Avaliação do metabolismo ósseo em modelos de plasticidade ontogenética

O aumento da prevalência da obesidade e osteoporose, bem como a identificação de mecanismos comuns que ligam a osteogênese e a adipogênese, sugerem que a obesidade e osteoporose podem ser distúrbios relacionados, e além disso, ambos podem ter suas origens no início da vida. Em 3 modelos diferentes de plasticidade ontogenética foi observado obesidade na vida adulta. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o impacto desses 3 modelos, o desmame precoce mecânico (DPM) e o farmacológico (DPF), e a supernutrição neonatal (SN) no tecido ósseo da prole durante o desenvolvimento. Para tanto, 2 experimentos foram realizados. No experimento 1, ratas lactantes foram divididas em 3 grupos: controle - os filhotes tiveram livre acesso ao leite durante toda a lactação; DPM - as mães foram envolvidas com uma atadura nos últimos 3 dias de lactação; DPF - as mães foram tratadas com bromocriptina (0,5 mg/duas vezes/dia) 3 dias antes do desmame padrão. No experimento 2, o tamanho da ninhada foi reduzido para 3 filhotes machos no 3o dia de lactação até o desmame (SN); o grupo controle permaneceu com 10 filhotes durante toda a lactação. Realizou-se absorciometria de raios-x de dupla energia, tomografia computadorizada, microtomografia computadorizada, teste biomecânico e análises séricas. Os dados foram considerados significativos quando P<0,05. No experimento 1, ao desmame, os filhotes DPM e DPF apresentaram menor massa corporal, massa gorda, densidade mineral óssea total (DMO), conteúdo mineral ósseo total (CMO), área óssea e osteocalcina sérica, e maior telopeptídeo carboxi-terminal do colágeno tipo I (CTX-I). O cálcio ionizado sérico foi menor apenas na prole DPM, a 25-hidroxivitamina D (25(OH)D) foi maior e o PTH menor apenas na prole DPF. Aos 180 dias, as proles DPM e DPF apresentaram maior massa corporal, maior massa de gordura visceral, hiperleptinemia, maior 25(OH)D e menor CTX-I. Ambos os grupos apresentaram aumento da DMO total, do CMO, da DMO da coluna vertebral e da área óssea aos 150 e 180 dias de idade. Nas avaliações ósseas individuais, as proles DPM e DPF também apresentaram aumento da DMO do fêmur e da vértebra lombar, da radiodensidade da cabeça femoral e do corpo vertebral; melhora da microarquitetura trabecular óssea e da resistência óssea. No experimento 2, observamos aumento da massa corporal, da massa gorda e da massa magra, do CMO e da área óssea no grupo SN desde o desmame até a idade adulta. Aos 180 dias, a prole SN também apresentou aumento da DMO total, da DMO do fêmur e da vértebra lombar, da radiodensidade da cabeça femoral e do corpo vertebral; melhora da microarquitetura trabecular óssea e da resistência óssea, maior osteocalcina e menor CTX-I. Demonstramos que, apesar de fatores de imprinting opostos, ambos os modelos causam melhora da massa, do metabolismo, da qualidade e da resistência óssea. Porém, parece que este efeito protetor sobre o tecido ósseo não é um resultado direto da programação deste tecido, mas sim consequência das alterações fisiopatológicas da obesidade programada pelos três modelos.

An overview of 1000 years of tropical climatic variability from ice cores from the Andes of southern Peru [abstract]

EXTRACT (SEE PDF FOR FULL ABSTRACT): Each summer between 1976 and 1984 research was conducted on the Quelccaya Ice Cap with one central objective, to recover an ice core to bedrock from which an approximate 1000 year climatic history for tropical South America could be reconstructed. In 1983 that central objective was accomplished by recovering one core 155 meters in length containing 1350 years and a second core of 163.6 meters containing more than 1500 years of climatic history. ... The most significant climatic event in tropical South America over the last 1500 years was the "Little Ice Age" which is recorded between 1490 to 1880 A.D. in these ice core records. Records from the summit of the Quelccaya Ice Cap show that during the "Little Ice Age" period there was (1) a general increase in particulates (both insoluble and soluble, starting around 1490 A.D. and ending abruptly in 1880 A.D.; (2) an initial increase in net accumulation (1500-1720 A.D.) followed by a period of decreased net accumulation (1720-1860 A.D.); (3) more negative delta-O-18 values beginning in the 1520's and ending around 1880 A.D. The "Little Ice Age" event is evident as a perturbation in all five ice core parameters.

