The capillary supply of human skeletal muscle in health and disease

BACKGROUND: Capillaries function to provide a surface area for nutrient and waste exchange with cells. The capillary supply of skeletal muscle is highly organized, and therefore, represents an excellent choice to study factors regulating diffusion. Muscle is comprised of three specific fibre types, each with specific contractile and metabolic characteristics, which influence the capillary supply of a given muscle; in addition, both environmental and genetic factors influence the capillary supply, including aging, physical training, and various disease processes. OBJECTIVE: The present study was undertaken to develop and assess the functionality of a data base, from which virtual experiments can be conducted on the capillary supply of human muscle, and the adaptations of the capillary bed in muscle to various perturbations. METHODS: To create the database, an extensive search of the literature was conducted using various search engines, and the three key words - "capillary, muscle, and human". This search yielded 169 papers from which the data for the 46 variables on the capillary supply and fibre characteristics of muscle were extracted for inclusion in the database. A series of statistical analyses (ANOVA) were done on the capillary database to examine differences in skeletal muscle capillarization and fibre characteristics between young and old individuals, between healthy and diseased individuals, and between untrained, endurance trained, endurance welltrained, and resistance trained individuals, using SAS. RESULTS: There was a significantly higher capillarization in the young compared to the old individuals, in the healthy compared to the diseased individuals, and in the endurance-trained and endurance well-trained compared to the untrained individuals. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study support the conclusion that the capillary supply of skeletal muscle is closely regulated by factors aimed at optimizing oxygen and nutrient supply and/or waste removal in response to changes in muscle mass and/or metabolic activity.

Measurement of forces between and within bilayers of neutral phospholipids

Phospholipids in water form lamellar phases made up of alternating layers of water and bimolecular lipid leaflets. Three complementary methods, osmotic, mechanical, and vapour pressures, were used to measure the work of removing water from lamellar phases composed of frozen dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine ( DPPC ), melted DPPC, egg phosphatidylethanolamine or equimolar mixtures of DPPC and cholesterol ( DPPC/CHOL ), Concurrently the structural changes that resulted from this water removal were measured using X-ray diffraction. The work was divided into that which forces the bilayers together ( F ) and that which compresses the molecules together within the bilayers ( F )# A large repulsive force exists between bilayers composed of each of the lipids studied and this force increases exponentially as bilayer separation is decreased. F is affected by the nature of the head groups, conformation of the acyl chains and heterogeneity of these chains. In general all of the melted phosphatidylcholines ( melted DPPC, egg lecithin and DPPC/CHOL ) have large equilibrium separations in excess water resulting from large repulsive hydration forces between these bilayers. By comparison, egg PE has an increased attractive force, and frozen DPPC has a decreased hydration force; each results in smaller separations in water for these two lipids. The chemical potentials of the water between the bilayers for all these lipids lie on a continuum, indicating that interbilayer water cannot be characterized by two discrete states, usually referred to as "bound" or "non**bound". For all lipids studied a maximum of 25 % of the total work done on the system goes into deforming the bilayers. The method used here viii to separate repulsion from deformation, developed for us by v. A. Parsegian, provides a unique method for the measurement of lateral pressure of a bilayer and its modulus of deformability ( Y ). Lateral pressure is affected by the nature of the head group, conformation and heterogeneity of the acyl chains. For small changes in molecular surface area ( A ) near equilibrium, both melted and frozen DPPC have similar values for the deformability modulus. Thus in this regime it requires about the same force to change the angle of tilt of frozen chains as it does to compress the fluid bilayer. The introduction of cholesterol into bilayers of DPPC reduces dramatically the lateral pressure of the bilayers over a large range of molecular surface areas ( A ). The variation in the magnitude of bilayer repulsion with different phospholipids provides a basis for the mechanism of lipid segregation in mixed lipid systems and suggests that interacting heterogeneous membranes may influence or modulate the composition of the opposing membrane. The measurements of deformabilities of bilayers provides a direct comparison of them with the properties of monolayers.

