Weed Control in Maize with Gliricidia Intercropping

One of the very important components in the organic maize production costs refers to spending on weed control. In this research were assessed the effects of maize hybrids (AG 1051 and BR 205) in an intercropping with Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) and mechanical hoeing on weed control. The treatments assessed were: A - maize monocropping + two hoeings (20 and 40 days after sowing); B - maize with one hoeing at 20 days + intercropping with gliricidia sowed after hoeing; C - maize sowing intercropped with gliricidia at the time of maize sowing + hoeing at 40 days; D - maize sowing intercropped with gliricidia at the time of maize sowing without hoeing; E - monocropping maize without hoeing. In the intercroppings, gliricidia was sowed in broadcast seeding with 30 viable seeds m-2. Maize hybrids did not differ in their effects on weed growth and grain yield. Treatments A, B and C have reduced weed growth, compared to treatments D and E. The highest grain yield was obtained with treatment A and the lowest with treatment E. It was concluded that intercropping maize and gliricidia is not a good alternative for an integrated weed management in maize crops in the conditions assessed.

Extraction and Simultaneous Determination of Glyphosate, AMPA and Compounds of the Shikimic Acid Pathway in Plants

This study has aimed to develop a method for simultaneous extraction and determination by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) of glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), shikimic acid, quinic acid, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan. For the joint analysis of these compounds the best conditions of ionization in mass spectrometry and for chromatographic separation of the compounds were selected. Calibration curves and linearity ranges were also determined for each compound. Different extraction systems of the compounds were tested from plant tissues collected from sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus urophylla platiphylla) plants two days after the glyphosate application at the dose of 720 g a.e. ha-1. The plant material was dried in a forced air circulation drying oven and in a lyophilizer, and subsequently the extractions with acidified water (pH 2.5), acetonitrile-water (50:50) [v/v] and methanol-water (50:50) [v/v] were tested. To verify the recovery of the compounds in the plant matrix with acidified water as an extracting solution, the samples were fortified with a solution containing the mixture of the different analytical standards present so that this one presented the same levels of 50 and 100 μg L-1 of each compound. All experiments were conducted with three replicates. The analytical method developed was efficient for compounds quantifications. The extraction from the samples dried in an oven and using acidified water allowed better extraction levels for all compounds. The recovery levels of the compounds in the fortified samples with known amounts of each compound for both plants samples were rather satisfactory.

RESPOSTA DIFERENCIAL DAS CULTURAS DE MILHO RR E SOJA RR À EXPOSIÇÃO A GLYPHOSATE E ADUBAÇÃO FOSFATADA

RESUMO A adubação fosfatada pode influenciar a resposta das culturas tolerantes ao glyphosate em razão de a absorção ativa do herbicida ser mediada por carreadores de fosfato. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar características de crescimento de plantas de milho RR e soja RR quando submetidas à aplicação de glyphosate e de adubo fosfatado. O primeiro experimento foi realizado variando as doses de glyphosate (720 a 1.440 g e.a. ha-1) e de superfosfato triplo (54 a 162 kg ha-1 de P2O5) adicional à adubação recomendada. O segundo experimento foi realizado variando as mesmas doses de glyphosate e com adubação fosfatada (162 kg ha-1 de P2O5) ou não, mantendo-se a testemunha sem aplicação do herbicida e do adubo. Para ambas as culturas, altura e massa seca foram influenciadas pelos tratamentos, e o número de folhas não foi afetado. A resposta das plantas de milho e soja, quanto à altura e à massa seca, foi contrária com a aplicação de glyphosate e de superfosfato triplo; enquanto o crescimento das plantas de soja foi afetado negativamente, plantas de milho aumentaram seu crescimento quando expostas ao glyphosate em substrato com elevada adubação fosfatada (162 kg ha-1 de P2O5).

VINASSE EFFECT ON HERBICIDES CLOMAZONE AND TEBUTHIURON AVAILABILITY IN DIFFERENT KINDS OF SOILS

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the availability of herbicides clomazone and tebuthiuron in the solution in different kinds of soils saturated with water or vinasse. Samples of 30 soils with different characteristics were arranged on trays to the herbicides spraying. Then they were homogenized, placed in plastic cartridges and saturated with deionized water or vinasse, and remaining at rest during 18 hours. Two extractions were made, the first one quantified the presence of the herbicides in the soil solution and in the second one the total extraction of herbicide remaining in the soil was taken to determine the recovery percentage of each herbicide tested. For quantification, a LC-MS/MS system was used, a compound of a high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) coupled to a triple quadruple mass spectrometer. Tebuthiuron was more available in the soil with the vinasse addition when compared to water. Vinasse applications resulted in no significant difference in availability of clomazone between treatments. Tebuthiuron showed the highest availability frequencies, and on average of all samples 32.49% were extracted from total herbicide applied, while for clomazone this value was 16.50%.

