Identification de composé sensibilisant préférentiellement les cellules exprimant les protéines E6 et E7 du VPH à l'irradiation

Le cancer du col utérin (CCU) est dans plus de 99% des cas provoqué par une infection avec le virus du papillome humain (VPH), dont le potentiel oncogénique réside dans l'expression des proto-oncogènes viraux E6/E7. Le potentiel carcinogénique de ces protéines virales réside essentiellement dans leurs actions sur les produits des gènes suppresseurs de tumeur p53 et RB. Les produits de ces gènes, p53 et Rb, font parti des voies de signalisation de réponse aux dommages de l'ADN cellulaire (RDA) et leur perte entraine une perte de fonctionnalité qui mène à une instabilité génomique. À long terme et en présence de d'autres facteurs ceux-ci mèneront au développement d'un cancer. Les protéines E6 et E7 sont constitutivement exprimées dans les cellules du CCU ainsi que dans les cellules de tout autre cancer induit par le VPH et seulement dans ces dernières. La prise en charge des cas avancés de ces cancers se fait principalement par radiothérapie et chimiothérapie concomitante. La chimio-radiothérapie utilisée en traitement est efficace mais résulte en un taux élevé de morbidité et un nombre important de patientes récidiveront. Nous proposons que l'exploitation de l'expression spécifique d’E6 et d’E7 dans les cellules du CCU permette d’envisager une stratégie de létalité synthétique afin d'amplifier l'effet létal de l'irradiation sur les cellules CCU. Ceci permettrait potentiellement d'augmenter l'efficacité du traitement et de diminuer les récidives, ainsi que la morbidité liée au traitement. En s'appuyant sur cette hypothèse, notre objectif est d’identifier des composés dont l'action seule ou couplée à l'irradiation provoquerait préférentiellement la mort des cellules exprimant les protéines E6 et E7 du VPH. Les cellules testées comprennent des cellules isogéniques humaines issues de kératinocytes normaux que nous avons modifiées séquentiellement pour obtenir les modifications associées aux cellules CCU (hTERT, E6 et E7), ainsi que les lignées de cellules de CCU HeLa et CaSki .Nous avons procédé à la mise au point et à la validation du protocole de criblage et des méthodes d’évaluation de la sensibilisation, qui se définit comme une perte de viabilité, un arrêt ou ralentissement de la croissance, par détection d’ATP ainsi que par coloration d’ADN génomique au DRAQ5. Suite à un criblage ciblé impliquant des inhibiteurs connus de la voie de réparation des dommages à l’ADN, nous avons identifié l’inhibiteur de mdm2, Nutlin-3, comme étant un composé sensibilisant et radio-sensibilisant préférentiellement les cellules exprimant E6 et E7 du VPH. La Nutlin-3 a été testée sur des cellules HEKn-hTERT-E6-E7, des cellules CaSki et HeLa. L’effet de sensibilisation et de radio-sensibilisation a été confirmé dans ces trois lignées. Tel que suggéré par son action sur mdmd2, la Nutlin-3 permet la stabilisation de p53 dans les cellules HEKn-hTERT-E6-E7 et CaSki et sa réactivation dans les lignées cellulaires HeLa et CaSki. Malgré cette stabilisation de p53, de façon surprenante, l’effet de la Nutlin-3 sur la sensibilisation et la radio-sensibilisation des cellules HeLa et CaSki semble indépendant de p53, tel qu’observé en utilisant des cellules HeLa-GSE et CaSki-GSE dont le p53 est déficient. In vivo la Nutlin-3a montre dans un essai préliminaire l’inhibition de la croissance tumorale des xénogreffes HeLa chez des souris RAG2γc. Ce résultat reste à confirmer avec un essai impliquant un nombre d’échantillons plus grand. À plus long terme, nous comptons étudier l’implication de mdm2 dans l’effet de sensibilisant de la Nutlin-3 dans les cellules CCUs, ainsi que les autres cibles pouvant être impliquées dans la création de cet effet sensibilisant observé.