Synthesis of nanoporous materials for preconcentration and determination of trace elements by ICP-AES ; Investigation and elimination of the memory effects of mercury, gold, silver and boron in ICP-AES

Nanoporous materials with large surface area and well-ordered pore structure have been synthesized. Thiol groups were grafted on the materials' surface to make heavy metal ion pre-concentration media. The adsorption properties ofthe materials were explored. Mercury, gold and silver can be strongly adsorbed by these materials, even in the presence of alkaline earth metal ion. Though the materials can adsorb other heavy metal ions such as lead and copper, they show differential adsorption ability when several ions are present in solution. The adsorption sequence is: mercury> == silver> copper » lead and cadmium. In the second part of this work, the memory effects of mercury, gold, silver and boron were investigated. The addition of 2% L-cysteine and 1% thiourea eliminates the problems of the three metal ions completely. The wash-out time for mercury dropped from more than 20 minutes to 18 seconds, and the wash-out time for gold decreased from more than 30 minutes to 49 seconds. The memory effect of boron can be reduced by the use of mannitol.

Properties and algorithms of the hyper-star graph and its related graphs

The hyper-star interconnection network was proposed in 2002 to overcome the drawbacks of the hypercube and its variations concerning the network cost, which is defined by the product of the degree and the diameter. Some properties of the graph such as connectivity, symmetry properties, embedding properties have been studied by other researchers, routing and broadcasting algorithms have also been designed. This thesis studies the hyper-star graph from both the topological and algorithmic point of view. For the topological properties, we try to establish relationships between hyper-star graphs with other known graphs. We also give a formal equation for the surface area of the graph. Another topological property we are interested in is the Hamiltonicity problem of this graph. For the algorithms, we design an all-port broadcasting algorithm and a single-port neighbourhood broadcasting algorithm for the regular form of the hyper-star graphs. These algorithms are both optimal time-wise. Furthermore, we prove that the folded hyper-star, a variation of the hyper-star, to be maixmally fault-tolerant.

Larval habitat associations with human land uses, roads, rivers, and land cover for Anopheles albimanus, A. pseudopunctipennis, and A. punctimacula (Diptera: Culicidae) in coastal and highland Ecuador

Larval habitat for three highland Anopheles species: Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann, Anopheles pseudopunctipennis Theobald, and Anopheles punctimacula Dyar and Knab was related to human land uses, rivers, roads, and remotely sensed land cover classifications in the western Ecuadorian Andes. Of the five commonly observed human land uses, cattle pasture (n = 30) provided potentially suitable habitat for A. punctimacula and A. albimanus in less than 14% of sites, and was related in a principal components analysis (PCA) to the presence of macrophyte vegetation, greater surface area, clarity, and algae cover. Empty lots (n = 30) were related in the PCA to incident sunlight and provided potential habitat for A. pseudopunctipennis and A. albimanus in less than 14% of sites. The other land uses surveyed (banana, sugarcane, and mixed tree plantations; n = 28, 21, 25, respectively) provided very little standing water that could potentially be used for larval habitat. River edges and eddies (n = 41) were associated with greater clarity, depth, temperature, and algae cover, which provide potentially suitable habitat for A. albimanus in 58% of sites and A. pseudopunctipennis in 29% of sites. Road-associated water bodies (n = 38) provided potential habitat for A. punctimacula in 44% of sites and A. albimanus in 26% of sites surveyed. Species collection localities were compared to land cover classifications using Geographic Information Systems software. All three mosquito species were associated more often with the category “closed/open broadleaved evergreen and/or semi-deciduous forests” than expected (P ≤ 0.01 in all cases), given such a habitat’s abundance. This study provides evidence that specific human land uses create habitat for potential malaria vectors in highland regions of the Andes.

L’intégration du milieu naturel dans l’aménagement de quartiers de banlieue : le cas du Faubourg de la Pointe-aux-Prairies, Montréal

Les nombreux exemples réussis où l’aménagement du territoire intègre des milieux naturels nous ont amenée à nous questionner sur les techniques d’intégration des milieux naturels et les outils de planification disponibles au Québec. La présente recherche porte sur le volet environnemental du projet résidentiel le Faubourg de la Pointe-aux-Prairies à Montréal (FPP) situé dans l’Arrondissement Pointe-aux-Trembles/Rivière-des-Prairies/Montréal est. Un premier objectif relié aux résultats nous a permis d’analyser le taux de succès du quartier FPP à intégrer efficacement des préoccupations environnementales concernant la mise en valeur des milieux naturels. En nous basant sur le taux de conservation, l’intégrité écologique et les témoignages des intervenants de la Ville de Montréal, nous avons déterminé que le plan d’aménagement du projet présente un bilan environnemental mitigé. Un second objectif relié aux processus nous a permis de déterminer si les outils sollicités pendant la conception et la mise en œuvre du projet ont facilité l’intégration des milieux naturels. En nous basant sur les outils d’encadrement et proactifs utilisés tout au long de la mise en oeuvre, nous avons déterminé que ceux-ci sont inadaptés à certaines situations. La non intégration des milieux protégés dans les outils de planification, la destruction des milieux aquatiques avec l’accord du Ministère de l’environnement (MDDEP), le manque de vérification des ententes lors de l’attribution des certificats d’autorisation, l'absence de protection des milieux naturels terrestres et la difficulté d’évaluer les bénéfices économiques de l’intégration de la nature ont été les défis majeurs observés.

