The glacial question, unsolved: a specimen commentary on lines 1-31

A commentary on J.H. Prynne's poem 'The Glacial Question, Unsolved', from The White Stones (1969)

Deterpenation of Bergamot Essential Oil Using Liquid-Liquid Extraction: Equilibrium Data of Model Systems at 298.2 K

The deterpenation of bergamot essential oil can be performed by liquid liquid extraction using hydrous ethanol as the solvent. A ternary mixture composed of 1-methyl-4-prop-1-en-2-yl-cydohexene (limonene), 3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-dien-3-yl-acetate (linalyl acetate), and 3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-dien-3-ol (linalool), three major compounds commonly found in bergamot oil, was used to simulate this essential oil. Liquid liquid equilibrium data were experimentally determined for systems containing essential oil compounds, ethanol, and water at 298.2 K and are reported in this paper. The experimental data were correlated using the NRTL and UNIQUAC models, and the mean deviations between calculated and experimental data were lower than 0.0062 in all systems, indicating the good descriptive quality of the molecular models. To verify the effect of the water mass fraction in the solvent and the linalool mass fraction in the terpene phase on the distribution coefficients of the essential oil compounds, nonlinear regression analyses were performed, obtaining mathematical models with correlation coefficient values higher than 0.99. The results show that as the water content in the solvent phase increased, the kappa value decreased, regardless of the type of compound studied. Conversely, as the linalool content increased, the distribution coefficients of hydrocarbon terpene and ester also increased. However, the linalool distribution coefficient values were negatively affected when the terpene alcohol content increased in the terpene phase.

Vegetable Oils Deacidification by Solvent Extraction: Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium Data for Systems Containing Sunflower Seed Oil at 298.2 K

Liquid-liquid equilibrium experimental data for refined sunflower seed oil, artificially acidified with commercial oleic acid or commercial linoleic acid and a solvent (ethanol + water), were determined at 298.2 K. This set of experimental data and the experimental data from Cuevas et al.,(1) which were obtained from (283.2 to 333.2) K, for degummed sunflower seed oil-containing systems were correlated using NRTL and UNIQUAC models with temperature-dependent binary parameters. The deviation between experimental and calculated compositions presented average values of (1.13 and 1.41) % for NRTL and UNIQUAC equations, respectively, indicating that the models were able to correctly describe the behavior of compounds under different temperature and solvent hydration.

Extraction of free fatty acids from peanut oil and avocado seed oil: Liquid-liquid equilibrium data at 298.2 K

The present paper reports phase equilibrium experimental data for two systems composed by peanut oil or avocado seed oil + commercial oleic acid + ethanol + water at 298.2 K and different water contents in the solvent. The addition of water to the solvent reduces the loss of neutral oil in the alcoholic phase and improves the solvent selectivity. The experimental data were correlated by the NRTL and UNIQUAC models. The global deviations between calculated and experimental values were 0.63 % and 1.08 %, respectively, for the systems containing avocado seed oil. In the case of systems containing peanut oil those deviations were 0.65 % and 0.98 %, respectively. Such results indicate that both models were able to reproduce correctly the experimental data, although the NRTL model presented a better performance.

Permanent Genetic Resources added to Molecular Ecology Resources Database 1 May 2009-31 July 2009

This article documents the addition of 512 microsatellite marker loci and nine pairs of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) sequencing primers to the Molecular Ecology Resources Database. Loci were developed for the following species: Alcippe morrisonia morrisonia, Bashania fangiana, Bashania fargesii, Chaetodon vagabundus, Colletes floralis, Coluber constrictor flaviventris, Coptotermes gestroi, Crotophaga major, Cyprinella lutrensis, Danaus plexippus, Fagus grandifolia, Falco tinnunculus, Fletcherimyia fletcheri, Hydrilla verticillata, Laterallus jamaicensis coturniculus, Leavenworthia alabamica, Marmosops incanus, Miichthys miiuy, Nasua nasua, Noturus exilis, Odontesthes bonariensis, Quadrula fragosa, Pinctada maxima, Pseudaletia separata, Pseudoperonospora cubensis, Podocarpus elatus, Portunus trituberculatus, Rhagoletis cerasi, Rhinella schneideri, Sarracenia alata, Skeletonema marinoi, Sminthurus viridis, Syngnathus abaster, Uroteuthis (Photololigo) chinensis, Verticillium dahliae, Wasmannia auropunctata, and Zygochlamys patagonica. These loci were cross-tested on the following species: Chaetodon baronessa, Falco columbarius, Falco eleonorae, Falco naumanni, Falco peregrinus, Falco subbuteo, Didelphis aurita, Gracilinanus microtarsus, Marmosops paulensis, Monodelphis Americana, Odontesthes hatcheri, Podocarpus grayi, Podocarpus lawrencei, Podocarpus smithii, Portunus pelagicus, Syngnathus acus, Syngnathus typhle,Uroteuthis (Photololigo) edulis, Uroteuthis (Photololigo) duvauceli and Verticillium albo-atrum. This article also documents the addition of nine sequencing primer pairs and sixteen allele specific primers or probes for Oncorhynchus mykiss and Oncorhynchus tshawytscha; these primers and assays were cross-tested in both species.