Efeitos de borda sobre a comunidade de pteridófitas na Mata Atlântica da região de Una, sul da Bahia, Brasil

Uma das conseqüências da fragmentação de hábitats florestais melhor estudadas até o momento são os chamados efeitos de borda. Neste estudo, foi verificado como variam a riqueza e a abundância das pteridófitas quando são comparados interiores e bordas de áreas florestais, em Una, BA. Foram inventariadas todas as pteridófitas a até 1 m do solo, em 36 parcelas de 120 × 10 m (0,12 ha), estabelecidas em áreas de mata contínua (> 900 ha) e fragmentos de mata (< 100 ha), distribuídas na região entre três blocos amostrais de 5 × 5 km. Em cada uma das áreas, locaram-se as parcelas a 20, 40 e a mais de 100 m da divisa da mata com relação às áreas adjacentes. Os resultados mostram que não há variação na abundância entre as unidades consideradas. No entanto, a riqueza de samambaias é diferente entre blocos amostrais, indicando que as florestas de Una podem ser heterogêneas quanto aos aspectos ambientais. Além disso, a riqueza decai nas parcelas de borda mais próximas à matriz, em todos os blocos; a partir de uma distância aproximada de 20-30 m a riqueza é restabelecida, tornando-se similar à do interior da floresta. Também fica claro que os interiores de floresta constituem ambientes totalmente distintos daqueles de borda, no que se refere à comunidade de pteridófitas, de modo que, praticamente, não são afetados pelos efeitos de borda. Pôde-se concluir que os efeitos de borda sobre as pteridófitas penetram muito pouco no interior da floresta, mas deve-se ressaltar que a formação de novas bordas em larga escala pode vir a extinguir espécies florestais da região.

Comparação florística de florestas inundáveis das regiões Sudeste e Sul do Brasil

Este estudo avaliou a variação da composição florística do componente arbóreo de 35 áreas inundáveis das regiões Sul e Sudeste do Brasil. Foi utilizada uma lista com 602 espécies arbóreas de 23 áreas de florestas aluviais (inundações temporárias) e 12 de florestas paludosas (inundações permanentes). Por meio de um teste de chi2, as espécies foram classificadas de acordo com o habitat em: 1) preferenciais de florestas paludosas, e.g. Magnolia ovata (A. St.-Hil.) Spreng., Dendropanax cuneatus (DC.) Decne & Planch. e Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess.; 2) preferenciais de florestas aluviais, e.g. Sebastiania commersoniana (Baill.) L.B. Sm. & Downs, Ocotea pulchella Mart. e Sorocea bonplandii (Baill.) W. Burger et al. e 3) espécies não preferenciais, e.g. Luehea divaricata Mart. & Zucc., Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman e Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. A análise multivariada de gradientes (DCA) demonstrou maior agrupamento das florestas paludosas do que florestas aluviais, indicando maior heterogeneidade florística do último grupo. Os resultados indicaram que a variação, ambiental associada aos diferentes regimes de inundação é determinante na definição dos padrões fitogeográficos de áreas inundáveis.

Comportamento germinativo de espécies epífitas e rupícolas de Bromeliaceae do Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca, Minas Gerais, Brasil

Estudou-se o comportamento germinativo de quatro espécies de Bromeliaceae [Alcantarea imperialis (Carrière) Harms, Pitcairnia flammea Lindl., Vriesea heterostachys (Baker) L. B. Sm. e Vriesea penduliflora L. B. Sm.], oriundas do Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca - MG, com preferências contrastantes de habitat e representando duas formas de vida diferentes. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram: a) caracterizar as sementes quanto ao tipo de germinação e descrever a morfologia do desenvolvimento pós-seminal; b) avaliar o efeito das temperaturas constantes (10 °C a 40 °C) e alternada (20-30 °C); c) da razão vermelho:vermelho-extremo (V:VE) e d) dos diferentes potenciais de água na porcentagem e na velocidade de germinação das sementes. Os resultados demonstraram que todas as espécies produzem sementes pequenas e muito leves, variando de 0,2 a 1,7 mg; a germinação é epígea com plântulas criptocotiledonares e apresentaram valores ótimos de temperatura entre 20 °C e 30 °C. Vriesea heterostachys e V. penduliflora foram as únicas que germinaram com sucesso no escuro, mas as sementes das quatro espécies requerem luz para a máxima germinação. Os valores de V:VE que resultaram em 50% da máxima germinação variaram entre as espécies. As condições de estresse hídrico reduziram a porcentagem e a velocidade de germinação de forma distinta entre as espécies. A. imperialis e P. flammea foram menos sensíveis aos baixos potenciais hídricos. Os requerimentos germinativos contrastantes entre as espécies estudadas estão relacionados à preferência de habitat de cada uma delas.