Implication du récepteur aux cannabinoïdes CB2 dans le développement de la voie rétinothalamique

Durant le développement du système visuel, les cellules ganglionnaires de la rétine (CGRs) envoient des axones qui seront influencés par divers signaux guidant leur cône de croissance, permettant ainsi la navigation des axones vers leurs cibles terminales. Les endocannabinoïdes, des dérivés lipidiques activant les récepteurs aux cannabinoides (CB1 et CB2), sont présents de manière importante au cours du développement. Nous avons démontré que le récepteur CB2 est exprimé à différents points du tractus visuel durant le développement du hamster. L’injection d’agonistes et d’agonistes inverses pour le récepteur CB2 a modifié l’aire du cône de croissance et le nombre de filopodes présents à sa surface. De plus, l’injection d’un gradient d’agoniste du récepteur CB2 produit la répulsion du cône de croissance tandis qu’un analogue de l’AMPc (db-AMPc) produit son attraction. Les effets du récepteur CB2 sur le cône de croissance sont produits en modulant l’activité de la protéine kinase A(PKA), influençant la présence à la membrane cellulaire d’un récepteur à la nétrine-1 nommé Deleted in Colorectal Cancer (DCC). Notamment, pour que le récepteur CB2 puisse moduler le guidage du cône de croissance, la présence fonctionnelle du récepteur DCC est essentielle.. Suite à une injection intra-occulaire d’un agoniste inverse du récepteur CB2, nous avons remarqué une augmentation de la longueur des branches collatérales des axones rétiniens au niveau du LTN (noyau lateral terminal). Nous avons également remarqué une diminution de la ségrégation des projections ganglionnaires au niveau du dLGN, le noyau genouillé lateral dorsal, chez les animaux transgéniques cnr2-/-, ayant le gène codant pour le récepteur CB2 inactif. Nos données suggèrent l’implication des endocannabinoïdes et de leur récepteur CB2 dans la modulation des processus de navigation axonale et de ségrégation lors du développement du système visuel.

The left atrial ganglionated plexus : its function and pathways relative to atrial fibrillation surgery

Le système nerveux autonome cardiaque est devenu une cible dans les thérapies ablatives de la fibrillation auriculaire. Nous avons étudié les voies de communication et la fonction des plexus ganglionnaires (PG) de l'oreillette gauche (PGOG) afin de clarifier la validité physiopathologique des méthodes de détection et des thérapies impliquant ces groupes de neuronnes. Méthodes: Vingt-deux chiens ont subi une double thoracotomie et ont été instrumentés avec des plaques auriculaires épidcardiques de multiélectrodes. Une stimulation électrique (2 mA, 15 Hz) des PGOG a été réalisée à l'état basal et successivement après: 1) une décentralisation vagale, 2) l'ablation par radiofréquence des plexus péri-aortiques et de la veine cave supérieure (Ao/VCS) et 3) l'ablation du PG de l'oreillette droite (PGOD). Ces procédures de dénervation ont été réalisées suivant une séquence antérograde (n = 17) ou rétrograde (n = 5). Résultats: Chez 17 des 22 animaux, la stimulation des PGOG a induit une bradycardie sinusale (149 ± 34 bpm vs 136 ± 28 bpm, p < 0.002) et des changements de repolarization (ΔREPOL) auriculaires isointégrales. Dans le groupe des ablations antérogrades, les réponses aux stimulations vagales ont été supprimées suite à la décentralisation vagale chez un seul animal, par l'ablation des plexus Ao/VCS dans 4 cas et par l'ablation du PGOG dans 5 autres animaux. Des changements ont persisté tout au long chez 2 chiens. La valeur de surface des ΔREPOL a diminué avec les dénervations séquentielles, passant de 365 ± 252 mm2 en basale à 53 ± 106 mm2 après l'ablation du PGOD (p < 0.03). Dans le groupe de dénervation rétrograde, les changements de repolarisation et chronotropiques ont été supprimés suite à l'ablation du PGOD chez deux chiens et suite à l'ablation Ao/VCS chez trois. La valeur de surface du ΔREPOL a aussi diminué après l'ablation du PGOD (269±144mm2 vs 124±158mm2, p<0.05). Conclusion: Les PGOD sont identifiables en préablation par la réponse bradycardique à la stimulation directe dans la plupart des cas. Le PGOD semble former la principale, mais non la seule, voie de communication avec le nœud sinusal. Ces résultats pourraient avoir des implications dans le traitement de la FA par méthodes ablatives.

