两株耐碱性木聚糖酶产生菌的筛选及产酶条件研究

本文主要研究了从造纸厂碱性土壤中筛选得到的，能够产生耐碱木聚糖酶的两株放线菌X24-14和X15-17。通过16 S rRNA基因序列分析并结合菌株的形态特征以及生理生化特性，初步认为菌株X15-17为拟诺卡氏菌属（Nocardiopsis）的一个潜在新种；菌株X24-14为纤维化纤维菌（Cellulosimicrobium cellulans）。 在此基础上探索了菌株X24-14和菌株X15-17所产木聚糖酶的基本酶学性质。研究发现，两株菌所产的木聚糖酶的耐碱性均较强： 1）菌株X24-14所产的木聚糖酶，在pH 4.2～9.4的范围内能维持较高的活力，pH 9.4条件下，仍能保持80％的酶活力；2）菌株X15-17所产的木聚糖酶在pH 4.0～9.0的范围内能维持较高的活力，pH 9.0条件下，仍能保持80％的酶活力；3）两株菌所产的木聚糖酶均具有较好的pH稳定性，在pH 2.0～11.0范围内稳定，pH 11.0、4 ℃条件下处理24 h仍具有75％的活力。 本文还重点研究了菌株X24-14在不同培养基成分及不同培养条件下的产酶情况，确定了其适宜的产酶条件。结果显示，菌株X24-14的最适碳源为麸皮；最适氮源为蛋白胨；最适产酶pH为pH 8.5。菌株X24-14适宜的产酶条件为：麸皮60 g/L，蛋白胨10 g/L，K2HPO4 7.0 g/L，pH 8.5，接种量为5％，37 ℃，200 r/min发酵培养108 h。 Two strains of actinomycetes, X24-14 and X15-17, which produced alkali-tolerant xylanase were screened from the soil samples collected from a pulp mill in china. Based on the morphological, physiochemical characteristics and 16S rRNA sequence, X24-14 was priminarily identified as cellulosimicrobium cellulans ; X15-17 was priminarily identified as a new species of Nocardiopsis. The investigation examined the enzyme activities which produced by X24-14 and X15-17 under different pH and different temperatures. The results showed that : 1）The xylanase from X24-14 had characteristic of alkali-tolerance: It remains 80% relative activity at pH ranges between pH 4.2 and pH 9.4 under 50℃. 2)The xylanase from X15-17 also showed characteristic of alkali-tolerance, it remains 80% relative activity at pH ranges between pH 4.0and pH 9.0 under 50℃. 3）The xylanase from the two strains showed alkali-stable characteristics. They were stable at pH ranges between pH 2.0 and pH 11.0, showing 75% of its maximal activity remaining under 24 hours of treatment at 4℃. We also studied the effect of different growth conditions: carbon source, nitrogen sources, inoculum size, and initial pH on the production of xylanase of strain X24-14. The results showed that :The optimal carbon source was wheat bran; The optima nitrogen source was peptone; The maximum xylanase activity was achieved in the medium containing 60 g/L wheat bran, 10 g/L peptone, 7 g/L K2HPO4, inoculum size 5% and pH 8.5, under 37℃ in 108 h.