火炬松体细胞无性系建立及其形态发生调控的研究

火炬松（Pinus taeda L.）原产美国东南部，是世界南方松中最重要的绿化和造林用速生针叶树种，现广泛分布于全球亚热带和部分热带地区，在我国的栽植面积居世界第2位，仅次于美国。目前，火炬松离体快速繁殖、遗传转化和品种改良研究中最大的障碍是没有获得良好的植株再生体系。本研究以火炬松的成熟种子为试材，建立了可调控的体细胞胚胎发生和器官发生植株再生系统，并对再生过程中的形态学变化进行了细胞学观察和扫描电镜观察;建立了胚性细胞悬浮系，测定了其重要生长参数的变化动态，优化了悬浮条件下体细胞胚胎发生的培养条件及悬浮细胞原生质体直接体细胞胚胎发生的培养条件。 进行了HA、HB、HC、MA、MB、MC、LA和LB等8种不同基因型的成熟合子胚在BMS、DCR、GD、LM、LP、MNCI、MS、SH及自行设计的TE等9种不同基本培养基上的愈伤组织诱导试验，筛选获得了愈伤组织发生频率较高的基因型HB、MA和MC，及基本培养基DCR和TE。激素组合试验表明，2,4-D和BA最有利于愈伤组织发生。两因子5水平等重复的愈伤组织诱导试验及方差分析结果证实，8 mg•L~(-1)2,4-D和4 mg•L~(-1)BA是愈伤组织诱导的最佳激素组合。诱导产生的愈伤组织经2次继代后，可明显分为4种类型，它们是1）白色、半透明、有光泽的粘性愈伤组织（WTGM）;2）淡黄色、疏松、有光泽的颗粒状愈伤组织（YLGG）;3）淡绿色、疏松的颗粒状愈伤组织（GLG）;和4）浅白色、水浸状的粘性愈伤组织（WMM）。其中白色、半透明、有光泽的粘性愈伤组织有较强的体细胞胚胎发生能力，淡黄色、疏松、有光泽的颗粒状愈伤组织有较强的不定芽发生能力。这两种愈伤组织的最高诱导频率分别是28.1%和35.7%。 在附加2,4-D、IBA和BA的DCR体细胞胚诱导培养基上，白色、半透明、有光泽的粘性愈伤组织中的胚性细胞形成胚性胚柄细胞团和早期原胚。提高培养基中的渗透压后，早期原胚发育成后期原胚。在附加ABA、PEG和活性炭的DCR体细胞胚成熟培养基上，后期原胚发育成子叶胚。在无激素DCR培养基上，子叶胚萌发形成再生完整植株。体细胞胚转换成小植株的最高频率是18.4%。在直接体细胞胚诱导增养基和直接体细胞胚发育培养基的作用下，成熟合子胚的子叶和胚轴上直接形成体细胞胚。直接体细胞胚胎发生的最高频率是18%。 在附加NAA、IBA和BA的TE不定芽原基诱导培养基上，淡黄色、疏松、有光泽的颗粒状愈伤组织中的胚性细胞形成不定芽原基。在附加IBA和BA的TE不定芽分化培养基上，不定芽原基分化产生不定芽。用基因型HB、MA和MC的淡黄色、疏松、有光泽的颗粒状愈伤组织进行的试验表明，不定芽分化的最佳低温（4 ℃）处理时间是5～6周，最佳蔗糖浓度是25～30 g•L~(-1)。分化产生的不定芽在附加IBA、GA_3和活性炭的TE培养基上，幼茎伸长。附加IBA、BA和GA_3的TE培养基上，伸长的不定芽生根形成完整植株。伸长不定芽的最高生根频率是46%。成熟合子胚在直接不定芽原基诱导培养基及直接不定芽分化培养基的作用下，从子叶和胚轴的不同部位产生直接不定芽。直接不定芽发生的最高频率是58.2%。 由成熟合子胚诱导愈伤组织形成过程中的形态学观察表明：在附加2,4-D和BA的DCR愈伤组织诱导培养基上，HB、MA和MC3种基因型中，MA主要在下胚轴形成愈伤组织，MC主要在子叶和胚根形成愈伤组织，HB主要在胚根形成体积较小的愈伤组织。在附加NAA和BA的TE愈伤组织诱导培养基上，HB、MA和MC3种基因型中，MA在单个子叶的顶端形成生长较快的愈伤组织，MC的所有子叶都形成愈伤组织，HB在所有子叶的顶端形成愈伤组织。 石蜡切片观察表明：4类愈伤组织的细胞组成不同．第1类愈伤组织主要由核大、质浓、体积小的园形胚性细胞及核呈柱状或新月形的体积较大的非胚性细胞组成;第2类愈伤组织主要由核大、质浓、体积小的园形胚性细胞组成，第3类愈伤组织主要由体积较大的棒状、葫芦形、新月形、盾片状细胞组成、第4类愈伤组织主要由体积较大的薄壁细胞和细胞壁加厚、细胞间连结紧密、无细胞核的分化细胞组成，第1类愈伤组织上形成的早期原胚的特点是：胚性头部由排列紧密、体积小的园形细胞组成，轮廓十分清晰、呈半圆形，胚柄由排列疏松的长形细胞组成，细胞体积大、细胞中有大的液泡，早期原胚在发育过程中和母体组织保持一定的隔离状态。第2类愈伤组织上形成的不定芽的特点是t结构上为单极性，其维管束和母体组织保持密切联系。扫描电镜观察表明;直接体细胞胚基部和母体组织保持较少的联系，其子叶是直立生长的．直接不定芽基部和母体组织保持较多的联系，其幼叶是向心卷曲生长的。 在培养周期内，基因型HB、MA和MC胚性细胞悬浮培养物的几个生长参数的变化动态相似。鲜重增长高峰在12—15 d，干重增长高峰在15～18 d，细胞体积增长高峰和胚数增长高峰在18—21 d。在培养的18—21 d，培养液中的pH值、电导率和蔗糖浓度接近或降到最低点。在悬浮培养条件下，体细胞胚形成的最佳起始细胞密度是5～6×103个／ml。继代培养时间延长，体细胞胚胎发生能力下降。热激处理促进基因型HB和MA体细胞胚的形成，抑制基因型MC体细胞胚的形成。在悬浮培养物中，观察到了裂生多胚。 对数生长期的火炬松胚性悬浮细胞，在以甘露醇作为渗透压稳定剂的酶混合液Cel-lulase“Onozuka”RS l%+Cellulase“Onozuka”R-10 2.5%+Pectolyase Y-23 0.2%的作用下，原生质体的产量和活力均最高。原生质体在DCR和KM8P两种培养基上形成了体细胞胚（包括胚性胚柄细胞团、早期原胚和后期原胚）．体细胞胚形成的最佳起始原生质体密度是7×l04个/ml，最佳ABA浓度是4 mg．L-I．

