La acción de inconstitucionalidad: una acción de defensa y un medio de depuración del sistema jurídico

En Bolivia, la promulgación de la Constitución del año 2009 marca un hito importante respecto a la modificación de la estructura estatal del país a partir de la convocatoria de la Asamblea Constituyente. Parte del trabajo de esta Magna Asamblea, fue la reestructuración del sistema de garantías constitucionales y la consolidación del sistema de control de constitucionalidad concentrado (instaurado por primera vez en la Constitución de 1994), preponderando por el cumplimiento efectivo de los derechos individuales y colectivos, a fin de garantizar la primacía y supremacía constitucional. La modificación de los recursos constitucionales por las acciones de defensa, permitió el replanteamiento de la acción de inconstitucionalidad como un sistema inclusivo de participación ciudadana dentro del control de constitucionalidad de las normas a partir del control abstracto de constitucionalidad. Sin embargo, el procedimiento constitucional restringe esta participación ciudadana, limitando la legitimación activa dentro del control de constitucionalidad concreto y la existencia de un caso en particular. Por lo que, a partir del análisis teórico y el desarrollo conceptual, buscaré determinar: el alcance y la finalidad de la acción de inconstitucionalidad, a fin de establecer la importancia de la participación de la ciudadanía dentro del control de constitucionalidad de las normas, como una facultad constituyente derivada de la titularidad de la soberanía. Y a partir del estudio comparativo de la realidad jurídica de los países de la Comunidad Andina (Colombia, Ecuador y Perú), como referentes de participación ciudadana dentro de sus estructuras de control, sustentaré cuáles son los principios normativos que facultan a las personas el poder recurrir de forma directa al órgano encargado de control de constitucionalidad y cuál la importancia de esta participación ciudadana.

La necesaria redefinición del control de constitucionalidad en el Ecuador: razones para la defensa de un control mixto

La presente investigación propone estudiar el control mixto de constitucionalidad en el ordenamiento jurídico del Ecuador, en función del análisis del principio de aplicación directa de la Constitución y la consulta de constitucionalidad de la norma jurídica. El contenido está dirigido a identificar la relación existente entre el desarrollo del valor normativo de la Constitución, el principio de aplicación directa y el control de constitucionalidad; y, a establecer el modelo de control de constitucionalidad que determina la Constitución del año 2008, los elementos que lo sustentan, y su incidencia directa en la protección de los derechos constitucionales. Para el desarrollo de esta investigación se estudió el origen del valor normativo y el principio de supremacía de la Constitución en el constitucionalismo europeo continental y de los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica; aspecto histórico que incide directamente en el desarrollo del control de constitucionalidad y consecuentemente en el principio de aplicación directa de la Carta Constitucional en los modelos constitucionales señalados; además se revisó el control de constitucionalidad en la historia del Ecuador, en el texto de la Carta Magna vigente, en la ley de la materia y en los precedentes constitucionales determinados por la Corte Constitucional. Finalmente esta tesis está dirigida a brindar elementos que permitan concluir que en el control mixto de constitucionalidad, el juez puede ejercer un control difuso sin atentar contra el derecho de la seguridad jurídica; y, que por medio de este modelo se garantiza la tutela judicial efectiva de los derechos constitucionales, situación que no sucede en el incidente de constitucionalidad que genera demoras indebidas en la tramitación de las causas judiciales y garantías constitucionales, para ello se analiza dos casos en los cuales se evidencia que la consulta de constitucionalidad efectivamente genera vulneración de los derechos constitucionales.

Breeding Biology of Grassland Birds in Western New York: Conservation and Management Implications

Declining grassland breeding bird populations have led to increased efforts to assess habitat quality, typically by estimating density or relative abundance. Because some grassland habitats may function as ecological traps, a more appropriate metric for determining quality may be breeding success. Between 1994 and 2003 we gathered data on the nest fates of Eastern Meadowlarks (Sturnella magna), Bobolinks (Dolichonyx oryzivorous), and Savannah Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis) in a series of fallow fields and pastures/hayfields in western New York State. We calculated daily survival probabilities using the Mayfield method, and used the logistic-exposure method to model effects of predictor variables on nest success. Nest survival probabilities were 0.464 for Eastern Meadowlarks (n = 26), 0.483 for Bobolinks (n = 91), and 0.585 for Savannah Sparrows (n = 152). Fledge dates for first clutches ranged between 14 June and 23 July. Only one obligate grassland bird nest was parasitized by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater), for an overall brood parasitism rate of 0.004. Logistic-exposure models indicated that daily nest survival probabilities were higher in pastures/hayfields than in fallow fields. Our results, and those from other studies in the Northeast, suggest that properly managed cool season grassland habitats in the region may not act as ecological traps, and that obligate grassland birds in the region may have greater nest survival probabilities, and lower rates of Brown-headed Cowbird parasitism, than in many parts of the Midwest.