猪场废水短程硝化反硝化-厌氧氨氧化脱氮研究

畜禽废水是农村水环境污染的主要来源之一，其处理的难点在于脱氮。传统生物脱氮法具有能耗高、需大量外加碳源等缺点，开发低成本、高效率的新型生物脱氮技术具有重要意义。 本研究将短程硝化反硝化和厌氧氨氧化两种脱氮新技术结合，让前者为后者创造去除可降解COD、降低总氮负荷、调整pH、调整氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮浓度比例等进水条件，而后者可在无需外加碳源的条件下进一步脱氮，二者结合可成为高氨氮、低C/N废水脱氮的新途径。 试验以低碳氮比猪场废水为研究对象，首先进行了短程硝化反硝化预处理研究，同时启动并运行调控厌氧氨氧化反应器，最后以经过短程硝化反硝化预处理的猪场废水为进水，进行厌氧氨氧化脱氮考察。实验表明：（1）短程硝化反硝化作为厌氧氨氧化的预处理工序是可行的。猪场废水通过短程硝化反硝化，可以达到基本去除可生化COD、部分脱氮、控制出水氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮浓度之比在1︰1左右、pH在7.5～8.0的目的， COD和总氮平均去除率分别为64.3%、49.1%,出水可达到厌氧氨氧化反应的进水要求。（2）采用模拟废水启动厌氧氨氧化反应器，经过5个月左右的运行调控，反应器启动成功并稳定运行，最高总氮去除率为87.1%，总氮容积去除率最高达到0.14kg/m3.d；整个稳定阶段，氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮的变化量之比为1︰1.21︰0.33。（3）经过短程硝化反硝化预处理的猪场废水厌氧氨氧化脱氮效果稳定，氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、总氮、COD的平均去除率分别为93.0%、99.4%、84.6%、18.1%，处理效果与模拟废水处理系统相比无明显变化。（4）经过短程硝化反硝化预处理后，猪场废水中残留有机物成分在厌氧氨氧化反应过程中无显著变化，主要为酯类和烷烃类物质；残留有机物对厌氧氨氧化效果无明显影响。（5）采用PCR技术进行特殊功能菌种检测，结果表明模拟废水处理系统和猪场废水处理系统的菌群中均含有厌氧氨氧化菌和好氧硝化菌；通过blast比对，厌氧氨氧化菌扩增序列与未培养的Planctomycetales菌和Candidatus Brocadia fulgida菌16S rRNA部分序列相似性分别为95％、90%。（6）MPN法菌种计数结果显示，模拟废水处理系统和猪场废水处理系统的菌群中均含有硝化细菌、亚硝化细菌和少量反硝化菌，实验条件下的微生物系统是一个厌氧氨氧化菌与好氧硝化菌、反硝化菌共存的系统。 Poultry wastewater is one of the main source of water pollution in rural areas，and nitrogen removal is the most difficult part in treating poultry wastewater. There are some disadvantages in traditional nitrogen removal, such as high energy consumption and more additional organic carbon. It is important to develop ecolomical and efficient technologyies. Shortcut nitricfication/denitrification, as a pretreatment process, was combined with Anammox in this research, so that part of total nitrogen and most degradable COD could be removed by the former, and further nitrogen removal could be implemented by the latter. The combination of the two technologies was a new approach to treat wastewater with high ammonium and low C/N. Piggery wastewater with low C/N was treated in lab-scale experiment. Firstly, shortcut nitrification/denitrification was investigated, and Anammox reactor was started up successfully at the same time. Then piggery wastewater after pretreatment was treated by Anammox. The results showed :(1) It was feasible to take nitrification/denitrification as the pretreatment process of Anammox. By using this process, part of total nitrogen and COD were removed, the ratio of ammonium and nitrite reached around 1︰1 and the pH was about 7.8, which were favorable for Anammox. The average removal percentage of COD and total nitrogen were about 64.3% and 49.1%, respectively. (2) Simulated wastewater was used to start up Anammox reactor. The reactor was started up successfully within 5 months and stable performance was achieved. The highest nitrogen removal reached 87.1% and the biggest volumetric total nitrogen removal rate reached 0.14kg/m3.d. The average ratio of ammonium, nitrite and nitrate was 1:1.21:0.33. (3)Taking the effluent of shortcut nitrification/denitrification as the influent, the nitrogen removal efficiency of Anammox was stable, and the the average removal percentage of ammonium, nitrite, total nitrogen and COD were 93.0%, 99.4% , 84.6% and 18.1%, respectively, which had little difference with that by using simulated wastewater..(4) After pretreatment, the residual organic carbon in piggery wastewater showed no obvious change during the Anammox process, and the main organic compounds were saturated hydrocarbon and ester, which had no obvious negative effect on Anammox process.(5) By PCR technology, the existence of Anammox bacteria was confirmed and the aerobic nitrifying bacteria was found to coexist as well. The result of blast showed that the identities of Anammox bacterium to part of 16S rRNA sequence of uncultured Planctomycetales bacterium and Candidatus Brocadia fulgida bacterium were 95% and 90%, respectively.（6）By MPN method, nitrite oxidizer, ammonium oxidizer and denitrification bacteria were detected in both simulated and piggery wastewater treatment system of Anammox, and the microorganism system was composed of Anammox bacteria，aerobic bacteria and denitrification bacteria together.