Temporal and spatial dynamics of spawning, settlement, and growth of gray snapper (Lutjanus griseus) from the West Florida shelf as determined from otolith microstructures

The goal of our study was to understand the spatial and temporal variation in spawning and settlement of gray snapper (Lutjanus griseus) along the West Florida shelf (WFS). Juvenile gray snapper were collected over two consecutive years from seagrass meadows with a benthic scrape and otter trawl. Spawning, settlement, and growth patterns were compared across three sampling regions (Panhandle, Big bend, and Southwest) by using otolith microstructure. Histology of adult gonads was also used for an independent estimate of spawning time. Daily growth increments were visible in the lapilli of snapper 11–150 mm standard length; ages ranged from 38 to 229 days and estimated average planktonic larval duration was 25 days. Estimated growth rates ranged from 0.60 to 1.02 mm/d and did not differ among the three sampling regions, but did differ across sampling years. Back-calculated fertilization dates from otoliths indicated that juveniles in the Panhandle and Big Bend were mainly summer spawned fish, whereas Southwest juveniles had winter and summer fertilization dates. Settlement occurred during summer both years and in the winter of 1997 for the southern portion of the WFS. Moon phase did not appear to be strongly correlated with fertilization or settlement. Histological samples of gonads from adults collected near the juvenile sampling areas indicated a summer spawning period.

