Análise de falhas em martelos oscilantes dos desfibradores da indústria sucroalcooleira da Região Norte-Nordeste

The failure of materials is always an unwelcome event for several reasons: human lives are put in danger, economic losses, and interference in the availability of products and services. Although the causes of failures and behaviour of materials can be known, the prevention of such a condition is difficult to be guaranteed. Among the failures, wear abrasion by the low voltage is the kind of failure that occurs in more equipment and parts industry. The Plants Sucroalcooleiras suffer significant losses because of such attrition, this fact that motivated their choice for the development of this work. For both, were considered failures in the swing hammers desfibradores stopped soon after the exchange provided in accordance with tonnage of cane processed, then were analyzed by the level of wear testing of rubber wheel defined by the standard ASTM G65-91.The failures were classified as to the origin of the cause and mechanism, moreover, were prepared with samples of welding procedures according to ASME code, sec. IX as well, using the technique of thermal spraying to analyze the performance of these materials produced in laboratories, and compares them with the solder used in the plant. It was observed that the bodies-of-proof prepared by the procedure described as welding, and the thermal spraying the results of losing weight have been minimized significantly compared to the preparations in the plant. This is because the use of techniques more appropriate and more controlled conditions of the parameters of welding. As for the thermal spraying, this technique has presented a satisfactory result, but requires the use of these coatings in the best condition for real affirmation of the results

Análise e avaliação dos elementos de penetração no solo de equipamentos rodoviários após revestimento

The main objective is to analyze the abrasive wear resistance to the low stress of the elements that make up the organs of road machinery that are exposed directly to contact with abrasives. These samples were analyzed after these elements are coated superficially by the process of welding electrode coated with (SAER) and the manual process of coating type LVOF thermal spraying. As well, is to provide suggestions for a better recovery and return of these elements, which are reducing costs and avoiding downtime in the fronts of service. The samples were made from a substrate of carbon ABNT 1045 tempered steel, following the same specifications and composition of metals and alloys of constituents was followed the standard governing the dimensions of these samples and in accordance with the corresponding size. The results were evaluated by testing the hardness, abrasion resistance to wear by the low stress and the loss of volume involving the microstructure of coatings analyzed

Avaliação do desempenho do aço AISI D2 tratado termicamente e nitretado em plasma com gaiola catódica visando aplicação industrial

In the research, steel samples tool AISI D2, treated thermally, in the conditions: relief of tension, when maximum, seasoned and seasoned was treated thermally in the temperature of revenimento and revenida had been nitrited in plasma with cathodic cage, in atmosphere of 80%N2:20%H2. One used pressure of 2,5 mbar, 400 and 480°C temperatures with treatment time of 3 and 4 hours, with the objective to evaluate its performance in pipes cut tool. It was compared that the performance of the same steel when only thermally treated, both with tension relief. It was evaluated its hardness. Microstructural aspects (the layer thickness, interface, graisn size, etc) and crystalline phases on the surface. Besides, it was verified accomplishment possibility of nitriding simultaneous to annealing treatment. The tempering samples had presented hardness levels of 600 HV, while in nitrited samples these values had been 1100 HV

Investigación de rasgos temperamentales de los estudiantes de medicina de Cuenca, tomo II

Doctor en Medicina y Cirugía

Investigación de rasgos temperamentales de los estudiantes de medicina de Cuenca, tomo I

Doctor en Medicina y Cirugía

Nitretação em plasma com gaiola catódica: investigação do mecanismo e estudo comparativo com a nitretação em plasma de tensão contínua

The ionic plasma nitriding is one of the most important plasma assisted treatment technique for surface modification, but it presents some inherent problems mainly in nitriding pieces with complex geometries. In the last four years has appeared a plasma nitriding technique, named ASPN (Active Screen Plasma Nitriding) in which the samples and the workload are surrounded by a metal screen on which the cathodic potential is applied. This new technique makes possible to obtain a perfect uniform nitrided layer apart from the shape of the samples. The present work is based on the development of a new nitriding plasma technique named CCPN (Cathodic Cage Plasma Nitriding) Patent PI 0603213-3 derived from ASPN, but utilizes the hollow cathode effect to increase the nitriding process efficiency. That technique has shown great improvement on the treatment of several types of steels under different process conditions, producing thicker and harder layers when compared with both, ASPN and ionic plasma nitriding, besides eliminating problems associated with the later technique. The best obtained results are due to the hollow cathode effect on the cage holes. Moreover, characteristic problems of ionic plasma nitriding are eliminated due to the fact that the luminescent discharge acts on the cage wall instead of on the samples surface, which remains under a floating potential. In this work the enhancement of the cathodic cage nitriding layers proprieties, under several conditions for some types of steels was investigated, besides the mechanism for nitrides deposition on glass substrate, concluding that the CCPN is both a diffusion and a deposition process at the same time