耐酸产甲烷菌的分离及其复合菌剂的研究

本文从成都龙泉垃圾填埋场和宜宾造纸厂分离到耐酸性能优良的高温产甲烷菌RY3和中温产甲烷菌SH4，并将其与实验室现有的利用不同底物的产甲烷菌配伍组合成了复合菌剂。采用活性污泥作为固体附着物，研制出了固体产甲烷菌复合菌剂。 菌株RY3的pH耐受范围为5.5～10.5，最适生长pH 6.0～8.0。菌株RY3为革兰氏阳性，长杆状，多数单生，不运动；菌落浅黄色，形状近圆形；利用H2+CO2或甲酸盐作为唯一碳源生长，不利用乙酸盐，对氯霉素非常敏感。该菌最适生长温度为55℃～65℃，最适NaCl浓度为0～2%。根据形态和生理生化特性及16S rDNA序列分析将其初步定为热自养甲烷热杆菌（Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus）。添加RY3菌液与仅添加厌氧污泥作为接种物相比一周内可使达到最大产甲烷速率所需时间缩短三分之二，甲烷总产量提高约1.8倍。菌株SH4的生长pH范围5.5～9.5，其对酸碱具有良好的适应性，培养3天后，在初始pH值为6.0～8.0的培养基中甲烷产量相差不大，且基本达到最大产量。SH4革兰氏染色阳性，短杆状，多数单生，不运动；菌落近圆形，微黄；利用H2+CO2或甲酸盐作为唯一碳源生长，不利用乙酸盐，对氯霉素非常敏感。SH4最适生长pH 为7.0，最适生长温度为35℃，最适NaCl浓度为0～1.5%。实验表明，添加SH4菌液与仅添加厌氧污泥作为接种物相比可使产甲烷启动时间缩短三分之一，甲烷总产量亦有大幅提高。从形态和生理生化特征以及16S rDNA序列分析表明SH4为嗜树木甲烷短杆菌（Methanobrevibacter arboriphilus）。 以活性污泥为附着物，与培养基和菌种经搅拌后厌氧发酵可得产甲烷菌固体复合菌剂。固体复合菌剂的pH耐受范围为5.5～9.5，温度耐受范围为15℃～65℃，表明其对环境的适应性较强。以猪粪为底物进行厌氧发酵，接种复合菌剂进行试验，以接种实验室长期富集的产甲烷厌氧污泥作为对照，在20℃时，发酵甲烷浓度与对照基本一致，但每日产气量优于对照，第15天时接种复合菌剂的发酵瓶每日产气量是对照的1.59倍；50℃时达到最大甲烷含量所需时间比对照缩短三分之二，三周内总产气量约为对照的2.7倍，甲烷总产量约为2.8倍。以不加接种物为对照，接种复合菌剂20℃时发酵甲烷含量达到50%约需2周，对照2周内甲烷含量最高仅为4.3%；50℃时接种复合菌剂发酵仅需约1周甲烷含量便可达50%，对照则至少需要2周。 In this paper, high-temperature Methanogen RY3 and middle-temperature SH4 were isolated from Chengdu Longquan refuse landfill and Yibin paper mill. They could be used to make compound inoculum that producing methane with the existing Methanogens utilized different substrate. With using anaerobic activated sludge be solid fixture, the process had been designed to produce solid compound inoculum. Strain RY3 possessed excellent capacity of acid and alkali-tolerant. The pH-tolerant scale of RY3 was 5.5～10.5 and its optimum pH value for growth was 6.0～8.0. RY3 was G+, long-rod shape, monothetic and nonmotile, the colony was pale yellow with suborbicular-shape. Formate or H2+CO2 but not acetate was utilized by RY3 as sole C-source, and it was very sensitive to chloramphenicol. Besides, strain RY3 grew fastest at 55℃～65 and 0℃～2% NaCl. Characteristics of modality and physiology with sequence analysis of the 16s rDNA gene of strain RY3 preliminarily showed that it was Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus. The experiments indicated that the time which began to produce methane with the highest velocity could be shortened two third by adding RY3 in one week, and the total methane production also was 1.8 times than before. Strain SH4 possessed wide scale of growing pH（5.5～9.5）and excellent ability of acclimatizing itself to acid-alkali. The methane production had no apparent difference among those cultivated in different initial pH（6.0～8.0）after three days and equaled to the maximum production basically. Cells of SH4 were G+, short-rod sharp, monothetic and nonmotile. The colony was pale yellow with suborbicular-shape. Formate or H2+CO2 but not acetate was utilized by SH4 as sole C-source, and it was very sensitive to chloramphenicol. Besides, it grew fastest at pH 7.0，55 ℃～65 and 0℃～2% NaCl concentration. The experiment indicated the time that began to produce methane could be shortening one third by adding SH4. And the total methane production also rose apparently. Characteristic of modality and physiology with sequence analysis of the 16S rDNA gene of strain SH4 demonstrated it was Methanobrevibacter arboriphilus. The activated sludge was utilized as fixture, mixed with culture medium and inocolum, that the solid compound inoculum could be produced by anaerobic fermentation. The compound inoculum could grow between pH 5.5～9.5, 15℃～65. It demonstrated the compound inoculum ha℃ve great ability of adapting to circumstance. In the experiment that making pig manure be substrate and taking the anaerobic sludge producing methane that cultured in long term in laboratory to be comparison, the concentration of methane in fermentation added compound inoculum almost equal to the comparison at 20℃, but the volume of gas production could be a little higher. The gas production everyday inoculated compound inoculum was 1.59 times to comparison. The time that the concentration of methane to maximum could be shortening by two third by adding compound inoculum, and the total gas production was 2.7 times to comprison while the total methane production was 2.8 times. If take the no inoculum be the comprasion, anaerobic fermentation added compound inoculum made the concentration of methane to 50% in 2 weeks but the comparison only to 4.3% at 20℃. The time that the concentration of methane to 50% by adding compound inoculum only need 1 week, but the comparison need 2 weeks at 50℃.