Morphologic evaluation of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm by 3D modeling

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Les effets de la stimulation électrique transcrânienne à courant direct appliquée au cortex somatosensoriel primaire sur la perception vibrotactile

La stimulation électrique transcrânienne à courant direct (tDCS) est une technique non invasive de neuromodulation qui modifie l’excitabilité corticale via deux grosses électrodes de surface. Les effets dépendent de la polarité du courant, anodique = augmentation de l’excitabilité corticale et cathodique = diminution. Chez l’humain, il n’existe pas de consensus sur des effets de la tDCS appliquée au cortex somatosensoriel primaire (S1) sur la perception somesthésique. Nous avons étudié la perception vibrotactile (20 Hz, amplitudes variées) sur le majeur avant, pendant et après la tDCS appliquée au S1 controlatéral (anodale, a; cathodale, c; sham, s). Notre hypothèse « shift-gain » a prédit une diminution des seuils de détection et de discrimination pour la tDCS-a (déplacement vers la gauche de la courbe stimulus-réponse et une augmentation de sa pente). On attendait les effets opposés avec la tDCS-c, soit une augmentation des seuils (déplacement à droite et diminution de la pente). Chez la majorité des participants, des diminutions des seuils ont été observées pendant et immédiatement suivant la tDCS-a (1 mA, 20 min) en comparaison à la stimulation sham. Les effets n’étaient plus présents 30 min plus tard. Une diminution du seuil de discrimination a également été observée pendant, mais non après la tDCS-c (aucun effet pour détection). Nos résultats supportent notre hypothèse, uniquement pour la tDCS-a. Une suite logique serait d’étudier si des séances répétées de tDCS-a mènent à des améliorations durables sur la perception tactile. Ceci serait bénéfique pour la réadaptation sensorielle (ex. suite à un accident vasculaire cérébral).

Studies On Supported Cobalt (Ii), Nickel (Ii) and Copper (Ii) Complexes Of O-Phenylenediamine and Schiff Bases Derived from 3-Hydroxyquinoxaline-2-Carboxaldehyde

The thesis deals with the synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity studies of supported cobalt(ii), nickel(II) and copper(II) complexes of O-phenylenediamine and Schiff bases derived from 3-hydroxyquinoxaline -2-carboxaldehyde. Zeolite encapsulation and polymer anchoring was employed for supporting the complexes. The characterization techniques proved that the encapsulation as well as polymer supporting has been successfully achieved. The catalytic activity studies revealed that the activities of the simple complexes are improved upon encapsulation. Various characterization techniques are used such as, chemical analysis, EPR, magnetic measurements, FTIR studies, thermal analysis, electronic spectra, XRD, SEM, surface area, and GC.The present study indicated that the that the mechanism of oxidation of catechol and DTBC by hydrogen peroxide is not altered by the change in the coordination sphere around the metal ion due to encapsulation. This fact suggests outer sphere mechanism for the reactions. The catalytic activity by zeolite encapsulated complex was found to be slower than that by the neat complex. The slowing down of the reaction in the zeolite case is probably due to the constraint imposed by the zeolite framework. The rate of DTBC ( 3,5-di-tert-butylchatechol)oxidation was found to be greater than the rate of catechol oxidation. This is obviously due to the presence of electron donating tertiary butyl groups.

Investigations on Some Titania Supported Catalysts

Titania is a versatile metal oxide with multiple applications. Titania supported catalysts are reported to be much more active compared to conventional silica or alumina supported ones in some reactions. TiO2 (anatase) having high surface area, with better crystallinity and high onset temperature of rutilation can be prepared by thermal hydrolysis of titanyl sulfate solution under controlled conditions. Calcinations at 350oC for 6 hrs were necessary to crystallize anatase. Method of preparation and percentage of the loaded metal oxides have greater influence on surface area. Drastic decrease in surface area was observed upon rutilation. Rutilation started at different temperatures depending on the metal oxide and the method of preparation. TiO2 should be characterized with high surface area, phase purity and high onset temperature of rutilation.Which should be well above the optimum temperature of a designated reaction in which it is employed as a catalyst. Variation in physical properties, depending upon the method of preparation is greater in TiO2 supported catalysts. Methanation activity was found to be highly dependent on nickel concentration present on the surface of the pellets. The methanation activity is strongly influenced by support material. The rate and turn over frequency of methanation and toluene oxidation activity of these catalysts are also equally important from an industrial point of view.