Outlining eicosanoid biosynthesis in the crustacean Daphnia

Background: Eicosanoids are biologically active, oxygenated metabolites of three C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids. They act as signalling molecules within the autocrine or paracrine system in both vertebrates and invertebrates mainly functioning as important mediators in reproduction, the immune system and ion transport. The biosynthesis of eicosanoids has been intensively studied in mammals and it is known that they are synthesised from the fatty acid, arachidonic acid, through either the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway; the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway; or the cytochrome P450 epoxygenase pathway. However, little is still known about the synthesis and structure of the pathway in invertebrates. Results: Here, we show transcriptomic evidence from Daphnia magna (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) together with a bioinformatic analysis of the D. pulex genome providing insight on the role of eicosanoids in these crustaceans as well as outlining a putative pathway of eicosanoid biosynthesis. Daphnia appear only to have one copy of the gene encoding the key enzyme COX, and phylogenetic analysis reveals that the predicted protein sequence of Daphnia COX clusters with other invertebrates. There is no current evidence of an epoxygenase pathway in Daphnia; however, LOX products are most certainly synthesised in daphnids. Conclusion: We have outlined the structure of eicosanoid biosynthesis in Daphnia, a key genus in freshwater ecosystems. Improved knowledge of the function and synthesis of eicosanoids in Daphnia and other invertebrates could have important implications for several areas within ecology. This provisional overview of daphnid eicosanoid biosynthesis provides a guide on where to focus future research activities in this area.

A simple and rapid method for preserving RNA of aquatic invertebrates for ecotoxicogenomics

Here we describe a novel, inexpensive and simple method for preserving RNA that reduces handling stress in aquatic invertebrates following ecotoxicogenomic experimentation. The application of the method is based on transcriptomic experiments conducted on Daphnia magna, but may easily be applied on a range of other aquatic organisms of a particular size with e.g. amphipod Gammarus pulex representing an upper size limit. We explain in detail how to apply this new method, named the "Cylindrical Sieve (CS) system", and highlight its advantages and disadvantages.

Toxicity testing of groundwater quality

Groundwater is an important resource in the UK, with 45% of public water supplies in the Thames Water region derived from subterranean sources. In urban areas, groundwater has been affected by onthropogenic activities over 0 long period of time and from a multitude of sources, At present, groundwater quality is assessed using a range of chemical species to determine the extent of contamination. However, analysing a complex mixture of chemicals is time-consuming and expensive, whereas the use of an ecotoxicity test provides information on (a) the degree of pollution present in the groundwater and (b) the potential effect of that pollution. Microtox (TM), Eclox (TM) and Daphnia magna microtests were used in conjunction with standard chemical protocols to assess the contamination of groundwaters from sites throughout the London Borough of Hounslow and nearby Heathrow Airport. Because of their precision, range of responses and ease of use, Daphnia magna and Microfox (TM) tests are the bioassays that appear to be most effective for assessing groundwater toxicity However, neither test is ideal because it is also essential to monitor water hardness. Eclox (TM) does not appear to be suitable for use in groundwater-quality assessment in this area, because it is adversely affected by high total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity.

Intraclonal variability in Daphnia acetylcholinesterase activity: The implications for its applicability as a biomarker

The relationship between individual growth and acetylcholinesterase (AChE).activity was evaluated for Daphnia magna. Analysis on the influence of two different culture media on baseline AChE activity was performed with Daphnia similis. The results indicated an inverse relationship between D. magna body length and AChE activity. An increase in total protein, which was not proportional to an increase in the rate of the substrate hydrolysis (Delta absorbance/min), seems to be the reason for this inverse size versus AChE activity relationship. Therefore, toxicants such as phenobarbital, which affect protein and size but not AChE activity directly, have an overall affect on AChE activity. In contrast, the AChE inhibitor parathion altered AChE activity but not protein. Culture medium also had a significant affect on AChE activity in D. similis. Changes in total protein seem to be the main reason for the variations in baseline AChE activity in Daphnia observed in the different evaluations performed in this work. Therefore, AChE activity in Daphnia must be interpreted carefully, and variations related to changes in total protein must be taken into account when applying this enzyme as a biomarker in biological monitoring.

Is there a relationship between soil and groundwater toxicity?