Urban dynamics evaluation of Envigado city

This article presents the methodological conceptualization and the main results of a System Dynamics model, which main objective is to support the housing policies in the city of Envigado -- The used methodology developed a scenario-based model to emulate the approximate evolution of the housing demand and supply for the city, using a scenario of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and a housing authorization strategy as input -- Diverse results were obtained, for instance it was found that due to the soil availability, the housing supply reaches the saturation point between 2040 and 2046 -- Finally this article could be considered as an example of how academic tools such as System Dynamics can be used by decisions makers in the government

Desenvolvimento de um protótipo para análise dinâmica da dureza de superfícies metálicas

In this paper we developed a prototype for dynamic and quantitative analysis of the hardness of metal surfaces by penetration tests. It consists of a micro-indenter which is driven by a gear system driven by three-rectified. The sample to be tested is placed on a table that contains a load cell that measures the deformation in the sample during the penetration of micro-indenter. With this prototype it is possible to measure the elastic deformation of the material obtained by calculating the depth of penetration in the sample from the difference of turns between the start of load application to the application of the load test and return the indenter until the complete termination of load application. To determine the hardness was used to measure the depth of plastic deformation. We used 7 types of steel trade to test the apparatus. There was a dispersion of less than 10% for five measurements made on each sample and a good agreement with the values of firmness provided by the manufacturers.

Convenio Especifico de Cooperación con la Facultad Ciencias de la Hospitalidad de la Universidad de Cuenca, Ecuador, y el Centro de Estudios Multidisciplinarios del Turismo de la Universidad de Camagüey, Cuba

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Estudo da viabilidade técnica para obtenção de superfície duplex em aço inoxidável martensítico AISI 410 através do processo de deposição a plasma por gaiola catódica

The technique of plasma nitriding by the cathode cage mainly stands out for its ability to produce uniform layers, even on parts with complex geometries. In this study, it was investigated the efficiency of this technique for obtaining duplex surface, when used, simultaneously, to nitriding treatment and thin film deposition at temperatures below 500°C. For this, were used samples of AISI 41 0 Martensitic Stainless Steel and performed plasma treatment, combining nitriding and deposition of thin films of Ti and/or TiN in a plasma atmosphere containing N2-H2. It was used a cathodic cage of titanium pure grade II, cylindrical with 70 mm diameter and 34 mm height. Samples were treated at temperature 420ºC for 2 and 12 hours in different working pressures. Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with micro-analysis by Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and analysis of Vickers Microhardness were used to investigate coating properties such as homogeneity and surface topography, chemical composition, layer thickness, crystalline phase, roughness and surface microhardness. The results showed there is a direct proportionality between the presence of H2 in plasma atmosphere and the quantity of titanium in surface chemical composition. It was also observed that the plasma treatment at lowpressure is more effective in formation of TiN thin film

A forma do privilégio: renda, acessibilidade e densidade em Natal-RN

The aim of this work is to understand the morphological expression of ground occupation by the higher income population, by focusing on population distribution in accordance with income layers and demographical density, as well as topological accessibility (HILLIER and HANSON, 1984) resulting from the urban grid structure. It endeavors to identify a functional organizing principle regarding the intra-urban space of Natal capital city of the state of Rio Grande do Norte, the research focus. In order to achieve this, census data as well as syntactic data were utilized for mapping and spatial analysis of income patterns, topological accessibility and demographical density using Geographical Information System GIS. The organizing principle was named as the Form of Privilege, a pattern that concentrates or tends to concentrate wealth, topological accessibility and low demographical density. Attempting to assess its extent, beyond Natal, this principle was applied to other Brazilian northeastern capitals such as: Fortaleza, CE; Teresina, PI; Aracaju, SE; Recife, PE; and João Pessoa, PB. Findings point out that although the urban structures of these cities are not immune to the Form of Privilege, Natal is emblematic of this phenomenon, a fact that demonstrates the perverse character of its spatial process, which historically creates privileged areas within the city, by means of the appropriation of accessibility as well as of the many urban benesses that are related to it by higher income groups at the expense of the major part of the population, which though being the people mostly in need of the benefits originating from the urban form are excluded from them

