Eocene calcareous nannofossils in DSDP Holes 95-612 and 95-613

Lower Eocene calcareous nannofossil limestone cored at DSDP Site 612 on the middle slope off New Jersey represents an almost complete biostratigraphic sequence; only the lowest biozone (CP9a; NP10*) was not recovered. The thickness of the strata (198 m), the good preservation of the nannofossils, and the lack of long hiatuses justify the acceptance of this section as a lower Eocene reference for the western North Atlantic margin. The widely recognized and very similar nannofossil zonations of Martini (NP zones) and Bukry-Okada (CP zones) are emended slightly to make their lower Eocene biozones coeval; in addition, five new subzones are erected that subdivide zones CP10 and CPU (NP12 and NP13). Established biozone names are retained as they are altered little in concept, but alphanumeric code systems are changed somewhat by appending an asterisk (*) to identify zones that are emended. Zone CP10* (NP12*) is divided into two parts, the Lophodolithus nascens Subzone (CP10*a; NP12*a) and the Helicosphaera seminulum Subzone (CP10*b; NP12*b). Zone CPU* (NP13*) is divided into three parts, the Helicosphaera lophota Subzone (CP11*a; NP13*a), the Cyclicargolithuspseudogammation Subzone (CP11*b; NP13*b), and the Rhabdosphaera tenuis Subzone (CP11*c; NP13*c). At Site 612, a time-depth curve based on nannofossil datums dated in previous studies reveals a smoothly declining sediment accumulation rate, from 4.9 cm/10**3yr in CP10* (NP12*) to 2.8 cm/103 yr. in CP12* (NP14*). The ages of first-occurrence datums not previously dated are approximated by projection onto this timedepth curve and are as follows: Helicosphaera seminulum, 55.0 Ma; Helicosphaera lophota, 54.5 Ma; Cyclicargolithus pseudogammation, 53.7 Ma; Rhabdosphaera tenuis, 52.6 Ma; and Rhabdosphaera inflata, 50.2 Ma. At nearby Site 613 on the upper rise, strata of similar age, 139 m thick, contain an unconformity representing Subzone CPll*b (NP13*b) and a hiatus of approximately 1.1 m.y. duration. The sediment accumulation rate in the lower part of this section (9.7 cm/10**3yr.) is twice that observed for equivalent strata at Site 612. The hiatus and the heightened sediment accumulation rate at Site 613 probably represent the effects of episodic mass wasting on the early Eocene continental slope and rise.

Coastal Urban Flood Resislience versus Climate Change

Processes of founding and expanding cities in coastal areas have undergone great changes over time driven by environmental conditions. Coastal settlements looked for places above flood levels and away from swamps and other wetlands whenever possible. As populations grew, cities were extending trying to avoid low and wet lands. No city has been able to limit its growth. The risk of flooding can never be eliminated, but only reduced to the extent possible. Flooding of coastal areas is today dramatically attributed to eustasic sea level rise caused by global climate change. This can be inaccurate. Current climate change is generating an average sea level upward trend, but other regional and local factors result in this trend being accentuated in some places or attenuated, and even reversed, in others. Then, the intensity and frequency of coastal flooding around the planet, although not so much as a unique result of this general eustasic elevation, but rather of the superposition of marine and crustal dynamic elements, the former also climate-related, which give rise to a temporary raising in average sea level in the short term. Since the Little Ice Age the planet has been suffering a global warming change leading to sea level rise. The idea of being too obeying to anthropogenic factors may be attributed to Arrhenius (1896), though it is of much later highlight after the sixties of the last century. Never before, the human factor had been able of such an influence on climate. However, other types of changes in sea levels became apparent, resulting from vertical movements of the crust, modifications of sea basins due to continents fracturing, drifting and coming together, or to different types of climate patterns. Coastal zones are then doubly susceptible to floods. Precipitation immediately triggers pluvial flooding. If it continues upland or when snow and glaciers melt eventually fluvial flooding can occur. The urban development presence represents modifying factors. Additional interference is caused by river and waste water drainage systems. Climate also influences sea levels in coastal areas, where tides as well as the structure and dynamic of the geoid and its crust come into play. From the sea, waters can flood and break or push back berms and other coastline borders. The sea level, controlling the mouth of the main channel of the basin's drainage system, is ultimately what governs flood levels. A temporary rise in sea level acts as a dam at the mouth. Even in absence of that global change, so, floods are likely going to increase in many urban coastal areas. Some kind of innovative methodologies and practices should be needed to get more flood resilience cities