重离子诱变技术选育碱性蛋白酶高产菌株；The Selection for High-yield Alkaline Protease Producing Strain by Heavy-ion Irradiation

从采集的土壤样品中分离筛选出一株碱性蛋白酶产生菌G-41,经16S rRNA分子鉴定为芽孢杆菌属菌株。该菌株在发酵培养基中能产生较高产量的胞外碱性蛋白酶(1.7×104U/mL)。以G-41为出发菌株,对其进行重离子辐照诱变处理,获得突变株G-41-68,将该突变株再次经重离子诱变,从大量突变株中筛选出碱性蛋白酶高产菌株15Gy-54,其酶活力达到6.22×104U/mL。与出发菌株相比较,突变株G-41-68和15Gy-54的酶活力分别提高了1.58倍和2.65倍。对突变株15Gy-54的发酵条件进行了优化研究,结果表明,该菌株的碱性蛋白酶活力得到进一步提高,达到7.18×104U/mL,其最适发酵条件为:培养基(g/100mL)为胰蛋白胨1、酵母膏0.5、乳糖5、Na2HPO4·12H2O0.4、KH2PO40.03、Na2CO30.1、MgSO40.0481(4×10-3mol/L)、pH8.0,培养温度41℃,振荡培养时间42-48h。实验结果表明,重离子辐照诱变技术是一种非常有效的微生物诱变育种新技术。

拮抗杉木致害菌Fusariumoxysporum海洋细菌3728的生物学特征及其鉴定

从南海红树林木榄(Bruguiera gymnorrhizo)根际土壤中分离到一株具有拮抗杉木致害菌尖孢镰刀菌萎蔫专化型SF2(Fusariumoxysporum f.sp.vasinfectum)活性的海洋细菌3728菌株,对分离菌株的形态特征、培养特征、生理生化特征和16S rRNA基因序列进行了系统的研究。发现细菌3728与枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)序列相似性最高,达到100%,在系统进化树中与枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis AJ276351)处于同一分支上,结合形态和生理生化分析结果,将其鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌。

Particle-attached and free-living bacterial communities in a contrasting marine environment: Victoria Harbor, Hong Kong

Diversity of particle-attached and free-living marine bacteria in Victoria Harbor, Hong Kong, and its adjacent coastal and estuarial environments was investigated using DNA fingerprinting and clone library analysis. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of 16S rRNA genes showed that bacterial communities in three stations of Victoria Harbor were similar, but differed from those in adjacent coastal and estuarine stations. Particle-attached and free-living bacterial community composition differed in the Victoria Harbor area. DNA sequencing of 28 bands from DGGE gel showed Alphaproteobacteria was the most abundant group, followed by the Bacteroidetes, and other Proteobacteria. Bacterial species richness (number of DGGE bands) differed among stations and populations (particle-attached and free-living; bottom and surface). BIOENV analysis indicated that the concentrations of suspended solids were the major contributing parameter for the spatial variation of total bacterial community structure. Samples from representative stations were selected for clone library (548 clones) construction and their phylogenetic distributions were similar to those of sequences from DGGE. Approximately 80% of clones were affiliated to Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Cyanobacteria. The possible influences of dynamic pollution and hydrological conditions in the Victoria Harbor area on the particle-attached and free-living bacterial community structures were discussed.