Modèle cellulaire de carcinogenèse pour les cancers de l’oropharynx induits par le VPH

Problématique: Le virus du papillome humain (VPH) est présent dans près de 50% des cancers de l’oropharynx. Le potentiel oncogénique du VPH est encodé dans les oncoprotéines E6 et E7, qui agissent en modulant différents gènes, dont les gènes suppresseurs de tumeur p53 et pRb. Les cellules VPH positives démontrent une altération au niveau de la signalisation de la réponse aux dommages à l’ADN (RDA), un mécanisme de contrôle dans l’arrêt de la croissance des cellules ayant subit des dommages au niveau de leur ADN. Hypothèse et objectifs : Nous croyons que les défauts au niveau de la RDA des cancers VPH positifs peuvent être exploités afin de sensibiliser préférentiellement les cellules cancéreuses aux traitements de radiothérapie. Cette stratégie de recherche nécessite l’élaboration d’un modèle cellulaire de carcinogenèse isogénique pour le cancer de l’oropharynx que nous proposons de développer et de caractériser. L’étude vise à dériver des lignées isogéniques à partir de kératinocytes primaires et cellules épithéliales de l’oropharynx pour ensuite valider la carcinogenèse de notre modèle in vitro & in vivo Méthodologie : Des lignées cellulaires de kératinocytes primaires et de cellules épithéliales de l’oropharynx ont été successivement modifiées par transduction afin de présenter les mutations associées aux cancers de l’oropharynx induits par le VPH. Les cellules ont été modifiées avec des lentivirus codants pour la télomérase (hTERT), les oncogènes E6, E7 et RasV12. Afin de valider la cancérogenèse in vitro de notre modèle, des études d’invasion en matrigel et de croissance sans ancrage en agar mou ont été réalisées. Les populations cellulaires transformées ont été ensuite introduites dans des souris immunodéficientes afin d’évaluer leur tumorogénicité in vivo. Résultats : À partir des plasmides recombinés construits par méthodes de clonage traditionnelle et de recombinaison « Gateway », nous avons produit des lentivirus codants pour la télomérase humaine (hTERT), les oncogènes viraux E6 et E7 et l’oncogène Ras. Les kératinocytes primaires et cellules épithéliales de l’oropharynx ont été infectés successivement par transduction et sélectionnés. Nous avons validé l’expression de nos transgènes par méthode d’immunofluorescence, de Western Blot et de réaction de polymérisation en chaîne quantitative en temps réel (qRT-PCR). Nous avons établi trois lignées des cellules épithéliales de l’oropharynx (HNOE) à partir d’échantillons tissulaires prélevés lors d’amygdalectomie (HNOE42, HNO45, HNOE46). Les cellules transduites avec le lentivirus exprimant le promoteur fort CMV/TO de l’oncogène RasV12 ont présenté un changement morphologique compatible avec une sénescence prématurée induite par l’oncogène Ras. En exprimant des quantités plus faibles du RasV12 mutant, la lignée cellulaire HEKn hTERT-E6-E7 PGK RasV12 a réussi à échapper à la sénescence induite par l’oncogène Ras. La population cellulaire exprimant HEKn hTERT-E6-E7-PGK RasV12 a présenté un phénotype malin en culture et à l’étude d'invasion, mais n’a pas démontré de résultats positifs à l’étude de croissance sans ancrage en agar mou ni en xénogreffe en souris immunodéficientes. Conclusion : Nos résultats démontrent qu’en présence des oncogènes viraux E6 et E7, il y a un troisième mécanisme suppresseur de tumeur qui médie la sénescence induite par l’oncogène Ras. Nous avons identifié que la présence de E6 seule ne suffit pas à immortaliser les kératinocytes primaires humains (HEKn). Nous n’avons pas réussi à créer un modèle in vitro de carcinogenèse pour les cancers de l’oropharynx induits par le VPH.