Recursos del diseño con tipografía en el cine

La presente tesis doctoral se centra en el estudio y clasificación de los recursos empleados en el diseño con tipografía en el medio cinematográfico. Se consideran estas unidades desde el punto de vista estético/formal, sin olvidar su aporte narrativo, por su condición de elemento significativo de lectura autónoma y/o a la vez integrado en la estructura diegética de la obra cinematográfica. Esa integración, basada en la coherencia de estilo gráfico global, se estima que vertebra la concreción de la identidad visual de la obra para ayudar a convertir el producto en marca comercial. Por otro lado, se ilustra la influencia recíproca que se establece entre los diseños de secuencias de título de crédito principales, sobreimpresiones con tipografía, teasers y pósters con lo desarrollado en géneros mixtos tan heterogéneos como el spot publicitario, el vídeo musical y, sobre todo, el vídeo arte y el cine experimental. La estética de todos estos formatos va estrechamente ligada a la incorporación de nuevas técnicas de producción para estos diseños. De ahí la necesidad de clasificar esas técnicas y su aplicación a la composición con tipografía. El proyecto se articula en distintos capítulos que abordan todos y cada uno de los aspectos relacionados con la tipografía en cine: carteles cinematográficos, secuencias de créditos principales y el uso expresivo de sobreimpresiones con tipografía en el contexto argumental. Se ha estimado conveniente solo citar tangencialmente el diseño tipográfico más estrechamente ligado con la ejecución física de la dirección artística del film, ya sea en letreros de decorados o piezas de atrezzo recreadas. El cuerpo de estudio incluye principalmente, no por casualidad, una mayor proporción de filmes norteamericanos. El sector cinematográfico en los EE.UU. además de su mayor volumen de producción, ha sido el primero en ver en el diseño una herramienta eficaz e imprescindible para vender sus productos. Su concepto de industria va parejo a la necesidad de generar la idea de marca en sus productos. Con todo esto, se ha ofrecido un recorrido por las distintas formas de presentar estas informaciones, mediante una clasificación original que ayuda a un mejor acercamiento a las obras y, asimismo, plantear un amplio muestrario que ayude a diseñadores y realizadores a abordar sus trabajos aprovechando al máximo las posibilidades expresivas de estos recursos. Aunque ya existen numerosas publicaciones sobre carteles cinematográficos, ordenados por épocas, géneros e incluso autores, estas siempre se centran en el contenido fotográfico o ilustración, relegando la componente tipográfica a un limbo incomprensible. La pormenorizada estructuración de recursos compositivos con tipografía desarrollada es totalmente inédita. En cuanto a la atención al específico empleo de tipografía en la propia película, tipos en movimiento, en los últimos diez años se ha comprobado un creciente interés por las secuencias de títulos de crédito gracias a diferentes publicaciones de desigual calibre. Entre las principales fuentes cabe destacar: BASS, J., KIRKHAM, P., Saul Bass, a life in film & design, Laurence King Publishing, Londres 2011 BELLANTONI, J., WOOLMAN, M., Tipos en movimiento, Index Books, Barcelona 2000 BETANCOURT, M., The history of motion graphics, from avant-garde to industry in the United States, Wildside Press, Savannah 2013 CODRINGTON, A., Kyle Cooper, Laurence King Publishing, Londres 2003 HERVAS IVARS, C., El diseño gráfico en televisión: técnica, lenguaje y arte, Cátedra, Madrid 2002 HORAK, J., Saul Bass, Anatomy of film design, University Press of Kentucky, Kentucky 2014 SOLANA, G., BONEU, A., Uncredited, Diseño gráfico y títulos de crédito, Index Book S.L., Barcelona 2007

Nitretação iônica sem efeito de borda :desenvolvimento e avaliação de uma nova técnica

The ionic nitriding process presents some limitations related with the control of the thickness of the layer and its uniformity. Those limitations that happen during the process, are produced due to edge effects, damage caused by arcing arc and hollow cathode, mainly in pieces with complex geometry and under pressures in excess of 1 mbar. A new technique, denominated ASPN (active screen shapes nitriding) it has been used as alternative, for offering many advantages with respect to dc plasma conventional. The developed system presents a configuration in that the samples treated are surrounded by a large metal screen at high voltage cathodic potencials, (varying between 0 and 1200V) and currents up to 1 A. The sample is placed in floting potential or polarized at relatively lower bias voltages by an auxiliary source. As the plasma is not formed directly in the sample surface but in the metal screen, the mentioned effects are eliminated. This mechanism allows investigate ion of the transfer of nitrogen to the substrate. Optical and electronic microscopy are used to exam morphology and structure at the layer. X-ray difration for phase identification and microhardness to evaluate the efficiency of this process with respect to dc conventional nitriding

Implementación de balastro con corrección de factor de potencia pasivo

En este documento se analiza funcionamiento de los balastros como fuente de alimentación de lámpara de gases, así como sus diferentes topologías, magnéticas y electrónicas, y la necesidad de usar circuitos de corrección de factor de potencia y disminución de distorsón por armónicos, THD. También se analizó el comportamiento de un balastro ante diferentes etapas de corrección de factor de potencia usando simuladores computacionales como el PSPICE con bases de diseño en un prototipo.

Estudo sobre a teoria do investimento

Doutoramento em Economia.