Particle-attached and free-living bacterial communities in a contrasting marine environment: Victoria Harbor, Hong Kong

Diversity of particle-attached and free-living marine bacteria in Victoria Harbor, Hong Kong, and its adjacent coastal and estuarial environments was investigated using DNA fingerprinting and clone library analysis. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of 16S rRNA genes showed that bacterial communities in three stations of Victoria Harbor were similar, but differed from those in adjacent coastal and estuarine stations. Particle-attached and free-living bacterial community composition differed in the Victoria Harbor area. DNA sequencing of 28 bands from DGGE gel showed Alphaproteobacteria was the most abundant group, followed by the Bacteroidetes, and other Proteobacteria. Bacterial species richness (number of DGGE bands) differed among stations and populations (particle-attached and free-living; bottom and surface). BIOENV analysis indicated that the concentrations of suspended solids were the major contributing parameter for the spatial variation of total bacterial community structure. Samples from representative stations were selected for clone library (548 clones) construction and their phylogenetic distributions were similar to those of sequences from DGGE. Approximately 80% of clones were affiliated to Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Cyanobacteria. The possible influences of dynamic pollution and hydrological conditions in the Victoria Harbor area on the particle-attached and free-living bacterial community structures were discussed.

Using the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) as a complement marker for species identification of red macroalgae

Barcodes based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase (mtDNA CO1) sequences are being used for broad taxonomic groups of animals with demonstrated success in species identification and cryptic species discovery, but it has become clear that complementation by a nuclear marker system is necessary, in particular for the barcoding of plants. Here, we propose the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) as a potentially usable and complementary marker for species identification of red macroalgae, as well as present a primary workflow for species barcoding. Data show that for most red macroalgal genera (except members of the family Delesseriaceae), the size of ITS region ranges from 600 to 1200 bp, and contains enough variation to generate unique identifiers at either the species or genus levels. Consistent with previous studies, we found that the ITS sequence can resolve closely related species with the same fidelity as mtDNA CO1. Significantly, we confirmed that length polymorphism in the ITS region (including 5.8S rRNA gene) can be utilized as a character to discriminate red macroalgal species. As a complementary marker, the verifiable nuclear ITS region can speed routine identification and the detection of species, advance ecological and taxonomic inquiry, and permit rapid and accurate analysis of red macroalgae.

Purification and characterization of the chitosanase from Aeromonas sp HG08

In this work, the characterization of a chitosanase-producing bacterium isolated from soil was reported and this strain was grouped under the genus Aeromonas by virtue of its morphological, physiological properties and 16S rDNA gene sequences. It is the first report that the genus Aeromonas could produce chitosanase. Aeromonas sp. HG08 could secrete the chitosanase ( named AsChi) with molecular weight of 70 kDa. The optimum pH and temperature of AsChi was 6.0 and 55 degrees C, respectively. The activity of AsChi was markedly enhanced by Mn2+ and inhibited by Fe3+, Cu2+, Ag+ and Hg2+; additionally, the activity of AsChi was increased with the degree of deacetylation ( DDA) of chitosan. Through viscosimetric assay, AsChi probably hydrolyzed chitosan in an endo-type fashion.

Phylogeography of the Northern Atlantic species Chondrus crispus (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) inferred from nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer sequences

Eighteen isolates of the red algae Chondrus crispus were collected from Northern Atlantic sites, together with C. ocellatus, C. yendoi and C. pinnulatus from the North Pacific. The nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) was sequenced and compared, spanning both the ITS regions and the 5.8S rRNA gene. Percentage of nucleotide variation for C. crispus ranged from 0.3% to 4.0%. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using maximum parsimony (MP), neighbor-joining (NJ) and minimum evolution methods. They showed that two main clades existed within the C. crispus samples examined and that suggested C. crispus had a single Atlantic origin. The clustering however did not follow the geographic origin. We hypothesized that the current distribution of C. crispus populations might be a result of three main factors: temperature boundaries, paleoclimate and paleoceanography. ITS data exhibited abundant molecular information not only for phylogeographical investigation but also for systematics studies.