Caractérisation du rôle transcriptionnel et épigénétique de l’O-GlcNAcylation des histones et du facteur de transcription FOXK1

L’O-GlcNAcylation est une modification post-traductionnelle qui consiste en l’ajout covalent du N-acetylglucosamine au groupement hydroxyle des sérines et thréonines des protéines nucléaires et cytoplasmiques. Ce type de glycosylation atypique est régulé de manière très dynamique par l’action de l’O-GlcNAc transférase (OGT) et de l’O-GlcNAcase (OGA) qui catalysent et hydrolysent cette modification respectivement. Aujourd’hui, OGT émerge comme un régulateur transcriptionnel et senseur critique du métabolisme où les protéines ciblées par l’O-GlcNAcylation couvrent la presque totalité des voies de signalisation cellulaire. Récemment, des études ont aussi proposé qu’OGT soit impliquée dans la régulation épigénétique par l’O-GlcNAcylation des histones. Dans le but de caractériser le rôle fonctionnel d’OGT dans la régulation épigénétique, nous avons revisité le concept d’O-GlcNAcylation des histones et, de manière surprenante, n’avons pu confirmer cette observation. En fait, nos données indiquent que les outils disponibles pour détecter l’O-GlcNAcylation des histones génèrent des artéfacts. De ce fait, nos travaux supportent plutôt un modèle où la régulation épigénétique médiée par OGT se fait par l’O-GlcNAcylation de régulateurs transcriptionnels recrutés à la chromatine. Parmi ceux-ci, OGT s’associe au complexe suppresseur de tumeurs BAP1. En étudiant le rôle d’OGT dans ce complexe, nous avons identifié le facteur de transcription FOXK1 comme un nouveau substrat d’OGT et démontrons qu’il est régulé par O-GlcNAcylation durant la prolifération cellulaire. Enfin, nous démontrons que FOXK1 est aussi requis pour l’adipogenèse. Ensemble, nos travaux suggèrent un rôle important d’OGT dans la régulation du complexe BAP1.

Colorectal cancer and the relationship between genes and the environment

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries, with both genetic and environmental factors contributing to the etiology and progression of the disease. Several risk factors have been identified, including positive family history, red meat intake, smoking, and alcohol intake. Protective factors include vegetables, calcium, hormone replacement therapy, folate, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and physical activity. The interaction between these environmental factors, in particular diet and genes, is an area of growing interest. Currently, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and mismatch repair genes are believed to play an essential role in colorectal carcinogenesis. When considering the genetics of CRC, only 10% of cases are inherited and only 2-6% can be ascribed to the highly penetrant genes, such as APC, hMLH and hMSH2. Lower penetrance genes combined with a Western-style diet contribute to the majority of sporadic CRCs. The purpose of this article is to give a brief overview of the epidemiologic studies that have been conducted and present the major findings. Here, we examine the molecular events in CRC, with particular focus on the interaction between genes and environment, and review the most current research in this area.

The anti-proliferative Effects of enterolactone in prostate cancer cells: evidence for the role of DNA licencing genes, mi-R106b cluster expression, and PTEN dosage

The mammalian lignan, enterolactone, has been shown to reduce the proliferation of the earlier stages of prostate cancer at physiological concentrations in vitro. However, efficacy in the later stages of the disease occurs at concentrations difficult to achieve through dietary modification. We have therefore investigated what concentration(s) of enterolactone can restrict proliferation in multiple stages of prostate cancer using an in vitro model system of prostate disease. We determined that enterolactone at 20 μM significantly restricted the proliferation of mid and late stage models of prostate disease. These effects were strongly associated with changes in the expression of the DNA licencing genes (GMNN, CDT1, MCM2 and 7), in reduced expression of the miR-106b cluster (miR-106b, miR-93, and miR-25), and in increased expression of the PTEN tumour suppressor gene. We have shown anti-proliferative effects of enterolactone in earlier stages of prostate disease than previously reported and that these effects are mediated, in part, by microRNA-mediated regulation.