Part IIA of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 requires environmental regulators to assess the risk of contaminants leaching from soils into groundwater (DETR, 1999). This newly introduced legislation assumes a link between soil and groundwater chemistry, in which rainwater leaches contaminants from soil into the saturated zone. As the toxicity of both groundwater and overlying soils is dependent upon the chemicals present, their partitioning and their bioavailability, similar patterns of soil, leachates and groundwater toxicity should be observed at contaminated sites. Soil and groundwater samples were collected from different contaminated land sites in an urban area, and used to determine relationships between soil chemistry and toxicity, mobility of contaminants, and groundwater chemistry and toxicity. Soils were leached using water to mimic rainfall, and both the soils and leachates tested using bioassays. Soil bioassays were carried out using Eisenia fetida, whilst groundwater and leachates were tested using the Microtox(TM) test system and Daphnia magna 48 h acute tests. Analysis of the bioassay responses demonstrated that a number of the samples were toxic to test organisms, however, there were no significant statistical relationships between soil, groundwater and leachate toxicity. Nor were there significant correlations between soil, leachates and groundwater chemistry.

Baroreflex sensitivity and oxidative stress in the LDL receptor knockout mice

This study alms at observing the effect of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor deficiency in cholesterol blood levels, baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, and oxidative stress. The lack of LDL receptors in mice significantly increased the cholesterol blood levels (179 +/- 35 vs. 109 +/- 13 mg/dL) in the knockout (KO) mice compared to control. There was no difference in basal mean arterial pressure and heart rate between the groups. However, in KO mice the BRS was significantly attenuated and the antioxidant enzyme activities, measured in erythrocytes and heart, were significantly decreased. On the other hand, the oxidative damage measured by chemiluminescence and carbonyls was increased, while total plasma nitrate levels were lower in KO mice, indicating a decrease in NO availability. In conclusion, these results indicate that the lack of LDL receptor increased cholesterol blood levels, induced oxidative stress and decreased BRS. (C) 2008 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Autonomic impairment after myocardial infarction: Role in cardiac remodelling and mortality

P>1. Impairmant of baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) has been implicated in the reduction of heart rate variability (HRV) and in the increased risk of death after myocardial infarction (MI). In the present study, we investigated whether the additional impairment in BRS induced by sinoaortic baroreceptor denervation (SAD) in MI rats is associated with changes in the low-frequency (LF) component of HRV and increased mortality rate. 2. Rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, MI, denervated (SAD) and SAD + MI rats. Left ventricular (LV) function was evaluated by echocardiography. Autonomic components were assessed by power spectral analysis and BRS. 3. Myocardial infarction (90 days) reduced ejection fraction (by similar to 42%) in both the MI and SAD + MI groups; however, an increase in LV mass and diastolic dysfunction were observed only in the SAD + MI group. Furthermore, BRS, HRV and the LF power of HRV were reduced after MI, with an exacerbated reduction seen in SAD + MI rats. The LF component of blood pressure variability (BPV) was increased in the MI, SAD and SAD + MI groups compared with the control group. Mortality was higher in the MI groups compared with the non-infarcted groups, with an additional increase in mortality in the SAD + MI group compared with the MI group. Correlations were obtained between BRS and the LF component of HRV and between LV mass and the LF component of BPV. 4. Together, the results indicate that the abolishment of BRS induced by SAD in MI rats further reduces the LF band of HRV, resulting in a worse cardiac remodelling and increased mortality in these rats. These data highlight the importance of this mechanism in the prognosis of patients after an ischaemic event.

Dietary copper absorption and excretion in three semi-terrestrial grapsoid crabs with different levels of terrestrial adaptation

Three species of phylogenetically related semi-terrestrial crabs (Superfamily Grapsoidea - Sesarma rectum, Goniopsis cruentata and Neohelice granulata (formerly: Chasmagnathus granulatus) with different degrees of terrestriality were studied to quantify the accumulation of copper (Cu) in hemolymph, gills, hepatopancreas and antennal gland, and its excretion through the faeces. These crabs were fed for 15 days practical diets containing 0 (A), 0.5 (B), 1.0 (C), and 1.5% (D) of added CuCl2 (corresponding to 0, 0.2, 0.5 and 0.7% of Cu2+, respectively). The amount of food ingested was directly proportional to the degree of terrestriality: S. rectum, the most terrestrial species, ate around 2-3 times more than the other crabs, whereas G. cruentata ate 1.5-2 times more than N. granulata, the least terrestrial. The amount of Cu excreted in the feces was proportional to Cu ingestion, and was 76.8% and 64.2% higher for Sesarma fed diet D compared to G. cruentata and N. granulata, respectively. Sesarma also displayed higher Cu concentration in the haemolymph, gills and antennal glands, but not in the hepatopancreas. A detoxifying mechanism followed by elimination was probably present at this last organ, preventing Cu accumulation. More terrestrial crabs, such as Sesarma, may accumulate more Cu in hemolymph and tissues, showing a correlation between metal accumulation and increased terrestriality. In this aspect, contaminated feed sources with Cu may have more impact in conservation of terrestrial crabs. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Akademisk kvalitet, vad är det? : Om utarmningen av den akademiska autonomin