Investigations of the characteristics and mode of action of an algalytic bacterium isolated from Tai Lake

An algalytic bacterium provisionally designated as TL1 was isolated from Tai Lake, a large freshwater lake in the Yangtze Delta plain on the border of the Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces and close to Wuxi city in the People's Republic of China. Strain TL1 was identified as Achromobacter sp. based on its biophysical and biochemical properties and the analysis of its 16S rRNA sequence. Microcystis aeruginosa, which is the most common toxic cyanobacterium in eutrophic freshwater, could be decomposed by strain TL1. The results showed that after inoculation with the algalytic bacterium, the content of chlorophyll-a, maximum PSII quantum yield, and maximum electron transport rates of the alga decreased sharply. At first, the algal cells enhanced the activities of some antioxidative enzymes, but subsequently, the activities of antioxidative enzymes fell sharply once damage of the algal cells was achieved. The filtrate from strain TL1 culture suspension, after autoclaving and treatments with proteinase K, strongly inhibited algal growth, indicating that the lytic metabolites were extracellular and thermostable, not a protein.

胶州湾海洋链霉菌抑菌活性筛选、2株抑菌活性菌株的鉴定及次级代谢产物的研究

本文对256株胶州湾海洋链霉菌进行了抑菌活性的筛选，并选取10株典型菌株进行化学筛选，获得2株有研究价值的菌株。通过大规模发酵，获得纯化的次级代谢产物，进行了结构解析。通过与其他5株活性菌株的16S rRNA基因序列比较，并结合生理生化、形态特征和培养特征分析，探讨了这两株菌的分类地位。 　　采用液体扩散法，选用金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、绿脓杆菌、八叠球菌、隐球菌、白色念珠菌、Mucor miehei (TÜ 284)和Streptomyces viridochromogenes (TÜ57) 8株受试菌进行抑菌活性的筛选，结果22%的菌株显示出对至少一种受试菌具有抑制作用(抑菌圈Æ ³ 8 mm)。根据菌株的形态特征和抑菌活性特点，选择M024、M028、M042、M083、M086、M095、M097、M124、M134和M226 10株链霉菌进行化学筛选。考察了8种培养基和4种培养条件，结果发现菌株M095在Meat extract培养基、pH 6.5、28℃和95 r/min条件下，菌株M097在Meat extract培养基、pH 7.8、 28℃、95 r/min(条件Ⅰ)和M2+培养基、pH 7.8、 35℃、110 r/min(条件Ⅱ)条件下，可供进一步研究。 对菌株M095(24 L规模)和M097(Ⅰ为30 L规模，Ⅱ为14 L规模)进行发酵，采用乙酸乙酯提取和柱层析分离纯化次级代谢产物，通过ESI-MS、EI-MS、1H-NMR和13C-NMR等波谱解析，鉴定出次级代谢产物的结构。发现菌株M095产生一抑菌活性很强的化合物全霉素，首次证实该全霉素具有抑制丝状真菌的作用；菌株M097主要产生10个化合物，其中8个具有不同程度的生物活性，另外两个化合物中，Aloesaponaria Ⅱ为首次从微生物野生菌株(wild strain)中获得，化合物Cui D为一新结构的蒽醌类化合物。 经分子鉴定，初步认为本实验分离的7株活性海洋链霉菌分属于4个链霉菌类群，结合生理生化、形态特征和培养特征分析，认为菌株M095可能为灰色链霉菌的变种，M097可能为球孢类群中的一个新种。