中国东北温带样带区域和景观尺度生态模型的研究

样带是沿全球变化某一驱动因素的主要梯度而设置的由一系列研究站点构成的区域，被认为是研究全球变化与陆地生态系统关系的最有效的途径。而模型研究是全球变化研究中不可或缺的手段。本文即采用模型研究方法研究中国东北温带样带(NECT)区域，试图揭示温带生态系统对于全球变化（尤其是降水）的反应机制。 中国东北温带样带（NECT)位于42°N - 46°N，108°E - 132°E，长约二千多公里，是最早被列入GCTE的四条样带之一，从东到西有明显的湿度梯度，被认为是温带区域研究水分梯度的代表性样带。本文研究主要集中在： 1．NECT中环境数据库的建立,本文采用EIS作为数据管理系统。由于EIS管理空间数据的特点是根据确定的地理坐标来提供空间定位，因而每一环境因子的属性值分布都有确定的地理坐标与其对应，特别适合于样带这种研究区域较大，同时又要求有精确空间定位的区域。NECT环境数据库包括地形、气候、植被、土壤、土地利用、水文、孢粉数据及社会经济等分库、本数据库力图提供各环境因子的各种属性值而代替仅仅提供类型值。 2．NECT中PFTs的划分PFTs的划分被认为是建立DGVM的前提。本文认为PFTs的划分是模型研究中一个尺度上升过程的结果，不同的尺度，不同的研究目标导致不同的PFTs的划分。在NECT区域中，考虑植被对全球变化中降水因子的不同反映机制，采用生活型、高度、耐旱特性、叶子大小、叶子季相、主根深度和木质化程度等指标根据- TWINSPAN和FCLUS进行划分，得到以下9种NECT区域中植被功能类型：常绿针叶树种、落叶针叶树种、落叶阔叶树种、落叶小叶灌木、落叶小叶半灌木、落叶强旱生半灌木、多年生中旱生草本、适应旱生环境的多年生草本和多年生强旱生草本。对NECT区域中PFTs的DCA分析表明降水是控制PFTs在NECT区域中分布的主要环境因子。在代表景观层次的长白山PFTs的划分中，则采用树种有记载的最大寿命、最大胸径、最大树高、各树种生长参数、树种自然分布区内>5℃的有效积温的最小值和最大值、耐阴、耐旱、喜肥特性、树种的扩散更新，就地下种更新和萌条更新能力参数及叶子大小和类型等指标采用上述软件得到的以下PFTs:即不耐荫阔叶树种、耐荫阔叶树种、耐荫针叶树种和不耐荫的阳生针叶树种。 3.NECT中BCM模型的建立和预测 本文认为土壤水是决定SPC系统水分状况的直接指标。而均衡土壤水分剖面代表了土壤水的多年平均状态，因而本文以Watershed模型为基础，模拟NECT区域中任意一点的均衡土壤水分剖面（精度为每经纬网格32×48个点）;然后根据这个均衡水分剖面用计算LAI子模型确定该水分剖面所能支持的LAI;进而根据这个LAI由Biome等模型划分出Biome在NECT中的分布。全球变化的结果将改变区域中任意一点的土壤水分状况，从而影响植被的LAI，进而导致Biome的改变。本模型成功的模拟了LAI和Biome在NECT区域中的分布，利用85-90生长季每月平均的NDVI作相关检验表明除5月份以外，相关系数都>0.7，而5月份也达到0,6457，都达到了极显著的程度。尤为重要的是，模型对于不同植被类型的NDVI与LAI的对应关系有良好的模拟，如针叶林的LAI在相同的NDVI值下明显比阔叶林小，因而模型模拟的LAI在NECT东部针叶林分布区LAI值比针阔混交林明显偏小，而与Spanmen等(1990)所提出的针叶林叶面积指数与NDVI关系非常一致。