Sol-Gel Nanocrystalline Catalytic Titania Powders and Functional Coatings

In the present work Titania bulk powders and coatings were prepared by subjecting titanium isopropoxide solution to a controlled hydrolysis-condensation process. The powders were characterized using techniques such as FTIR for their chemical interactions, TG-DTA for the thermal decomposition features, XRD for the phase assemblage, BET specific surface area analysis for the textural features. The study discusses the preparation methods and the characterization techniques employed and a detailed discussion on the physico-chemical characterization of the prepared systems. The influence of dopants and leaching on the physico-chemical properties as well as their influence on photo activity is also included. The structural/functional coatings of different Titania compositions includes in this study. Coatings on pre-treated glass surfaces with the best compositions prepared showed 90 % transmittance in the visible region.

Studies on Some Simple and Zeolite-Y Encapsulated 3d-Transition Metal Complexes of Schiff Bases Derived From 2-Aminobenzothiazole

In this regard Schiff base complexes have attracted wide attention. Furthermore, such complexes are found to play important role in analytical chemistry, organic synthesis, metallurgy, refining of metals, electroplating and photography. Many Schiff base complexes are reported in literature. Their properties depend on the nature of the metal ion as well as on the nature of the ligand. By altering the ligands it is possible to obtain desired electronic environment around the metal ion. Thus there is a continuing interest in the synthesis of simple and zeolite encapsulated Schiff base complexes of metal ions. Zeolites have a number of striking structural similarities to the protein portion of natural enzymes. Zeolite based catalysts are known for their remarkable ability of mimicking the chemistry of biological systems. In view of the importance of catalysts in all the areas of modern chemical industries, an effort has been made to synthesize some simple Schiff base complexes, heterogenize them by encapsulating within the supercages of zeoliteY cavities and to study their applications. The thesis deals with studies on the synthesis and characterization of some simple and zeoliteY encapsulated Mn(II), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes and on the catalytic activity of these complexes on some oxidation reactions. Simple complexes were prepared from the Schiff base ligands SBT derived from 2-aminobenzothiazole and salicylaldehyde and the ligand VBT derived from 2-aminobenzothiazole and vanillin (4-hydroxy-3- methoxybenzaldehyde). ZeoliteY encapsulated Mn(II), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes of Schiff base ligands SBT and VBT and also of 2-aminobenzothiazole were synthesized. All the prepared complexes were characterized using the physico-chemical techniques such as chemical analysis (employing AAS and CHN analyses), magnetic moment studies, conductance measurements and electronic and FTIR spectra. EPR spectra of the Cu(II) complexes were also carried out to know the probable structures and nature of Cu(II) complexes. Thermogravimetric analyses were carried out to obtain the information regarding the thermal stability of various complexes. The successful encapsulations of the complexes within the cavities of zeoliteY were ascertained by XRD, surface area and pore volume analysis. Assignments of geometries of simple and zeoliteY encapsulated complexes are given in all the cases. Both simple and zeoliteY encapsulated complexes were screened for catalytic activity towards oxidation reactions such as decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, oxidation of benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol and cyclohexanol.

Zeolite-encapsulated Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes as catalysts for partial oxidation of benzyl alcohol and ethylbenzene

Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes of dimethylglyoxime and N,N-ethylenebis(7-methylsalicylideneamine) have been synthesized in situ in Y zeolite by the reaction of ion-exchanged metal ions with the flexible ligand molecules that had diffused into the cavities. The hybrid materials obtained have been characterized by elemental analysis, SEM, XRD, surface area, pore volume, magnetic moment, FTIR, UV-Vis and EPR techniques. Analysis of data indicates the formation of complexes in the pores without affecting the zeolite framework structure, the absence of any extraneous species and the geometry of encapsulated complexes. The catalytic activities for hydrogen peroxide decomposition and oxidation of benzyl alcohol and ethylbenzene of zeolite complexes are reported. Zeolite Cu(II) complexes were found to be more active than the corresponding Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes for oxidation reactions. The catalytic properties of the complexes are influenced by their geometry and by the steric environment of the active sites. Zeolite complexes are stable enough to be reused and are suitable to be utilized as partial oxidation catalysts.