Difference in distribution of microtubule-associated proteins 5a and 5b during the development of cerebral cortex and corpus callosum in cats: dependence on phosphorylation.

MAP5, a microtubule-associated protein characteristic of differentiating neurons, was studied in the developing visual cortex and corpus callosum of the cat. In juvenile cortical tissue, during the first month after birth, MAP5 is present as a protein doublet of molecular weights of 320 and 300 kDa, defined as MAP5a and MAP5b, respectively. MAP5a is the phosphorylated form. MAP5a decreases two weeks after birth and is no longer detectable at the beginning of the second postnatal month; MAP5b also decreases after the second postnatal week but more slowly and it is still present in the adult. In the corpus callosum only MAP5a is present between birth and the end of the first postnatal month. Afterwards only MAP5b is present but decreases in concentration more than 3-fold towards adulthood. Our immunocytochemical studies show MAP5 in somata, dendrites and axonal processes of cortical neurons. In adult tissue it is very prominent in pyramidal cells of layer V. In the corpus callosum MAP5 is present in axons at all ages. There is strong evidence that MAP5a is located in axons while MAP5b seems restricted to somata and dendrites until P28, but is found in callosal axons from P39 onwards. Biochemical experiments indicate that the state of phosphorylation of MAP5 influences its association with structural components. After high speed centrifugation of early postnatal brain tissue, MAP5a remains with pellet fractions while most MAP5b is soluble. In conclusion, phosphorylation of MAP5 may regulate (1) its intracellular distribution within axons and dendrites, and (2) its ability to interact with other subcellular components.

Raban, sur S. Matthieu.

Ex-libris : F. 104v.: "Liber Sti Germani a Pratis Parisiorum". — F.1: "Sti Germani a Pratis"

Nutrient leaching potential following application of papermill lime-sludge to an acidic clay soil

This experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions with soil pots during 210 days, to evaluate the effect of calcitic papermill lime-sludge application (at the rates 0, 773, 1.547, and 2.320 mg kg-1 or respective equivalents to control, 2, 4, and 6 t ha-1), on chemical composition of soil leachate and its effects on eucalypt growth and yield. Highest soil leachate pH, SO4, and Na concentrations occurred in the 4 and 6 t ha-1 treatments. Soil leachate nitrate concentrations decreased with increasing lime-sludge rate. Soil leachate phosphate remained low (below the detection limit) in all treatments until 120 days, while the concentration increased in the lime-sludge treatments at 210 days (last sampling) in about 600 mg L-1. Lime-sludge decreased leachate Mg concentration, but had no significant effect among rates. Soil leachate Ca, K, B, Cu, Fe, and Zn did not change significantly for any lime-sludge application rates. The maximum NO3, Ca, Mg, K, and Na concentrations in the soil leachate occurred at 60 days after lime-sludge application (leaching equivalent to 1 pore volume), but for pH and SO4, the maximum occurred at 210 days (leaching equivalent to 4 pore volumes). Lime-sludge application decreased the concentration of exchangeable Al in the soil. Plant diameter growth and dry matter yield were increased with increasing lime-sludge rate. Beneficial effects on mineral nutrition (P, K, Ca, B, and Zn) of eucalypts were also obtained by the application of 4 and 6 t ha-1 of lime-sludge.

Primary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma of the salivary glands: a multicenter Rare Cancer Network study.

Purpose: Involvement of salivary glands with mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is rare. This retrospective study was performed to assess the clinical profile, treatment outcome, and prognostic factors of MALT lymphoma of the salivary glands.Methods and Materials: Thirteen member centers of the Rare Cancer Network from 10 countries participated, providing data on 63 patients. The median age was 58 years; 47 patients were female and 16 were male. The parotid glands were involved in 49 cases, submandibular in 15, and minor glands in 3. Multiple glands were involved in 9 patients. Staging was as follows: IE in 34, IIE in 12, IIIE in 2, and IV in 15 patients.Results: Surgery (S) alone was performed in 9, radiotherapy (RI) alone in 8, and chemotherapy (CT) alone in 4 patients. Forty-one patients received combined modality treatment (S + RT in 23, S + CT in 8, RT + CT in 4, and all three modalities in 6 patients). No active treatment was given in one case. After initial treatment there was no tumor in 57 patients and residual tumor in 5. Tumor progression was observed in 23 (36.5%) (local in 1, other salivary glands in 10, lymph nodes in 11, and elsewhere in 6). Five patients died of disease progression and the other 5 of other causes. The 5-year disease-free survival, disease-specific survival, and overall survival were 54.4%, 93.2%, and 81.7%, respectively. Factors influencing disease-free survival were use of RI, stage, and residual tumor (p < 0.01). Factors influencing disease-specific survival were stage, recurrence, and residual tumor (p < 0.01).Conclusions: To our knowledge, this report represents the largest series of MALT lymphomas of the salivary glands published to date. This disease may involve all salivary glands either initially or subsequently in 30% of patients. Recurrences may occur in up to 35% of patients at 5 years; however, survival is not affected. Radiotherapy is the only treatment modality that improves disease-free survival. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc.