Clinical and molecular delineation of the 17q21.31 microdeletion syndrome

Background: The chromosome 17q21.31 microdeletion syndrome is a novel genomic disorder that has originally been identified using high resolution genome analyses in patients with unexplained mental retardation. Aim: We report the molecular and/or clinical characterisation of 22 individuals with the 17q21.31 microdeletion syndrome. Results: We estimate the prevalence of the syndrome to be 1 in 16 000 and show that it is highly underdiagnosed. Extensive clinical examination reveals that developmental delay, hypotonia, facial dysmorphisms including a long face, a tubular or pear-shaped nose and a bulbous nasal tip, and a friendly/amiable behaviour are the most characteristic features. Other clinically important features include epilepsy, heart defects and kidney/urologic anomalies. Using high resolution oligonucleotide arrays we narrow the 17q21.31 critical region to a 424 kb genomic segment (chr17: 41046729-41470954, hg17) encompassing at least six genes, among which is the gene encoding microtubule associated protein tau (MAPT). Mutation screening of MAPT in 122 individuals with a phenotype suggestive of 17q21.31 deletion carriers, but who do not carry the recurrent deletion, failed to identify any disease associated variants. In five deletion carriers we identify a <500 bp rearrangement hotspot at the proximal breakpoint contained within an L2 LINE motif and show that in every case examined the parent originating the deletion carries a common 900 kb 17q21.31 inversion polymorphism, indicating that this inversion is a necessary factor for deletion to occur (p< 10(25)). Conclusion: Our data establish the 17q21.31 microdeletion syndrome as a clinically and molecularly well recognisable genomic disorder.

Structural and phylogenetic relationship of ORF 31 from the Anticarsia gemmatalis MNPV to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARP)

ORF 31 is a unique baculovirus gene in the genome of Anticarsia gemmatalis multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus isolate 2D (AgMNPV-2D). It encodes a putative polypeptide of 369 aa homologous to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) found in the genomes of several organisms. Moreover, we found a phylogenetic association with Group I PARP proteins and a 3D homology model of its conserved PARP C-terminal catalytic domain indicating that had almost an exact spatial superimposition of < 1 angstrom with other PARP available structures. The 5` end of ORF 31 mRNA was located at the first nucleotide of a CATT motif at position -27. Using real-time PCR we detected transcripts at 3 h post-infection (p.i.) increasing until 24 h p.i., which coincides with the onset of DNA replication, suggestive of a possible role in DNA metabolism.

Thermal Phase Behavior of DMPG Bilayers in Aqueous Dispersions as Revealed by (2)H- and (31)P-NMR

The synthetic lipid 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-3-phosphoglycerol (DMPG), when dispersed in water/NaCl exhibits a complex phase behavior caused by its almost unlimited swelling in excess water. Using deuterium ((2)H)- and phosphorus ((31)P)-NMR we have studied the molecular properties of DMPG/water/NaCl dispersions as a function of lipid and NaCl concentration. We have measured the order profile of the hydrophobic part of the lipid bilayer with deuterated DMPG while the orientation of the phosphoglycerol headgroup was deduced from the (31)P NMR chemical shielding anisotropy. At temperatures > 30 degrees C we observe well-resolved (2)H- and (31)P NMR spectra not much different from other liquid crystalline bilayers. From the order profiles it is possible to deduce the average length of the flexible fatty acyl chain. Unusual spectra are obtained in the temperature interval of 20-25 degrees C, indicating one or several phase transitions. The most dramatic changes are seen at low lipid concentration and low ionic strength. Under these conditions and at 25 degrees C, the phosphoglycerol headgroup rotates into the hydrocarbon layer and the hydrocarbon chains show larger flexing motions than at higher temperatures. The orientation of the phosphoglycerol headgroup depends on the bilayer surface charge and correlates with the degree of dissociation of DMPG-Na(+). The larger the negative surface charge, the more the headgroup rotates toward the nonpolar region.