Fenologia de floração e polinização de espécies ornitófilas de bromeliáceas em uma área de campo rupestre da Chapada Diamantina, BA, Brasil

(Fenologia de floração e polinização de espécies ornitófilas de bromeliáceas em uma área de campo rupestre da Chapada Diamantina, BA, Brasil). Beija-flores são os principais polinizadores de bromeliáceas e a floração sequencial propicia a manutenção local destas aves. Neste estudo investigamos as estratégias fenológicas de floração e os visitantes florais de cinco bromeliáceas ornitófilas em uma área de campo rupestre na Chapada Diamantina, Bahia. Os dados sobre fenologia de floração foram coletados pelo acompanhamento mensal da fenofase de floração de indivíduos no período entre julho de 2006 e dezembro de 2007. Os visitantes florais foram registrados em observações naturalísticas de fevereiro de 2002 a dezembro de 2003 e de julho de 2006 a dezembro de 2007. A maioria das espécies floresceu no fim da estação seca e no início da estação chuvosa; Hohenbergia ramageana Mez apresentou floração contínua na área. A comunidade de bromélias estudada apresentou floração seqüencial e contínua, proporcionando recursos para a manutenção dos polinizadores na área ao longo do ano. Seis troquilídeos, um cerebídeo e três espécies de abelhas visitaram flores das bromélias. Chlorostilbon lucidus (Shaw, 1812), Phaethornis pretrei (Lesson & Delattre, 1839) e Coereba flaveola (Linnaeus, 1759) foram os principais polinizadores das plantas na área. Neoregelia bahiana (Ule) L. B. Sm., de corola de tubo longo é a espécie mais especializada, tendo P. pretrei como seu único polinizador, enquanto H. ramageana, com corola de tubo curto, é a mais generalista, considerada como um importante recurso para os beija-flores da área

Distribution of HLA-DRB1 alleles in a mixed population with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus from the Southeast of Brazil

HLA class II genes are strongly associated with susceptibility and resistance to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). The present study reports the HLA-DRB1 genotyping of 41 IDDM patients and 99 healthy subjects from the Southeast of Brazil (Campinas region). Both groups consisted of an ethnic mixture of Caucasian, African Negro and Amerindian origin. HLA-DRB1*03 and *04 alleles were found at significantly higher frequencies among IDDM patients compared to the controls (DRB1*03: 48.8% vs 18.2%, P<0.005, RR = 4.27; DRB1*04: 43.9% vs 15.1%, P<0.008, RR = 4.37) and were associated with a susceptibility to the disease. DRB1*03/*04 heterozygosity conferred a strong IDDM risk (RR = 5.44). In contrast, the HLA-DRB1*11 allele frequency was lower among IDDM patients (7.3% vs 26.3% in controls), but the difference was not significant. These data agree with those described for other populations and allow genetic characterization of IDDM in Brazil

Glycosuria in glomerular diseases: histopathology and clinical correlations

There are doubts about the presence of glycosuria and the progress of glomerular disease. Some reports suggest that glycosuria could be an index of a more severe tubulointerstitial lesion. We investigated the presence of glycosuria in 60 patients with primary glomerular diseases: 17 patients (28%) had glycosuria and 43 patients (72%) were glycosuria free. The two groups were similar in age, arterial pressure and sex. Serum creatinine was higher in patients with glycosuria (2.0 ± 1.7 vs 1.3 ± 0.9 mg/dl, P<0.05). The protein excretion rate was 7.5 ± 3.7 vs 5.3 ± 4.2 g/day (P>0.05) in patients with and without glycosuria, respectively, while serum albumin was lower in patients with glycosuria (1.7 ± 0.6 vs 2.7 ± 1.0 g/dl, P<0.05). Several histological forms were present in the group with glycosuria, with membranous glomerulonephritis being the most frequent. Histological evidence of tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis prevailed in patients with glycosuria, suggesting a poor prognosis for these patients. We may conclude that the presence of glycosuria in patients with glomerular disease is associated with more pronounced tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis and therefore imply a poorer prognosis.

Nuclear exclusion of transcription factors associated with apoptosis in developing nervous tissue

Programmed cell death in the form of apoptosis involves a network of metabolic events and may be triggered by a variety of stimuli in distinct cells. The nervous system contains several neuron and glial cell types, and developmental events are strongly dependent on selective cell interactions. Retinal explants have been used as a model to investigate apoptosis in nervous tissue. This preparation maintains the structural complexity and cell interactions similar to the retina in situ, and contains cells in all stages of development. We review the finding of nuclear exclusion of several transcription factors during apoptosis in retinal cells. The data reviewed in this paper suggest a link between apoptosis and a failure in the nucleo-cytoplasmic partition of transcription factors. It is argued that the nuclear exclusion of transcription factors may be an integral component of apoptosis both in the nervous system and in other types of cells and tissues.