牙鲆群体遗传多样性及鲽形目鱼类分子系统学初步研究

本文以山东近海野生和养殖牙鲆Paralichthys olivaceus(T．& S.)为研究对象，采用同工酶电泳和随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)两种方法，进行了群体遗传学研究；另外，用PCR扩增了牙鲆、桂皮斑鲆Pseudorhombus cinnamomeus(T．& S.)、石鲽Kareius bicoloratus，Basilewsky和大菱鲆Psetta maxima 4种鲽形目鱼类mtDNA 16s rRNA基因区的部分片段，采用生物信息、学方法构建了鲽形目分子系统树。主要结果如下：1．首先建立了适于牙鲆同工酶分析的水平淀粉凝胶和垂直聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳系统；对获得的牙鲆15种同工酶基本酶谱进行了生化遗传分析，进而对自然和养殖群体的生化遗传结构进行了分析，共记录了29个基因座位，发现了9个多态座位。2．野生群体的生化遗传参数多态基因座位比例(31．O％)、等位基因平均数(1．38)和群体平均杂合度(0．0802)都明显高于养殖群体(24．1％，1．28，O．0788)；在野生群体中有9个多态基因座位，而养殖群体仅7个多态基因座位；其中，除了Cat和Idhp-1(仅养殖群体)(P < 0．05)有显著差异、Ldh-C(P < O．01)完全偏离Hardy-Weinberg定律外，其余多态座位基因频率均符合Hardy-Weinberg遗传平衡定律。野生和养殖群体的遗传相似性系数(I)为0．9877，它们的遗传距离(D)是0．0124；两群体间的遗传分化系数G_(st)为0．0681，D_m为0．01，表明总变异中的6．8％的遗传变异产生于群体间的基因差异。3．采用11个随机引物对20个野生个体和24个养殖个体进行了RAPD群体遗传多样性分析，分别扩增出88条和86条DNA带，片段大小在200-2500bp之间，平均每个引物扩增的带数是7．8-8．0。两个群体的多态座位比例分别是43．2％和34．9％，平均杂合度是0．2739和0．2255，而Shannon遗传多样性指数表明两群体的遗传变异中有88．12％的遗传变异来自种群内，只有11．88％的变异来自群体间。遗传分化指数G_(st)的结果也验证了Shannon遗传多样性指数的结果：总群体的遗传变异中约有12％是由两群体间的基因差异产生的。4．本文对牙鲆两个群体的同一批样品分别采用经典的同工酶方法和RAPD方法进行了较系统的比较分析。发现，RAPD所显示的多态性要比同工酶的高得多，因为大部分RAPD的变异是源于非编码区和重复DNA，可以遍布整个基因组，而同工酶仅是功能基因的产物，只表现编码区的变异。因此，自然选择在同工酶编码区的作用要多于RAPD标记。在遗传相似性系数(I)和遗传距离(D)上，RAPD的分析结果与同工酶的分析结果也是有差异的，用同工酶分析两个群体遗传距离只有0．0124，而用RAPD研究可达0．0508。遗传分化指数的差异也很大，同工酶为0．0681，RAPD为0．1237。5．RAPD和同工酶的分析结果是类似的，即自然群体的多态座位比例和平均杂合度要比养殖群体高，降低幅度在同工酶中界于1．7～22．3％之间，在RAPD中则界于15．9～19．2％之间。这充分证明了养殖群体的遗传多样性水平已有明显的丧失，值得我们注意。6．构建了鲽形目鱼类mtDNA 16S rRNA基因的分子系统树。通过分子克隆法将牙鲆、桂皮斑鲆、大菱鲆和石鲽mtDNA 16S rRNA目的基因片段连接到质粒载体上，经MegaBACE测序仪测序，分别获得了590、595、582和590bp序列，通过生物信息学方法对其进行了序列分析和核酸变异比较，结合NCBI上6种鲽形目鱼类的同源序列探讨了这4种鱼类在鲽形目中的遗传分化和分子系统进化，构建了系统树，其中，桂皮斑鲆的16S rRNA基因在系统树中的位置与物种形态资料的系统演化不相符，而其它三种很好地呈现了它们在鲽形目中的系统位置。同时，可以看出mtDNA 16S rRNA基因片段可以构建一个相对准确的树，特别是NJ树和ML树比较接近，更为客观一些。由比对序列获得的物种之间的遗传距离也基本可以反映种、属、科间的不同变异水平。