MiR-375 is essential for human spinal motor neuron development and may be involved in motor neuron degeneration

The transcription factor REST is a key suppressor of neuronal genes in non-neuronal tissues. REST has been shown to suppress pro-neuronal microRNAs in neural progenitors indicating that REST-mediated neurogenic suppression may act in part via microRNAs. We used neural differentiation of Rest-null mouse ESC to identify dozens of microRNAs regulated by REST during neural development. One of the identified microRNAs, miR-375, was upregulated during human spinal motor neuron development. We found that miR-375 facilitates spinal motor neurogenesis by targeting the cyclin kinase CCND2 and the transcription factor PAX6. Additionally, miR-375 inhibits the tumor suppressor p53 and protects neurons from apoptosis in response to DNA damage. Interestingly, motor neurons derived from a spinal muscular atrophy patient displayed depressed miR-375 expression and elevated p53 protein levels. Importantly, SMA motor neurons were significantly more susceptible to DNA damage induced apoptosis suggesting that miR-375 may play a protective role in motor neurons.

Novel synthesised flavone derivatives provide significant insight into the structural features required for enhanced anti-proliferative activity

With many cancers showing resistance to current chemotherapies, the search for novel anti-cancer agents is attracting considerable attention. Natural flavonoids have been identified as useful leads in such programmes. However, since an in-depth understanding of the structural requirements for optimum activity is generally lacking, further research is required before the full potential of flavonoids as anti-proliferative agents can be realised. Herein a broad library of 76 methoxy and hydroxy flavones, and their 4-thio analogues, was constructed and their structure-activity relationships for anti-proliferative activity against the breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 (ER+ve), MCF-7/DX (ER+ve, anthracycline resistant) and MDA-MB-231 (ER-ve) were probed. Within this library, 42 compounds were novel, and all compounds were afforded in good yields and > 95% purity. The most promising lead compounds, specifically the novel hydroxy 4-thioflavones 15f and 16f, were further evaluated for their anti-proliferative activities against a broader range of cancer cell lines by the National Cancer Institute (NCI), USA and displayed significant growth inhibition profiles (e.g Compound-15f: MCF-7 (GI50 = 0.18 μM), T-47D (GI50 = 0.03 μM) and MDA-MB-468 (GI50 = 0.47 μM) and compound-16f: MCF-7 (GI50 = 1.46 μM), T-47D (GI50 = 1.27 μM) and MDA-MB-231 (GI50 = 1.81 μM). Overall, 15f and 16f exhibited 7-46 fold greater anti-proliferative potency than the natural flavone chrysin (2d). A systematic structure-activity relationship study against the breast cancer cell lines highlighted that free hydroxyl groups and the B-ring phenyl groups were essential for enhanced anti-proliferative activities. Substitution of the 4-C=O functionality with a 4-C=S functionality, and incorporation of electron withdrawing groups at C4’ of the B-ring phenyl, also enhanced activity. Molecular docking and mechanistic studies suggest that the anti-proliferative effects of flavones 15f and 16f are mediated via ER-independent cleavage of PARP and downregulation of GSK-3β for MCF-7 and MCF-7/DX cell lines. For the MDA-MB-231 cell line, restoration of the wild-type p53 DNA binding activity of mutant p53 tumour suppressor gene was indicated.

Expression of Connexins in Normal and Neoplastic Canine Bone Tissue

Previous studies showed that intercellular communication by gap junctions has a role in bone formation. The main connexin involved in the development, differentiation, and regulation of bone tissue is connexin (Cx) 43. In addition, Cx46 is also expressed, mostly localized within the trans-Golgi region. Alterations in the expression pattern and aberrant location of these connexins are associated with oncogenesis, demonstrating a deficient gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) capacity in neoplastic tissues. In this study, we evaluated normal and neoplastic bone tissues regarding the expression of Cx43 and Cx46 by immunofluorescence, gene expression of these connexins by real-time PCR, and their correlation with cell proliferation index and deposition of collagen. Fourteen neoplastic bone lesions, including 13 osteosarcomas and I multilobular tumor of bone, were studied. The mRNA levels of Cx43 were similar between normal and neoplastic bone tissue. In normal bone tissue, the Cx43 protein was found mainly in the intercellular membranes. However, in all bone tumors studied here, the Cx43 was present in both cell membranes and also aberrantly in the cytoplasm. Regarding only tumor samples, we determined a possible inverse correlation between Cx43 expression and cellular proliferation, although a positive correlation between Cx43 expression and collagen deposition was also noted. In contrast, Cx46 had lower levels of expression in neoplastic bone tissues when compared with normal bone and was found retained in the perinuclear region. Even though there are differences between these two connexins regarding expression in neoplastic versus normal tissues, we concluded that there are differences regarding the subcellular location of these connexins in normal and neoplastic dog bone tissues and suggest a possible correlation between these findings and some aspects of cellular proliferation and possibly differentiation.