What is academic quality? On the decline of academic autonomy In light of the transformations that universities currently undergo, with Bologna as a keyword, the following questions are put: What ideals lie behind the assessment of academic “excellence” and “quality”? What agents have the ability to define what is good science and education today? These questions are approached through Pierre Bourdieus concept of field. Looking at the development the last decade, traditional academic values, such as the ideal of universal knowledge as (personal and collective) enrichment and the intellectual independence “of all political authority and economic power”, as stated in the Magna Charta Universitatum, seem to have emerged into the shadow of employability, knowledge control, competitiveness, and economic benefit. In connection with the formation of concepts such as “the knowledge society” and “knowledge based economies” the university has received a somewhat different and more central role in society. The university has come to take the role more of a knowledge producing enterprise clearly directed towards the surrounding society. There are higher demands on academic knowledge to contribute to economic, regional or national development and competitiveness. When the university is regarded as a knowledge company whose task is to accoun tfor the requests of the students, the labour market, and the business world it undertakes to follow trends and short term social phases rather than to critically examine them, which has been a traditional task for the university. If the academic work is guided by the market economical principle, that the client requests decide what quality is, instead of the experts on the academic field themselves (i.e. the scientists,) it is obviously not scientific ideals that constitute the criteria for what is good science and education.

Medidas de segurança: efeitos jurídico-constitucionais e desdobramentos legais no caso concreto

O trabalho apresentado tem como finalidade primordial traçar os principais temas ralacionados às medidas de segurança, trazendo, sobretudo, um enfoque ricamente constitucional e os principais desdobramentos no quotidiano jurídico e social. Além disso, é realizado um estudo da execução dessas espécies de sanção penal, uma vz que se revela de fundamental importância descortinar os verdadeiros desafios do direito no século XXI em relação ao efetivo cumprimento de tais medidas e de sua eficácia tanto sob a ótica do inimputável quanto da própria sociedade. O contexto histórico nos revela a evolução do tratamento de todos aqueles que não se ajustaram à sociedade, mas que merecem ser tratados com dignidade pelo simples fato de serem seres humanos, que que a própria Carta Magna confere tal direito a todos.

Da coisa julgada

Será coisa julgada a sentença da qual não caiba mais nenhum recurso.É um instituto que visa a segurança jurídica dos processos e está garantido na Constituição Federal.Encontramos a coisa julgada no código de Processo Penal, artigo 621.Apesar de ser um instituto de Direito Processual, está disposto também na Carta Magna, artigo 5°.XXXVI e em diversos ramos do Direito Material, como por exemplo, artigo 836 da Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho, artigo 156 Código Tributário Nacional e artigo 6° da Lei de Introdução ao Código Civil.Diferenciamos as espécies de coisa julgada formal e material , seus limites e os efeitos positivos e negativos do instituto.Abordamos a questão polêmica da flexibilização da coisa julgada e que esse suposto enfraquecimento do instituto pode acarretar. Citamos as correntes que são contrárias à ideia e atualmente são majoritárias, e também os doutrinadores que a defendem, como por exemplo, a professora Ada Pellegrini Grinover, que nos sugere a aplicação do princípio da proporcionalidade.Falamos sobre a Ciência do Direito, que deve acompanhar a evolução da sociedade e proporcionar a estabilidade social.E sobre a justiça, que nossa sociedade tanto almeja.

Investigação de Paternidade

A questão dos filhos do pai sempre foi muito discutida desde os primórdios do Direito, o pai antes não tinha o dever de reconhecer o filho, e se reconhecia este sempre era tratado como ilegítimo, incestuoso ou adulterino, o pai só tinha obrigação de alimentar, mas o filho jamais teria algum direito sucessório, a não ser que o pai dispusesse em testamento. Com o passar do tempo, os costumes mudam e com essa mudança a questão da filiação torna-se um foco de muita importância para o Direito.Com o advento da Constituição Federal de 1988, com fundamento no princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana, por se tratar de Direito fundamental, é vetado qualquer tipo de discriminação em relação aos filhos, se havidos ou não na constância do casamento e também impõe que a família, a sociedade e o Estado devem assegurar à criança o direito à vida, á saúde,alimentação, a convivência em família, etc.Após a vigência da nossa Carta Magna, as leis infraconstitucionais foram se adequando, atribuindo assim, todos os no que tange a filiação, de forma irrestrita, podendo os filhos investigar sua paternidade/maternidade, e o pai e a mãe em alguns casos contestá-la.Com a descoberta do exame de DNA, qualquer pessoa pode investigar sua identidade biológica, e o direito passou a dispor de prova em que a paternidade é confirmada com uma porcentagem de erro quase nula.Assim, o Poder Judiciário pode declarar a paternidade ou a maternidade de uma pessoa assegurando todos os direitos tais como: o nome, os alimentos,o direito sucessório, etc e, por outro lado, o legislador faz desaparecer a expressão de que " bastante não sucede".