The stakes of politics and electoral administration : a comparative study of Southeast Asian democracies

Elections play a crucial role in political stability in post-democratization, and electoral administrations are the key to the electoral process. However, not all newly democratized countries have established reliable electoral administration. New democracies in Southeast Asia, such as the Philippines, Indonesia and Thailand, have independent election commissions which have different characteristics, especially in terms of neutrality. Based on three cases, this paper claims that the stakes of politics are the major determinant of the variations in neutrality. The high stakes of politics in Thailand brought about the partisan election commission, while the low stakes in Indonesia made the electoral system relatively neutral. Like Thailand, the high stakes of politics in the Philippines also cause political intervention in the electoral administration.

Biblia latina : cum postillis Nicolai de Lyra et expositionibus Guillelmi Britonis in prologos S. Hieronymi et additionibus Pauli Burgensis replicisque Mathiae Doering.

Tít. tomado del IBE

Repertorium dictorum / Aristotelis, Aueroys, aliorumque philosophorum.

Huecos para iniciales con letras de aviso

Repertorium dictorum / Aristotelis, Aueroys, aliorumque philosophorum.

Huecos para iniciales con letras de aviso

Rationale diuinorum officiorum / [editum per Reuerendissimum in Christo patrem [et] dominum, d[omi]n[u]m Guilielmum duranti ... ].

Il. xil. en r5v

Rituum ecclesiasticorum siue Sacrarum cerimoniarum S.S. Romanæ Ecclesiæ libri tres non ante impressi.

Pie de imp. tomado del colofón

Incipit scriptu[m] sup[er] primo sente[n]tia[rum] / editum a fratre Ioanne duns ordinis fratrum mino[rum] doctore subtilissimo ...

Marca tip. de los editores en 2i10r (Kristeller. It.B., 238)

Castigationes Plinianæ / Hermolai Barbari Aquileiensis Pontificis.

Huecos para iniciales con letras de aviso

Sermones quadragesimales / fratris Antonii de vercellis de XII mirabilibus christiane fidei excellentiis.

Sign.: a-z8, [et]8, [cum]8, [rum]8, A-G8, j4

Strabonis Amasini scriptoris illustris geographiæ opus finit : q[uo]d Ioa[n]nes Vercellensis p[ro]pria impensa viue[n]tibus posterisq[ue] exactissima diligentia imprimi curauit / [Strabonis Geographi Europæ a Guarino Veronensi translatæ ..., Geographiæ St

Tít. tomado del colofón y mención de responsabilidad de Q5v

Clarissimi ... Pauli Soncinatis ... Ordinis Predicatorum, Diuinum Epitoma Questionum in quatuor libros Sententiarum a ... Joanne Capreolo Tholosano disputatarum / his additisque idem morte preuentus perficere nequiuit, per fratem Isidorum de Isolanis ...

Capitulares grab. xil.

Clarissimi ... Pauli Soncinatis ... Ordinis Predicatorum, Diuinum Epitoma Questionum in quatuor libros Sententiarum a ... Joanne Capreolo Tholosano disputatarum / his additisque idem morte preuentus perficere nequiuit, per fratem Isidorum de Isolanis ...

Capitulares grab. xil.

Contenta hoc volumine, Problematum Aristotelis sectiones duæ de quadraginta / Theodoro Gaza interprete. Problematum Alexandri Aphrodisiei libri duo / eodem Theodoro interprete ; index in vtriusque sectiones et problemata.

Capitulares grab. xil.

Practica iudiciaria / Ia[cobi] de bel[lo] visu sole[m]nis [et] iudicibus o[mn]ibus, aduocatisq[ue] [et] practicis cu[n]ctis nedu[m] vtilis[s]immo p[er]necessaria Practica Iudiciaria in materijs criminalib[us] ... Iacobi de bellouisu ; cu[m] additionib[us]

Ubaldi, Baldo degli, 1327-1400. Practica Baldi 1525 : perutilis ac vere aurea practica iuris vtriusq[ue] monarche ac luminis. Impressum Lugduni : in calcographia dilige[n]tissimi i[m]pressoris Iohannis Crespin, 1525, 17 Augusti. [12], XCVI h. Sign.: A8,

Practica iudiciaria / Ia[cobi] de bel[lo] visu sole[m]nis [et] iudicibus o[mn]ibus, aduocatisq[ue] [et] practicis cu[n]ctis nedu[m] vtilis[s]immo p[er]necessaria Practica Iudiciaria in materijs criminalib[us] ... Iacobi de bellouisu ; cu[m] additionib[us] celeberrimi d[omi]ni Honorati Pugeti ... ; Ad vngue[m] quoq[ue] p[er] Celsum Hugone[m] dissutu[m] …

Hojas imp. por ambas caras