Fiorello's Flute (31 October 1974)

Volume 2, Number 8 Fiorello's Flute is the official student newspaper of LaGuardia Community College. It is published by an independent student staff and financed by student activity funds. Opinions expressed in the paper are not necessarily those of the College administration, faculty, or the student body. Editorial opinion expressed herein is determined by a majority vote of the Flute staff.

Política monetária e inflação no Brasil: uma análise pela função de impulso resposta generalizada

As décadas mais recentes têm marcado a supremacia dos regimes econômicos que privilegiam as responsabilidades fiscal e monetária. De forma ainda mais destacada, o sistema de metas de inflação vem ganhando espaço, com a adesão de um número crescente de países. No Brasil, sua introdução em 1999 colocou a política monetária em grande evidência, alimentando um prolongado debate acerca dos méritos e desvantagens da priorização absoluta da estabilização monetária. Este trabalho parte de um resumo histórico das práticas de política monetária no Brasil republicano. A seguir, procura-se aferir a eficiência dessas políticas no período posterior à estabilização alcançada pelo Plano Real, com a descrição da ferramenta adotada, a Função Impulso-Resposta Generalizada. Os resultados obtidos com esse instrumento permitem concluir que a autoridade monetária tem sido bem sucedida na gestão do regime de metas de inflação.

Redução do número de espermatozóides por fêmea suína inseminada por ano.

Na inseminação artificial de suínos, são utilizados de 9 a 12 bilhões de espermatozóides por fêmea inseminada. A utilização de menor número de espermatozóides, sem interferir na performance reprodutiva das fêmeas, poderia otimizar o uso dos machos e reduzir os custos de inseminação. Esta tese foi dividida em três experimentos para avaliar o efeito da redução do número de espermatozóides por fêmea inseminada com a técnica tradicional ou intra-uterina. No experimento 1 foram utilizadas 218 leitoas Camborough 22 inseminadas em três intervalos antes da ovulação (0-12, 13-23 e 24-30 h), com doses inseminantes contendo 1,5 bilhão de espermatozóides e armazenadas por 0-48 h ou 96-120 h. As leitoas receberam uma única inseminação. As fêmeas foram abatidas aos 30,83,7 dias de gestação e o trato genital foi removido para contagem do número de corpos lúteos e embriões totais. A taxa de prenhez foi influenciada pelo intervalo inseminação-ovulação quando o sêmen foi armazenado por 96-120 h (P<0,05). Da mesma forma, a interação tempo de armazenamento do sêmen e o intervalo inseminação-ovulação afetou (P<0,05) o número de embriões totais e a sobrevivência embrionária. Quando o período de armazenamento do sêmen foi de 120 h e o intervalo inseminação-ovulação de 24-30 h, foi observada redução no número de embriões totais e na sobrevivência embrionária. No experimento 2 foi avaliado o efeito do intervalo inseminação-ovulação e do número de espermatozóides na dose inseminante em fêmeas submetidas à inseminação intra-uterina. Foram utilizadas 66 matrizes pluríparas da linhagem Camborough 22. As fêmeas foram distribuídas em quatro tratamentos (doses de 1 ou 2 bilhões de espermatozóides diluídos em 60 ml e intervalo inseminação-ovulação de 0-24 e 25-36 h). As fêmeas receberam uma única inseminação intra-uterina. No momento da inseminação, não foi observado refluxo de sêmen. A passagem do cateter pela cérvix foi possível em todas as fêmeas. Foi observada presença de sangue em 1,7% das fêmeas. Aos 314,3 dias de gestação, as fêmeas foram abatidas e o trato genital foi removido para a contagem dos corpos lúteos e número de embriões totais. A taxa de prenhez e a sobrevivência embrionária não foram afetadas pelo número de espermatozóides ou pelo intervalo inseminação-ovulação. O número de embriões totais não foi influenciado pelo número de espermatozóides, mas foi reduzido para o intervalo inseminação-ovulação de 25-36 h comparado a 0-24 h (P<0,05). No experimento 3 foram utilizadas 298 fêmeas Camborough 22 com o objetivo de comparar o desempenho reprodutivo de fêmeas submetidas à inseminação intra-uterina e a tradicional. As fêmeas foram distribuídas em dois tratamentos: T1 – inseminação intra-uterina com doses inseminantes contendo 0,5 bilhão de espermatozóides em um volume total de 20 ml; T2 - inseminação tradicional com doses inseminantes contendo 3,0 bilhões de espermatozóides em um volume total de 90 ml. As fêmeas receberam múltiplas inseminações. Foi possível a realização da inseminação intra-uterina em 98,1% das fêmeas. A presença de sangue, na extremidade do cateter ou espiral da pipeta de inseminação intra-uterina, foi observada em 8,4 % das fêmeas. As taxas de prenhez e de parto ajustada não diferiram entre os tratamentos. No entanto, o tamanho da leitegada foi menor (P<0,05) na IAU quando comparado à tradicional. Na inseminação artificial tradicional, em leitoas, é possível utilizar 1,5 bilhão de espermatozóides sem que as taxas de prenhez, número de embriões totais e sobrevivência embrionária sejam comprometidas. Para a inseminação intra-uterina, a utilização de 1 bilhão de espermatozóides não compromete o desempenho reprodutivo.

