was required to replace four bridges that were destroyed. Agricultural losses were estimated at $1,000,000. (44 page document)

A schematic analysis and discussion of species taken by otter trawl net by the research vessel Orion from July, 1965 to June 1966 in the Chesapeake Bay and major tributaries

From July 1965 to June 1964 the Natural Resources Institute's Research Vessel ORION took 16 minute tows with a forty (40) foot otter trawl net at 38 selected locations in Chesapeake Bay from the south of the Potomac River to Turkey Point at the head of the Bay and including some tributaries. Shallow and deep hauls were taken at most stations with depths ranging from 5 to 140 feet. A schematic summary of the 54 different species caught was compared with "Fishes of the Chesapeake Bay" by S. F. Hildebrand and W. C. Schroeder. Sixteen species including five not contained in the above references were selected for discussion. (PDF contains 21 pages)

Species and size relationships within schools of yellowfin and skipjack tuna as indicated by catches in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean

ENGLISH: Yellowfin tuna, Neothunnus macropterus, and skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, are fished intensively off the west coast of the Americas in an area from about the California-Mexico border in the north to the Peru-Chile border in the south. The historical development of this fishery, and its expansion by the long-range California fleets of bait and purse-seine vessels, are well documented by Godsil (1938), Scofield (1951) and Shimada and Sehaefer (1956). The quarterly distribution of the tuna catches within this area has been reported for some recent years by Alverson (1959). SPANISH: Los atunes aleta amarilla, Neothunnus macropterus, y barrilete, Katsuwonus pelamis, son pescados con intensidad frente a la costa occidental del continente americano, en un área comprendida más o menos entre la frontera California-México en el norte y el límite Perú-Chile en el sur. El desarrollo histórico de esta pesquería y la expansión que le han dado las flotas californianas de largo radio de acción, formadas por los barcos de carnada y rederos, están bien documentados por Godsil (1938), Scofield (1951) y Shimada y Schaefer (1956). La distribución trimestral de las pescas de atún dentro de esta área ha sido tratada por Alverson (1959) con referencia a años recientes.

Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus, Purse Seine Fishery, 1972-84, with a brief discussion of age and size composition of the Landings

This report summarizes (I) annual purse seine landings of Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus, for 1972-84, (2) estimated numbers of fish caught by fishing area. (3) estimates of nominal fishing effort and catch-per-unit-effort, (4) mean fish length and weight, and (5) major changes in the fishery. During the 1970s stock size and recruitment increased and the age composition broadened. reversing trends witnessed during the fishery's decline in the 1960s. Landings steadily improved and by 1980 the total coast wide landings exceeded 400,000 metric tons. Nevertheless, the character of the fishery changed considerably. Eleven reduction plants processed fish at seven ports in 1972, but in 1984 only eight plants operated at live ports. Beginning in the mid-1960s the center of fishing aclivity shifted from the Middle Atlantic area to the Chesapeake Bay area, which has continued to dominate the fishery in landings and effort through the 1970s and 1980s. During this period the average size and age of fish in the catches declined. (PDF file contains 30 pages.)

Taxonomy of North American fish Eimeriidae

Taxonomic descriptions, line drawings, and references are given for the 30 named and 5 unnamed species of North American fish Eimeriidae. In addition, a key was developed based on available morphologic data to distinguish between similar species. Taxa are divided into two genera: Eimeria (27 species) which are tetr&sporocystic with dizoic, nonbivalved sporocysts, and Goussia (3 species) which are tetrasporocystic with dizoic, bivalved sporocysts that lack Stleda bodies and have sporocyst walls composed of two longitudinal valves. (PDF file contains 24 pages.)

航天器编队飞行的动力学解析分析与阵形设计研究

随着微电子、微机械技术的进步，现代航天器逐渐向体积小、重量轻的趋势发展。结构的轻型化和小型化使得微小航天器在制造和发射上的成本大大降低，同时也使得微小航天器难以独立携带复杂的载O如何开发和利用多颗微小航天器的集群功能来完成复杂的航天任务已日趋成为各航天机构的研究热点，航天器编队飞行即是在这种背景下应运而生的。所谓航天器编队飞行，是指若干颗航天器在整个任务期间都按一定的几何形状排列和飞行，以实现资源共享、信息共享，共同完成某一特定功能。研究表明，航天器编队飞行可用于实现多种功能，如绕飞监视、天基合成孔径雷达、天基干涉仪、电子侦察及卫星导航等。诚然，若人为地施加燃料控制，航天器群可以实现所有的几何构型，然而付出的代价是巨大的。本文立足于最大限度地利用航天器的自然轨道特征，而非通过不断消耗燃料的方法实现航天器群的编队飞行。航天器编队飞行实质上对于航天器群的相对运动提出了一定的约束条件，因此充分地研究两航天器之间的相对运动是进行航天器编队设计的理论基础。然而，这一理论基础与航天器编队飞行所需结论之间仍存在很远的距离。本文在航天器相对运动的理论基础上，通过解析分析的方法研究了航天器编队飞行所需解决的一系列问题，例如：如何选择可行的编队阵形，如何在满足编队飞行约束条件下，进行航天器群的轨道设计。首先，本文在不考虑摄动力情况下，建立了两个航天器相对运动的微分方程，并得到了描述两航天器相对运动的解析解；其次，针对目前文献广泛应用的C-w���程及其解进行了理论分析，指出C-W���程解应用于编队飞行设计的局限性，即只能适用于近圆轨道近距离航天器的编队飞行设计；针对实际航天应用中常遇到的椭圆轨道航天器编队及远距离航天器编队，本文从相对运动解析解出发，经过一系列的数学推导与分析，导出了相应的编队设计公式；然后，本文考虑了环境摄动力如地球非球形摄动力、大气阻力、太阳光压力、第三引力体引力对于编队阵形的影响，以及摄动力情况下编队阵形的保持问题；最后，以卫星导航应用为例，利用本文导出的远距离编队公式设计了我国领土范围内的区域连续导航卫星系统，通过与目前的北斗卫星导航系统相比较，充分展示了航天器编队飞行的特点与应用优势。本文的创新之处体现在如下几方面：1、从理论上分析了目前广泛应用于编队飞行研究的C-W���程及其解的适用范围和局限性。2、将航天器编队飞行设计从近距离拓展至远距离，并针对名义航天器运行于圆轨道的情况，导出了名义航天器飞行方向远距离编队设计公式和大偏心率大相对倾角远距离编队设计公式。3、针对名义航天器运行于任意偏心率椭圆轨道，推导出近距离编队设计公式，并提出了5种新型编队阵形。4、首次在频域范围内研究航天器相对运动规律，突破了一般轨道参数法将航天器相对运动轨迹在近圆轨道近距离范围内进行泰勒展开的传统思路。