Disseminated Langerhans' cell histiocytosis and massive protein-losing enteropathy

Symptomatic involvement of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract as a prominent symptom in Langerhans' cell histiocytosis (LCH) is uncommon, occurring in less than 1 to 5% of all cases, even when the disease is in its disseminated form. Up to now, there have been reports of 18 cases of LCH with GI manifestations, including our 2 cases, with diarrhea (77.7%), protein-losing enteropathy (33.3%) and bloody stool being the most frequent findings. The authors present two patients with severe diarrhea and refractory hypoalbuminemia, and with the protein-losing enteropathy documented by Cr51-labeled albumin studies. A review of the literature indicated that the presence of GI symptoms is often associated with systemic disease as well as with poor prognosis, mainly under 2 years of age. Radioisotopes are useful for documenting protein loss in several diseases with high specificity and sensitivity, and their utilization in the cases reviewed here permitted diagnoses in 6 children, as well as improved therapeutic management.

Detection of specific IgE antibodies in parasite diseases

Activation of Th1 or Th2 cells is associated with production of specific immunoglobulin isotypes, offering the opportunity to use antibody measurement for evaluation of T cell function. Schistosomiasis and visceral leishmaniasis are diseases associated with Th2 activation. However, an IgE response is not always detected in these patients. In the present study we evaluated specific IgE antibodies to S. mansoni and L. chagasi antigens by ELISA after depletion of serum IgG with protein G immobilized on Sepharose beads or RF-absorbent (purified sheep IgG antibodies anti-human IgG). In schistosomiasis patients, specific IgE to SWAP antigen was demonstrable in only 10 of 21 patients (48%) (mean absorbance ± SD = 0.102 ± 0.195) when unabsorbed serum was used. Depletion of IgG with protein G increased the number of specific IgE-positive tests to 13 (62%) and the use of RF-absorbent increased the number of positive results to 20 (95%) (mean absorbances ± SD = 0.303 ± 0.455 and 0.374 ± 0.477, respectively). Specific IgE anti-L. chagasi antibodies were not detected in unabsorbed serum from visceral leishmaniasis patients. When IgG was depleted with protein G, IgE antibodies were detected in only 3 (11%) of 27 patients, and the use of RF-absorbent permitted the detection of this isotype in all 27 visceral leishmaniasis sera tested (mean absorbance ± SD = 0.104 ± 0.03). These data show that the presence of IgG antibodies may prevent the detection of a specific IgE response in these parasite diseases. RF-absorbent, a reagent that blocks IgG-binding sites and also removes rheumatoid factor, was more efficient than protein G for the demonstration of specific IgE antibodies.

Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) seed coat phaseolin is detrimental to the cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus)

The presence of phaseolin (a vicilin-like 7S storage globulin) peptides in the seed coat of the legume Phaseolus lunatus L. (lima bean) was demonstrated by N-terminal amino acid sequencing. Utilizing an artificial seed system assay we showed that phaseolin, isolated from both cotyledon and testa tissues of P. lunatus, is detrimental to the nonhost bruchid Callosobruchus maculatus (F) (cowpea weevil) with ED50 of 1.7 and 3.5%, respectively. The level of phaseolin in the seed coat (16.7%) was found to be sufficient to deter larval development of this bruchid. The expression of a C. maculatus-detrimental protein in the testa of nonhost seeds suggests that the protein may have played a significant role in the evolutionary adaptation of bruchids to legume seeds.

Familial predisposition to hypertension and the association between urinary sodium excretion and blood pressure in a population-based sample of young adults

The reasons for the inconsistent association between salt consumption and blood pressure levels observed in within-society surveys are not known. A total of 157 normotensive subjects aged 18 to 35 years, selected at random in a cross-sectional population-based survey, answered a structured questionnaire. They were classified as strongly predisposed to hypertension when two or more first-degree relatives had a diagnosis of hypertension. Anthropometric parameters were obtained and sitting blood pressure was determined with aneroid sphygmomanometers. Sodium and potassium excretion was measured by flame spectrophotometry in an overnight urine sample. A positive correlation between blood pressure and urinary sodium excretion was detected only in the group of individuals strongly predisposed to hypertension, both for systolic blood pressure (r = 0.51, P<0.01) and diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.50, P<0.01). In a covariance analysis, after controlling for age, skin color and body mass index, individuals strongly predisposed to hypertension who excreted amounts of sodium above the median of the entire sample had higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure than subjects classified into the remaining conditions. The influence of familial predisposition to hypertension on the association between salt intake and blood pressure may be an additional explanation for the weak association between urinary sodium excretion and blood pressure observed in within-population studies, since it can influence the association between salt consumption and blood pressure in some but not all inhabitants.