Níveis críticos de fósforo no solo e na planta para gramíneas forrageiras tropicais, em diferentes idades

Dois experimentos foram realizados simultaneamente, em casa de vegetação, para avaliar os efeitos da idade das plantas e de períodos de rebrotação sobre os valores dos níveis críticos de fósforo no solo e na planta para duas gramíneas forrageiras tropicais. Os tratamentos corresponderam aos arranjos fatoriais 2x5x5, no estudo de crescimento inicial, e 2x2x5, no estudo de rebrotação. Os fatoriais consistiram de duas espécies (Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk e Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça); cinco idades (14, 28, 42, 56 e 70dias após a emergência), durante o crescimento inicial e em dois períodos do estudo da rebrotação (28 e 42dias) após um crescimento inicial de 42dias, e cinco doses de fósforo (0, 64, 128, 320 e 640mgdm-3). Os tratamentos, com três repetições, foram distribuídos em blocos ao acaso. Nos ensaios, utilizou-se amostra de Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo. Para determinação dos teores de fósforo disponível no solo, foi utilizado o extrator Mehlich-1. Os níveis críticos (NíCrí) de fósforo no solo para B. decumbens foram maiores do que para P. maximum Os NíCrí no solo decresceram exponencialmente com a idade das plantas de 95,1 e 75,6mgdm-3, aos 14dias, para 38,1 e 28,4mgdm-3, aos 70dias, com relação a B. decumbens e P. maximum, respectivamente. Na fase de rebrotação, os NíCrí no solo foram semelhantes nos dois períodos, com valores próximos aos estimados para as plantas aos 70dias. Os NíCrí de fósforo na parte aérea das plantas decresceram exponencialmente de 0,57 e 0,60dagkg-1, aos 14dias, para 0,08 e 0,07dagkg-1, aos 70 dias, com relação a B. decumbens e P. maximum, respectivamente. B. decumbens apresentou maiores valores de NíCrí de fósforo na parte aérea das plantas, exceto na idade de 14dias. Na fase de rebrotação, os NíCrí na parte aérea foram maiores aos 28dias, diminuindo, aos 42dias, para valores similares aos estimados nas idades de 56 e 70dias, no crescimento inicial. Assim, para avaliação criteriosa do estado nutricional da planta em termos de fósforo e recomendação de fertilização, recomenda-se considerar a idade das plantas após o plantio da forrageira e a cada ciclo de crescimento.

Alternativa agronômica para o biossólido produzido no Distrito Federal: I - efeito na produção de milho e na adição de metais pesados em Latossolo no cerrado

O crescimento urbano em Brasília aumentou o volume de esgoto doméstico coletado, gerando maior volume de biossólido - resíduo final do tratamento do esgoto - depositado nos pátios da Companhia de Água e Esgoto de Brasília (CAESB). Embora ainda haja carência de informações técnicas que possam garantir segurança ambiental, viabilidade econômica e satisfação social de seu uso, a maior parte do biossólido tem sido utilizada como condicionador de solos e fertilizante pelos agricultores nas áreas agrícolas vizinhas. Neste trabalho, o biossólido, que continha 90 dag kg-1 de água (10 dag kg-1 de matéria seca), foi aplicado a um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, em doses únicas de 54, 108 e 216 t ha-1. Na menor dose e sem qualquer adição de outros fertilizantes, o material forneceu nutrientes para o milho por três anos, resultando em uma produtividade média de grãos de 4.700 kg ha-1. O modelo de ajuste aos dados, definido pela equação quadrática Y = 2349,3** + 41,579** X - 0,1097** X ², R² = 0,9824**, em que Y representa a produtividade de milho (kg ha-1) e X, a dose de biossólido úmido aplicado (t ha-1), estima que a aplicação de 189,51 t ha-1 produziria o rendimento máximo de milho. Usando-se o fósforo (P2O5) como referência, o biossólido foi mais eficiente do que a adubação mineral com superfosfato triplo, apresentando um valor fertilizante médio de 125 % nos três anos de cultivo. Na dose de 54 t ha-1, o biossólido da CAESB incorpora ao solo 240 kg de P2O5, 320 kg de N, 160 kg de Ca, 13 kg de K2O. As concentrações dos metais pesados (Cd, Pb e Hg) presentes no biossólido são muito inferiores aos limites críticos para aplicação do material, e a aplicação de 54 t ha-1 de biossólido úmido incorpora ao solo pequenas quantidades daqueles metais, indicando que a contaminação do solo por aqueles poluentes não constituirá problema, desde que o esgoto urbano não receba contaminação por resíduos industriais.