模型的预测显示：(1) T+20C (PET+15%)，Precipitation+20%，LAI总体上变化不大，且空间变化呈现复杂性，总体上表现出草原植被LAI减少，而森林的LAI增加;Biome层次表现出针阔混交林和矮草原面积扩大，针叶林和森林草原面积减少，其中对于该情形下变化最为明显的是针叶林和森林草原。NECT东部区域发育在沙性土上的植被的LAI明显增加，而科尔沁沙地植被的LAI则维持不变。(2)T+40C (PET+30%)，Precipitation+20%，LAI总体上将减小0.14，但空间分布不均。东部森林区域LA1将维持不变或增加（主要为针叶林），草原植被LAI仍表现出减少趋势;在Biome层次上则表现出草原面积的扩大。对于第一种情形下LAI有增有减的森林革原地区则表现出减小的一致性，总体来说，第二种情形比第一种情形表现出相当的干旱性。从对两种全球变化情形的反应来看，针叶林和森林草原是NECT中对全球变化驱动因子温度和降水的敏感植被类型;丽科尔沁沙地植被表现出相当的稳定性，表明该沙地的敏感性主要是由于人类活动这个因子造成的。 4.NECT中景观层次NPP模型的建立和预测 景观层次之所以成为模型研究中一个独特的层次，是由于地形效应的存在。地形效应对于水、热。营养物质的进行重新分配，从而进一步控制了生态系统的分布。本文选择NECT区域中森林生态系统的代表性分布小流域一二道白河小流域为研究区域。首先，应用Sunlight模型来模拟小流域任意一点所截取的能用于光合作用的太阳辐射能。Sunlight模型充分考虑了由于栅格的坡度、坡向和遮蔽度对可照时间和太阳直射辐射的影响以及坡度和可祝度对太阳散射辐射的影响，并提供了消除大气状况从站点观察数据推测的方法，即太阳直射辐射转换系数Rb和太阳散射辐射转换系数R，结合植被的分布特性，得到IPR在小流域中的分布。结果表明，IPR在小流域中相差不大，与高程呈正相关。进而利用温度修正模型得到温度修正系数，平均为0.446，表明温度对NPP的限制效应比较大;而水分修正系数则通过Topmodel模拟每一栅格的地下水位，由这个地下水位通过前述Waterbalance模型模拟均衡土壤水分剖面，进而求出水分修正系数，平均为0.86，表明该流域水分状况良好，水分状况对NPP的限制性不强。模拟结果显示：海拔1700m的岳桦林平均NPP为7.31t.ha-l年“两实测的NPP值分别为20.19 t.ha-l年 13.45 t.ha-l年‘1和5.15 t.ha-1年”。可见模型模拟的整个NPP的分布趋势与现实NPP分布一致。模型的预测表明：(1)．T+2℃( PET+15%)，P+20%时整个小流域的平均NPP将从14.60 t.ha-1年-1增加到16.65 t.ha_l年，且不同生态系统的增加幅度大致类似。以岳桦林生态系统稍高，增加幅度为15.3%，引起该小流域NPP增加的主要原因是温度状况的改善，而水分状况与变化前一致。(2)T+4℃( PET+30%)，P+20%的变化前景下NPP的增加幅度更大，整个小流域的平均NPP将达到18.63 t.ha-1年，且不同生态系统变化幅度不同．阔叶红松林、暗针叶林和岳桦林生态系统NPP增加幅度将分别达到25.8%，28.3%和32.8%.引起整个小流域NPP增加的主要原因仍旧是温度状况的大幅度提高，平均从变化前的0.477提高到0.610，而水分状况则仍保持相当的稳定性。