The mitochondrial transcription factor A functions in mitochondrial base excision repair

Mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) is an essential component of mitochondrial nucleoids TFAM plays an important role in mitochondrial transcription and replication TFAM has been previously reported to inhibit nucleotide excision repair (NER) in vitro but NER has not yet been detected in mitochondria, whereas base excision repair (BER) has been comprehensively characterized in these organelles The BER proteins are associated with the inner membrane in mitochondria and thus with the mitochondrial nucleoid, where TFAM is also situated However, a function for TFAM in BER has not yet been investigated This study examines the role of TFAM in BER In vitro studies with purified recombinant TFAM indicate that it preferentially binds to DNA containing 8-oxoguanines, but not to abasic sites, uracils, or a gap in the sequence TFAM inhibited the in vitro incision activity of 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1), uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG), apurinic endonuclease 1 (APE1), and nucleotide incorporation by DNA polymerase gamma (pol gamma) On the other hand, a DNA binding-defective TFAM mutant, L58A, showed less inhibition of BER in vitro Characterization of TFAM knockdown (KD) cells revealed that these lysates had higher 8oxoG incision activity without changes in alpha OGG1 protein levels TFAM KD cells had mild resistance to menadione and increased damage accumulation in the mtDNA when compared to the control cells In addition, we found that the tumor suppressor p53, which has been shown to interact with and alter the DNA binding activity of TFAM, alleviates TFAM-Induced inhibition of BER proteins Together, the results suggest that TFAM modulates BER in mitochondria by virtue of its DNA binding activity and protein interactions Published by Elsevier B V

Development of secondary palate requires strict regulation of ECM remodeling: sequential distribution of RECK, MMP-2, MMP-3, and MMP-9

We have evaluated RECK (reversion-inducing-cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs), MMP-2 (matrix metalloproteinase-2), MMP-3, and MMP-9 involvement during palate development in mice by using various techniques. Immunohistochemical features revealed the distribution of RECK, MMP-2, and MMP-3 in the mesenchymal tissue and in the midline epithelial seam at embryonic day 13 (E13), MMPs-2, -3, and -9 being particularly expressed at E14 and E14.5. In contrast, RECK was weakly immunostained at these times. Involvement of MMPs was validated by measuring not only their protein expression, but also their activity (zymograms). In situ hybridization signal (ISH) for RECK transcript was distributed in mesenchymal and epithelial regions within palatal shelves at all periods evaluated. Importantly, the results from ISH analysis were in accord with those obtained by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The expression of RECK was found to be temporally regulated, which suggested possible roles in palatal ontogeny. Taken together, our results clearly show that remodeling of the extracellular matrix is finely modulated during secondary palate development and occurs in a sequential manner.

The maspin expression in canine mammary tumors: an immunohistochemical and molecular study

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Actinic cheilitis and squamous cell carcinoma of the lip: clinical, histopathological and immunogenetic aspects

Queilite actínica é a principal lesão pré-neoplásica do lábio. O carcinoma espinocelular do lábio é incluído nas estatísticas brasileiras junto com os cânceres de boca e, em conjunto, somam 40% dos cânceres de cabeça e pescoço. Há certo desconhecimento médico e odontológico em geral quanto aos fatores relacionados à carcinogênese e à progressão de tumores de boca. Genes de supressão tumoral e proteínas regulatórias de proliferação celular exercem papel na evolução da queilite actínica para carcinoma espinocelular e no comportamento biológico deste. O conhecimento de marcadores de diagnóstico e prognóstico e sua investigação têm utilidade no acompanhamento de tais pacientes.