Cádmio em Latossolo Vermelho cultivado com milho em colunas: mobilidade e biodisponibilidade

Com vistas em avaliar a dinâmica do cádmio no sistema solo-planta, instalou-se um experimento em colunas de PVC (0,10 m de diâmetro e 0,80 m de altura), preenchidas com amostras de Latossolo Vermelho distrófico típico com 320 g kg-1 de argila (elevou-se V % a 70) onde se aplicou biossólido (pH 6) contaminado com Cd, incorporado na camada de 0-0,2 m da coluna. Os tratamentos com biossólido contaminado com cádmio foram (mg kg-1): 0 (testemunha), 2.500 e 5.000 de Cd e dois adicionais (2.500 Cd + 2.500 Pb e 5.000 Cd + 5.000 Pb). Cultivou-se milho nas colunas por um período de 80 dias. As concentrações de Cd nas amostras de solo e na parte aérea do milho foram determinadas em extrato nitro-perclórico. A alta concentração do Cd no solo restringiu-se apenas à camada de incorporação, não havendo lixiviação do elemento na coluna do solo. A concentração de 12 mg kg-1 de Cd não foi suficiente para provocar sintomas visuais de fitotoxidez de Cd em milho. O Pb adicionado juntamente com o Cd não apresentou interferência no sistema solo-planta.

Ranibizumab versus Bevacizumab for Neovascular Age-related Macular Degeneration: Results from the GEFAL Noninferiority Randomized Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relative efficacy and safety profile of bevacizumab versus ranibizumab intravitreal injections for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). DESIGN: Multicenter, prospective, noninferiority, double-masked, randomized clinical trial performed in 38 French ophthalmology centers. The noninferiority limit was 5 letters. PARTICIPANTS: Patients aged ≥50 years were eligible if they presented with subfoveal neovascular AMD, with best-corrected visual acuity (BVCA) in the study eye of between 20/32 and 20/320 measured on the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study chart and a lesion area of less than 12 optic disc areas (DA). METHODS: Patients were randomly assigned to intravitreal administration of bevacizumab (1.25 mg) or ranibizumab (0.50 mg). Hospital pharmacies were responsible for preparing, blinding, and dispensing treatments. Patients were followed for 1 year, with a loading dose of 3 monthly intravitreal injections, followed by an as-needed regimen (1 injection in case of active disease) for the remaining 9 months with monthly follow-up. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mean change in visual acuity at 1 year. RESULTS: Between June 2009 and November 2011, 501 patients were randomized. In the per protocol analysis, bevacizumab was noninferior to ranibizumab (bevacizumab minus ranibizumab +1.89 letters; 95% confidence interval [CI], -1.16 to +4.93, P < 0.0001). The intention-to-treat analysis was concordant. The mean number of injections was 6.8 in the bevacizumab group and 6.5 in the ranibizumab group (P = 0.39). Both drugs reduced the central subfield macular thickness, with a mean decrease of 95 μm for bevacizumab and 107 μm for ranibizumab (P = 0.27). There were no significant differences in the presence of subretinal or intraretinal fluid at final evaluation, dye leakage on angiogram, or change in choroidal neovascular area. The proportion of patients with serious adverse events was 12.6% in the bevacizumab group and 12.1% in the ranibizumab group (P = 0.88). The proportion of patients with serious systemic or ocular adverse events was similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Bevacizumab was noninferior to ranibizumab for visual acuity at 1 year with similar safety profiles. Ranibizumab tended to have a better anatomic outcome. The results are similar to those of previous head-to-head studies. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.

Adenosquamous carcinoma of the head and neck: report of 20 cases and review of the literature.