不同生活型植物对机械刺激的反应

机械刺激效应（Effects of mechanical stimulation）是风生态学直接效应的主要表现形式。研究机械刺激对植物的影响，有利于将风的直接与间接效应区别开来，从而精确研究植物对风的反应格局;研究不同生活型植物对机械刺激的反应是植物力学与植物生态学的重要内容，有助于揭示植物对生境的适应机制。 本研究涉及三个实验。第一个实验探讨不同生活型植物对机械刺激和水分互作的响应格局;第二个实验研究匍匐茎草本植物蛇莓对部分机械刺激的反应;最后一个实验揭示不同水分供应条件下，番茄和紫花苜蓿对不同机械刺激频度的响应。在第一个实验中，克隆半灌木羊柴（Hedysarum laeve），一年生草本植物虫实（Corispermum mongolicum），多年生大型禾草沙鞭（Psammochloa villosa）和多年生丛生禾草黑麦草（Lolium perenne）分别接受由两个水平机械刺激（无刺激和刺激60 s d-1）和两个水平水分供应（200 ml d-1和400 ml d-1）组成的处理。在第二个实验中，匍匐茎草本蛇莓（Duchesnea indica）接受4个不同水平的机械刺激：（1）整个克隆不受机械刺激;（2）整个克隆都受机械刺激;（3）除顶端外其余克隆部分受机械刺激;（4）仅克隆顶端受机械刺激，其余部分不受机械刺激。在最后一个实验中，番茄（Lycopersicon esculentum）和紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa）接受由三个水平机械刺激频度（0，25赫兹和50赫兹）和三个水平水分供应（50ml，150ml和250ml）组成的处理。这些实验主要回答不同生活型植物的生长和（或）机械性状如何响应机械刺激。主要结果如下： （1）在对机械刺激和水分交互效应的实验中，交互效应随物种发生变化。机械刺激和水分的交互效应对羊柴、番茄和紫花苜蓿作用不显著，但对虫实、沙鞭和黑麦草作用显著。 （2）在对机械刺激的研究中，机械刺激对植物的效应有正负之分。如机械刺激降低羊柴和沙鞭的总生物量，表明其是一种胁迫因子。但对于虫实、番茄和紫花苜蓿来说，机械刺激却能不同程度地促进植物的生长。 （3）机械刺激对虫实的机械性状没有显著影响，但对羊柴的机械性状恰好相反。此外，水分对虫实机械性状有显著影响。 （4）不同植物对机械刺激频度的敏感性存在差异。对番茄来而言，50赫兹的机械刺激对其生长具有较强的促进作用;对紫花苜蓿来说，25赫兹的机械刺激对其生长具有较强的促进作用。 （5）蛇莓对局部机械刺激具有显著反应，特别是在顶端进行机械刺激的处理中，整个克隆片段的叶柄长度缩短，根冠比发生改变，将较多的生物量分配到根。 这些结果表明：（1）不同物种对机械刺激和水分互作的反应可能与机械震动方式及物种本身有关;（2）单位植物大小所承受的机械刺激的强度及物种的生长速率是不一样的;（3）不同反应间的相互作用及相互独立可部分解释物种间的效应差异;（4）接触性形态建成的效应不能从一个物种外推到另外一个物种。 以前的研究集中探讨直立茎植物对机械刺激的响应，而对匍匐茎植物的研究极为贫乏。我们对蛇莓部分机械刺激的研究仅仅是一个初步探索。蛇莓的可塑性行为可能是一种适应性策略，因为这类植物常常生长在机械刺激频繁的开阔生境中。上述三个实验仅仅从生长和机械角度探讨了植物的适应性，而要真正揭示植物对多风生境的适应需要对不同物种进行多水平、多层面的研究，以期掌握不同生活型植物对机械刺激响应的一般格局。例如，从激素、细胞、解剖结构等方面探索其内在机制。

Recovery, growth and carcass composition following periods of restricted ration and full feeding in indian major carp, Rohu (Labeo rohita H.)

A 90-day experiment was conducted to determine the effect of restricted ration and full feeding on the recovery growth and carcass compositions of fingerlings (average weight - 20.74 ± 0.13 g) of rohu, Labeo rohita (H.). Rohu fingerlings procured from a local fish breeder were fed with commercial pelleted feed (27% crude protein) during the two-week acclimatization in the laboratory condition. Experimental pelleted diet (30% crude protein) was prepared and the control group (T sub(CFR)) was fed at 3% of body weight for the 90-day trial period. The experimental group T sub(1FR) was fed for three days at 1% of body weight and the next three days at 3% of body weight, T sub(2FR) was fed for seven days at 1% of body weight and the next seven days at 3% of body weight, T sub(3FR) was fed for 15 days at l% of body weight and the 15 days at 3% of body weight and T sub(4FR) was fed for 25 days at 1% of body weight and the next 25 days at 3% of body weight, alternating between 1 and 3% for the specified period during the 90-day trial period. Daily rations were divided into two equal meals per day at 09.00 and 16.00 hours. Average percent survival rate of rohu during the 90-day trial period was more than 90. Percent live weight gain (98.90 ± 0.34, 113.0 ± 5.93, 125.71 ± 11.01 and 141.90 ± 2.89), specific growth rate (1.53 ± 0.01 1.68 ± 0.06, 1.80 ± 0.10 and 1.96 ± 0.02%/d) and absolute growth rate (1.33 ± 0.13, 1.38 ± 0.07, 1.39 ± 0.04 and 1.44 ± 0.07g/d) of the experimental groups (T sub(1FR), T sub(2FR), T sub(3FR) and T sub(4FR) respectively) increased with the advancement of the experiment in comparison to those in control, T sub(CFR) (90.92 ± 5.81%, 1.44 ± 0.07%/d and 1.34 ± 0.20g/d, respectively) and were proportionately correlated with the degree of deprivation probably through the mechanism of increased feed intake (hyperphagia), feed efficiency ratio or gross growth efficiency, protein efficiency ratio and the superior feed conversion ratio reflecting in better performance index. The body length and muscle composition of fish indicated that recovery growth happened due to protein growth but certainly not due to fat deposition in the gut. Feeding at 1 and 3% of body weight alternating over a period of 25 days might economize the culture operation of rohu.