Structuralist macroeconomics and new developmentalism

This paper, first, presents some basic ideas and models of a structuralist development macroeconomics that complements and actualizes the thought of structuralist development economics that was dominant between the 1940s and the 1960s including in the World Bank. The new approach focus on the relation between the exchange rate and economic growth, and develops three interrelated models: the tendency to the overvaluation of the exchange, the critique of growth with foreign savings, and a model of the Dutch disease based on the existence of two exchange rate equilibriums: the “current” and the “industrial” equilibrium. Second, it summarizes “new developmentalism” – a sum of growth policies based on these models and on the experience of fast growing Asian countries

Fission track and U-Pb in situ dating applied to detrital zircon from the Vale do Rio do Peixe Formation, Bauru Group, Brazil

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Expressão imuno-histoquímica das integrinas α2ß1, α3ß1, e α5ß1, em mucosa oral normal, hiperplasia fibroepitelial inflamatória oral e displasia epitelial oral

The objective of this study was perform by the streptoavidin-biotin technique an immunohistochemical analysis of α2β1, α3β1e α5β1 integrins in 11 normal oral mucosa (NOM), 16 oral inflammatory fibroepithelial hyperplasia (OIFH) and 25 oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) (16 mild, 2 moderates and 7 severe), to determine if exists qualitative alteration in the expression of these integrins and if this guard relation with the oral epithelial modifications. It was observed that for the α2β1 integrin the majority of the sample showed a predominantly intense labeling diffusely distributed in the intercellular contacts and the cytoplasm of cells of the basal and suprabasal layers, without difference of this profile between the different types of specimens, however with a trend to weak or loss of expression in 21.1% of the OEDs, being all the specimens that had not expressed this heterodimer, severe OEDs. For the α3β1 integrin the majority of the sample showed a weak or absent labeling in basal layer. The α5β1 integrin showed a predominant strong diffuse labeling in the intercellular contacts and cytoplasm in the suprabasal layer, with difference only in the labeling intensity between the types of specimens, inhabiting this difference in the OEDs, where 12 (48%) specimens had shown a weak labeling. It was concluded that the evaluated integrins can be involved in the cell-cell, cell-ECM interactions modulating the cellular differentiation and maintenance of the epithelial structural arrangement. The variable expression of the α5β1 integrin in the OEDs, could suggest, respectively, a role of this molecule in the cellular survival, with intention to perpetuate the modified phenotype in these lesions, or a suppressor role on the modified phenotype due to lack of interaction of this molecule with the fibronectina of the MEC

Hormone profile in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus with previous or current amenorrhea

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)