PURPOSE: To assess the clinical profile and prognostic factors in patients with adenosquamous carcinoma (ASC) of the head and neck treated by surgery and/or radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy. METHODS: Data from 20 patients with stage I-II (n = 4), III (n = 5), or IVA (n = 11) head and neck ASC, treated between 1989 and 2010 were collected in a retrospective multicenter Rare Cancer Network study. Surgery was performed in 16 patients. Seventeen patients received combined modality treatment. RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 15.5 months, 12 patients recurred. The 3-year and median overall survival, disease-free survival (DFS), and loco-regional control were 52% and 39 months, 32% and 12 months, and 47% and 33 months respectively. In multivariate analysis, DFS was negatively influenced by the presence of extracapsular extension and advanced stage. CONCLUSION: Overall prognosis of locoregionally advanced ASC remains poor. However, early stage ASC patients managed with combined modality treatment may have prolonged DFS.

PPARγ Agonist-Induced Fluid Retention Depends on αENaC Expression in Connecting Tubules.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Thiazolidinediones (TZDs, like rosiglitazone (RGZ)) are peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonists used to treat type 2 diabetes. Clinical limitations include TZD-induced fluid retention and body weight (BW) increase, which are inhibited by amiloride, an epithelial-sodium channel (ENaC) blocker. RGZ-induced fluid retention is maintained in mice with αENaC knockdown in the collecting duct (CD). Since ENaC in the connecting tubule (CNT) rather than in CD appears to be critical for normal NaCl retention, we aimed to further explore the role of ENaC in CNT in RGZ-induced fluid retention. METHODS: Mice with conditional inactivation of αENaC in both CNT and CD were used (αENaC lox/lox AQP2-Cre; 'αENaC-CNT/CD-KO') and compared with littermate controls (αENaC lox/lox mice; 'WT'). BW was monitored and total body water (TBW) and extracellular fluid volume (ECF) were determined by bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS) before and after RGZ (320 mg/kg diet for 10 days). RESULTS: On regular NaCl diet, αENaC-CNT/CD-KO had normal BW, TBW, ECF, hematocrit, and plasma Na(+), K(+), and creatinine, associated with an increase in plasma aldosterone compared with WT. Challenging αENaC-CNT/CD-KO with a low NaCl diet unmasked impaired NaCl and K homeostasis, consistent with effective knockdown of αENaC. In WT, RGZ increased BW (+6.1%), TBW (+8.4%) and ECF (+10%), consistent with fluid retention. These changes were significantly attenuated in αENaC-CNT/CD-KO (+3.4, 1.3, and 4.3%). CONCLUSION: Together with the previous studies, the current results are consistent with a role of αENaC in CNT in RGZ-induced fluid retention, which dovetails with the physiological relevance of ENaC in this segment. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Dinâmica físico-hídrica de uma toposseqüência de solos sob Savana Florestada (Cerradão) em Assis, SP

Este trabalho teve como objetivo a caracterização morfológica e físico-hídrica de uma toposseqüência de solos sob floresta nativa de uma parcela permanente de 320 x 320 m, instalada na Estação Ecológica de Assis (SP). A vegetação da parcela consiste em um remanescente de Savana Florestada (Cerradão) da zona limítrofe sul do grande domínio do Cerrado. O estudo da geometria bidimensional (horizontal e vertical) dos horizontes em uma toposseqüência possibilitou o detalhamento da morfologia do solo. Para estudar a dinâmica da água no ambiente de desenvolvimento das plantas nativas, foram obtidas curvas de retenção, análise granulométrica e medidas de condutividade hidráulica saturada no campo, utilizando o permeâmetro de Guelph. O monitoramento da umidade do solo in situ, utilizando o sensor WCR, e da distribuição de chuvas foi realizado no período de novembro de 2003 a novembro de 2004. Os solos foram classificados de montante a jusante em Latossolo Vermelho, Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo, Latossolo Amarelo e Gleissolo Háplico. O alto teor de argila no horizonte de subsuperfície do Gleissolo, em contraste aos Latossolos com maior teor de areia, determina menor drenagem, maior retenção hídrica e baixa condutividade hidráulica nesta camada, não atingindo a saturação em nenhum momento do ano monitorado. O comportamento físico-hídrico dos solos é influenciado pelas condições do relevo, evidenciado pela transição lateral contínua de cor, textura e estrutura dos solos na toposseqüência, e pela pluviosidade. Em superfície, ocorre uma oscilação da umidade do solo intimamente ligada a eventos chuvosos. Em subsuperfície, este efeito é menos intenso, sendo deslocado no tempo. A disponibilidade de água em toda a toposseqüência é limitada na estação seca e também em parte da estação úmida, o que deve definir as características florísticas da formação florestal da parcela e determinar a distribuição espacial do mosaico vegetacional.