TYR 基因外显子1 的序列变异与家猪的起源研究

为了分析家猪与野猪的遗传多样性及起源, 测定了来自12 个中国地方家猪品种、3 个欧洲引进猪品种以 及8 个中国野猪和2 个越南野猪共36 个个体的酪氨酸酶基因( T YR) 外显子1 的序列,共检出6 个单核苷酸多态性 位点(SNPs) ,且这6 个位点的变异均为同义突变,根据这些变异可将酪氨酸酶基因DNA 序列归结为4 种单倍型。 结合已发表的数据,构建了简约中介网络图。在网络图中,单倍型T YR 3 2 主要为欧洲家猪与欧洲野猪和3 条亚洲 家猪染色体。大部分亚洲家猪和野猪共享单倍型T YR 3 1 ,表明这是1 个亚洲类型的单倍型;同时也有部分欧洲家 猪与野猪携带这一单倍型。而单倍型T YR 3 3 和T YR 3 4 为本研究检测到的稀有单倍型,这两种单倍型主要由中 国家猪与亚洲野猪组成。这种网络图结构支持家猪的欧洲和亚洲独立起源学说,同时也表明,相当部分的欧洲家 猪品种受到亚洲猪的基因渗透,而少量中国家猪和日本野猪也受到了欧洲猪的基因渗透。

Phylogeny and evolution of the Drosophila nasuta subgroup based on mitochondrial ND4 and ND4L gene sequences

The sequences of the mitochondrial ND4 gene (1339 bp) and the ND4L gene (290 bp) were determined for all the 14 extant taxa of the Drosophila nasuta subgroup The average A + T content of ND4 genes is 76.5% and that of ND4L genes is 83.5%. A total of 114 variable sites were scored. The ND4 gene sequence divergence ranged from 0 to 5.4% within the subgroup. The substitution rate of the ND4 gene is about 1.25% per million years. The base substitution of the genesis strongly transition biased. Neighbor-joining and parsimony were used to construct a phylogeny based on the resultant sequence data set. According to these trees, five, distinct mtDNA clades can be identified. D. niveifrons represents the most diverged lineage. D, sulfurigaster bilimbata and D. kepulauana form two independent lineages. The other two clades are the kohkoa complex and the albomicans complex. The Kohkoa complex consists of D. sulfurigaster sulfurigaster, D. pulaua, D. kohkoa, and Taxon-F. The albomicans complex can be divided into two groups: D. nasuta, D. sulfurigaster neonasuta, D. sulfurigaster albostrigata, and D.. albomicans from Chiangmai form one group; and D. pallidifrons, Taxon-I, Taxon-J, and D. albomicans from China form the other group. High genetic differentiation was found among D. albomicans populations. Based on our phylogenetic results, we hypothesize that D. niveifrons diverged first from the D, nasuta subgroup in Papua New Guinea about 3.5 Mya. The ancestral population spread to the north and when it reached Borneo, it diversified sequentially into the kohkoa complex, D. s. bilimbata, and D. kepulauana. About 1 Mya, another radiation occurred when the ancestral populations reached the Indo-China Peninsula, forming the albomicans complex. Discrepancy between morphological groupings and phylogenetic results suggests that the male morphological traits may not be orthologous. (C) 1999 Academic Press.

点柄乳牛肝菌子实体中抗HIV-1活性成分

目的 研究点柄乳牛肝菌的化学成分,并对分离鉴定的化合物进行抗HIV-1的活性研究.方法 将野外采集的点柄乳牛肝菌子实体用溶剂提取,采用硅胶柱色谱进行分离,通过波谱技术(NMR,MS,IR等)对结构进行鉴定.结果 分离鉴定了9个化合物,分别为:酒渣碱(Ⅰ)、5a,8a-过氧麦角甾-6,22-二烯-3β-醇(Ⅱ)、麦角甾-5,7,22-三烯-3β-醇(Ⅲ)、麦角甾-5,7,22-三烯-3β-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(Ⅳ)、尿嘧啶(Ⅴ))、硫代乙酸酐(Ⅵ)、硬脂酸(Ⅶ)、3-吡啶甲酸(Ⅷ)和D-阿洛糖醇(Ⅸ).结论 化合物Ⅰ为首次从高等真菌中分离.经生物活性测试,该化合物具有抗HIV-1活性,对C8166细胞的毒性较小,CC50为87.86 μg/mL,对HIV-1诱导C8166细胞形成合胞体抑制的EC50为7.27 μg/mL,治疗指数(TI值)为12.09.