织纹螺（Nassarius spp.）体内河豚毒素来源的研究

近几十年来，国内沿海地区频繁发生食用织纹螺中毒事件，并导致数十人死亡，这一问题得到了政府相关部门的高度重视。但是，由于织纹螺毒性变化很大，毒素来源不清楚，因此很难预测食用织纹螺中毒事件的发生，这在很大程度上限制了对食用织纹螺中毒事件的有效监测和管理。目前，对于中国沿海有毒织纹螺体内河豚毒素（tetrodotoxin, TTX）的来源还未见过系统研究。本文选取中国沿海常见的半褶织纹螺（Nassarius semiplicatus）、纵肋织纹螺（N. variciferus）和拟半褶织纹螺（N. semiplicatoides sp. nov.）作为实验对象，从毒素的微生物来源与食物链来源这两个角度分别展开研究，以探讨织纹螺体内 TTX 的可能来源，为提出相应的预防管理措施提供科学依据。 首先，我们先后从曾发生过中毒事件的江苏盐城和连云港采集了织纹螺样品，通过小鼠生物测试法和液-质联用分析技术（LC-MS），对织纹螺的毒性和毒素组成进行了测试和分析，分离培养了织纹螺体内及其生活环境中的细菌，应用河豚毒素单克隆抗体酶联免疫检测方法（ELISA）对细菌的产毒情况进行了测试，并通过 16S 核糖体（rRNA）部分基因序列测定对细菌种类进行了初步的分析。研究发现，采自江苏盐城和连云港的半褶织纹螺的毒性分别约为 2 MU/g 和 200 MU/g 组织，体内的毒素成分是河豚毒素及其同系物。从盐城的半褶织纹螺及其生活环境分离的菌株中随机挑出 14 个菌株中，9 个菌株河豚毒素检测结果呈现阳性。从连云港高毒性半褶织纹螺消化腺中分离到的 45 个菌株中，阳性菌株有 21 个。但是，有毒菌株毒素含量较低，毒素含量范围是 15-184ng/g。通过 16S rDNA 部分序列的测序结果发现，大部分有毒菌株与弧菌属（Vibrio）的细菌在遗传序列信息上比较相近。其余有毒菌株分别与希瓦氏菌属（Shewanella）、海单胞菌属（Marinomonas）、黄杆菌属（Tenacibaculum）、动性菌属（Planococcus）、发光杆菌属 (Photobacterium)和气单胞菌属（Aeromonas）的遗传序列比较相近。其中与海单胞菌属、动性菌属和发光杆菌属亲缘关系较近的产毒细菌是首次报道。这一研究表明织纹螺体内及其生活环境中的存在产河豚毒素的细菌，但由于产毒素的量较低，因此可能在织纹螺体内河豚毒素的产生和累积过程并不发挥主要作用。 织纹螺作为一类腐食性的海洋动物，也有可能通过进食含有河豚毒素的生物而累积河豚毒素。对此，我们开展了高毒性半褶织纹螺的室内培养实验，以及河豚毒素在不同种类织纹螺体内的累积和排出的模拟实验，并定期采样，通过液相色谱与串联质谱联用技术（LC-MS/MS）对织纹螺体内河豚毒素及其同系物的含量变化情况进行了分析。室内培养实验发现，从连云港赣榆县采集的高毒性半褶织纹螺，在实验初期，体内毒素含量呈下降的趋势，但从 7月上旬开始，毒素含量突然快速上升，与连云港赣榆县野外采集的织纹螺的毒素含量表现出相似的变化趋势。河豚毒素在不同种织纹螺体内的累积和排出的模拟实验发现，通过投喂高毒性的河豚鱼肝脏（毒性为5×103 MU/g），纵肋织纹螺在一段时间内能够快速累积少量的河豚毒素。当停止投喂有毒河豚鱼肝脏后，毒素含量会快速下降。而在曾导致中毒事件的拟半褶织纹螺中，投喂有毒河豚鱼的肝脏后，其体内毒素含量只有缓慢增加。但在投喂无毒的河豚鱼肝脏后，其毒性却出现了快速增加的现象，这与该地区野外样品的毒性变动状况类似。这些发现显示高毒性半褶、拟半褶织纹螺体内的河豚毒素应当不是食物链累积的结果，而可能是由其自身产生。并且，毒素含量的变化具有一定的生物节律，有可能与产卵、繁殖等自然节律相关。 通过对半褶、纵肋和拟半褶织纹螺的研究工作可以认为，产河豚毒素的细菌不是织纹螺体内河豚毒素的主要来源，并且毒素也不是来自其摄食的食物，推测可能主要是由织纹螺自身产生。织纹螺所表现出的河豚毒素含量的季节性变化，极有可能与产卵、繁殖等自然节律相关，这些发现为预防和管理食用织纹螺中毒事件提供了科学依据。但是，本研究并未完全阐明织纹螺体内河豚毒素的来源，对于织纹螺体内河豚毒素的确切来源以及河豚毒素的代谢和转化机制，还有待于更加深入地研究工作。