Microallelotyping defines novel regions of loss of heterozygosity in uterine leiomyomas

Uterine leiomyomas are extremely common, benign, smooth muscle tumors that represent a significant public health problem. Although there have been few molecular studies of uterine leiomyomas, most of them have reported a very low frequency of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in different regions of the genome. The detection of LOH has been used to identify genomic regions that harbor tumor suppressor genes and to characterize different tumor types. We have used a set of 15 microsatellite polymorphism markers to examine the frequency of allele loss in a panel of 64 human uterine leiomyomas matched to normal DNAs. The markers were chosen from regions involved in losses identified by comparative genomic hybridization in a subset of uterine leiomyomas described in a previous report. DNA from tumors and normal tissue was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction and subsequently analyzed using an ABI Prism 377 DNA automated sequencer. The frequency of LOH observed was low, except for the markers D15S87 (15q26.3), D7S493 (7p15.3), and D7S517 (7p22.2). No changes in microsatellite size were detected in our samples. These results provide useful clues for identifying putative tumor suppressor genes associated with a subset of uterine leiomyomas. (C) 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

DNA methylation patterns of the CDHI, RARB, and SFN genes in choroid plexus tumors

Genetic and epigenetic alterations in choroid plexus tumors, a rare neuroepithelial neoplasm most frequently detected in children, are poorly characterized. Epigenetic silencing associated with aberrant CpG island methylation is one mechanism leading to the loss of tumor suppressor functions in cancer cells. Using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction, the methylation patterns of the genes CDH1 (E-cadherin), RARB (retinoic acid receptor, beta), and SFN (stratifin; 14-3-3 sigma) were retrospectively investigated in eight choroid plexus tumors (five papillomas, two atypical papillomas, and one carcinoma), as well as in two normal cortexes obtained after autopsy from male individuals aged 6 months and 64 years. Among the six pediatric tumors, the mean age at diagnosis was 1.8 years old (range, 0.2-6) and the two adult tumors were detected in a 66-year-old man and a 45-year-old woman. A high frequency of hypermethylation was detected in CDH1 and SFN genes in tumoral and normal cortex tissues. Tumor-specific RARB hypermethylation was observed in four papillomas. Further studies are required to evaluate the role of aberrant methylation in choroid plexus tumor progression. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Genomic imbalances in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma identified by molecular cytogenetic techniques

This review summarizes the chromosomal changes detected by molecular cytogenetic approaches in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), the ninth most common malignancy in the world. Whole genome analyses of ESCC cell lines and tumors indicated that the most frequent genomic gains occurred at 1, 2q, 3q, 5p, 6p, 7, 8q, 9q, 11q, 12p, 14q, 15q, 16, 17, 18p, 19q, 20q, 22q and X, with focal amplifications at 1q32, 2p16-22, 3q25-28, 5p13-15.3, 7p12-22, 7q21-22, 8q23-24.2, 9q34, 10q21, 11p11.2, 11q13, 13q32, 14q13-14, 14q21, 14q31-32, 15q22-26, 17p11.2, 18p11.2-11.3 and 20p11.2. Recurrent losses involved 3p, 4, 5q, 6q, 7q, 8p, 9, 10p, 12p, 13, 14p, 15p, 18, 19p, 20, 22, Xp and Y. Gains at 5p and 7q, and deletions at 4p, 9p, and 11q were significant prognostic factors for patients with ESCC. Gains at 6p and 20p, and losses at 10p and 10q were the most significant imbalances, both in primary carcinoma and in metastases, which suggested that these regions may harbor oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Gains at 12p and losses at 3p may be associated with poor relapse-free survival. The clinical applicability of these changes as markers for the diagnosis and prognosis of ESCC, or as molecular targets for personalized therapy should be evaluated.