Anti HIV-1 agents 5: Synthesis and anti-HIV-1 activity of some N-arylsulfonyl-3-acetylindoles in vitro

In continuation of our program aimed at the discovery and development of compounds with superior anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) activity, 21N-arylsulfonyl-3-acetylindole analogs (2a-u) were synthesized and preliminarily evaluated as HIV-1 inhibitors in vitro. Among of all the analogs, several compounds exhibited significant anti-HIV-1 activity, especially N-phenylsulfonyl-3-acetyl-6-methylindole (2j) and N-(p-ethyl)phenylsulfonyl-3-acetyl-6-methylindole (2n) showed the most potent anti-HIV-1 activity with EC50 values of 0.36 and 0.13 mu g/mL, and TI values of >555.55 and 791.85, respectively. It demonstrated that introduction of the acetyl group at the 3-position of N-arylsulfonyl-6-methylindoles could generally lead to the more potent analogs. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Abalone culture - a new business opportunity

There are about 100 species of abalone in the world, but only 20 are of high commercial importance. In the Philippines, the abalone species are Haliotis asinina, H. varia, H. ovina and H.glabra, but it is the former which has high commercial value. The semi-processed abalone are frozen, dried or canned for export to many countries. An outline is given of the major aquaculture activities and duration of breeding and culture. Abalone hatchery production operations and investment costs and returns are detailed. Particular reference is made to the modular system of abalone culture in floating cages.

Growth and production of free-living heterotrophic nanoflagellates in a eutrophic lake - Lake Donghu, Wuhan, China

In situ growth of heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF) in Lake Donghu, a eutrophic shallow lake in mainland China, was studied from January 1999 to March 2000 using a modified Weisse protocol. The study results indicated that the growth rates of HNF showed pronounced seasonal variation (-0.37-1.25 d(-1)), reaching the maximum during spring to early summer. When the water temperature was higher than 25.5 degreesC, HNF growth was inversely proportional to water temperature. There was an effect by bacterial abundance and autotrophic picoplankton on HNF growth that depended on location. HNF biomass was the highest in late spring, and the HNF production ranged from -2.25 to 35.45 mg l(-1) d(-1) with mean of 3.17 mg l(-1) d(-1). When considered in the context of biomass and production data for zooplankton in Lake Donghu, it was evident that HNF contributed significantly to the total zooplankton production in Lake Donghu. These in situ studies indicate that temperature and food supply are the major determinants of HNF abundance and productivity.

Effect of available food and temperature on the growth and reproduction of Daphnia rosea

Population parameters of Daphnia rosea were studied at various concentrations of Chlorella sp. (0.25, 0.75 and 3.0 mg C l(-1)) at several temperatures (20, 25, 28, and 30 degrees C) in the laboratory. Although there were some differences in the degrees of the effects of the various temperature-food combinations, both food and temperature exerted influences on almost all of the main population parameters of D. rosea. At a water temperature of 28 degrees C, growth and reproduction were reduced, and at the lowest food level (0.25 mgC l(-1)), reproduction failed. D, rosea did not survive at 30 degrees C in spite of abundant food supply, indicating that 30 degrees C is a physiological limit. A positive relationship between body length and brood size was recognized at high and medium food levels. The slope of the regression was the highest at the highest food level and at the lowest temperature (20 degrees C). The low food level exerted a negative influence on the net reproductive rate by lowering the size of egg-bearing females, by decreasing the brood size of each size class, by decreasing the brood number per female, and by increasing the period of empty brood chamber. High water temperature (28 degrees C) also exerted a negative influence on the net reproductive rate in a similar way. For the better understanding of the key factors driving the midsummer dynamics of daphnids in the field, it may be of crucial importance to compare the population parameters of the field populations with experimentally derived values under controlled conditions of food concentration and temperature.