Monitor sísmico interactivo

Este trabajo tiene como objetivos la monitorización en tiempo real de la actividad sísmica, tanto próxima como lejana, a partir de los datos sísmicos registrados por una estación de banda ancha, y el desarrollo de un sistema de difusión interactiva de información actualizada de terremotos, destinado al público general. Ambas fuentes de información se mostrarán a través de una Unidad de Visualización denominada “Monitor Sísmico Interactivo”. El registro de los datos sísmicos se realiza utilizando el sensor de tres componentes de la estación sísmica GUD, perteneciente a la Red Digital de Banda Ancha y transmisión digital del Instituto Geográfico Nacional, instalada en la Basílica del Valle de los Caídos, en lalocalidad de Guadarrama (Madrid). En la E.T.S.I. Topografía, Geodesia y Cartografía se ha instalado un ordenador con conexión a Internet, para la recepción y almacenamiento de los datos, y los programas Scream y Drumplot desarrollados por Guralp, necesarios para la monitorización de la señal sísmica en tiempo real. A partir de estos datos, mediante aplicaciones desarrolladas bajo programación Linux y haciendo uso de las herramientas que ofrece el software SAC (Seismic Analysis Code), se genera además un registro gráfico y una película animada de dicha segmentación para cada evento. Se ha configurado un servidor de correo y una cuenta para la recepción de dos tipos de mensajes de correo, enviados desde la sede central del Instituto Geográfico Nacional, con la información de los eventos registrados por GUD una vez revisados: - Mensajes enviados diariamente, con un listado de eventos ocurridos en los 30 últimos días. - Mensajes con la información en cuasi tiempo real de la última alerta sísmica. Se ha desarrollado el programa “saco” para la gestión del correo recibido que analiza la información sísmica, la almacena en ficheros y ejecuta sobre ellos las aplicaciones de dibujo. Estas aplicaciones han sido previamente desarrolladas bajo programación Linux y software GMT (Generic Mapping Tools), y a partir de ellas se generan automáticamente las distintas imágenes que se visualizan en el Monitor Sísmico: un mapa de sismicidad próxima en la Península Ibérica, un mapa de sismicidad lejana en el mundo, un mapa de detalle para localizar y representar la última alerta generada, los listados con la información de los eventos representados en los mapas, los registros gráficos y las películas animadas de dichos sismogramas. Monitor Sísmico Interactivo ha sido desarrollado para ofrecer además la posibilidad de interactuar con la Unidad de Visualización: se ha creado una base de datos para uso científico donde se almacenan todos los eventos registrados por GUD. Así el usuario puede realizar una petición, a través del envío de un mensaje de correo, que le permite visualizar de forma instantánea las imágenes que muestran la información de cualquier terremoto de su interés. ABSTRACT This study is aimed at real-time monitoring of both near and distant seismic activityfrom the seismic data recorded by a broadband seismic station, and the development of an interactive broadcast system of updated information of earthquakes, for the general public. Bothsources of information are displayed through a display unit called "Interactive Seismic Monitor". The seismic data recording is carried out by using the three-component sensor of the GUD seismic station, which belongs to the Digital Network Broadband and digital broadcast of the National Geographic Institute, housed in the Basilica of The Valley of the Fallen, in the town of Guadarrama (Madrid). A computer with Internet connection has been installed in E.T.S.I. Surveying, Geodesy and Cartography for receiving and storing data, together with Scream and Drumplot programs, developed by Guralp, which are necessary for monitoring the real time seismic signal. Based on the data collected, through programming applications developed under Linux system and using the software tools provided by the SAC (Seismic Analysis Code), a chart recorder and an animated gif image of the segmentation for each event are also generated. A mail server and a mail account have been configured for the receipt of two types of email messages, sent from the National Geographic Institute head office, with the information of the events recorded by GUD after being reviewed: - Messages sent daily, providing a list of events in the past 30 days. - Messages containing information on near real-time seismic of the last seismic alert. A program called "saco" has also been developed for handling mail received that analyzes the seismic data, which stores it in files and runs drawing applications on them. These applications have been previously developed under Linux system and software programming GMT (Generic Mapping Tools), and from them different images that are displayed on the Seismic Monitor are automatically generated: a near seismicity Iberian peninsula map, a distant seismicity world map, a detailed map to locate and represent the last seismic alert generated, the lists with the information of the events depicted in the maps,together with the charts and the animated gif image of such seismograms. Interactive Seismic Monitor has been developed to offer any user the possibility of interacting with the display unit: a database has been created for scientific use which stores all the events recorded by GUD. Thus, any user could make a request, by sending an e-mail that allows them to view instantly all the images showing the information of any earthquake of interest on the display unit.

Exploring the feasibility of integrating water issues into the CAPRI model

Although numerous modelling efforts have integrated food and water considerations at the farm or river basin level, very few agro-economic models are able to jointly assess water and food policies at the global level. The present report explores the feasibility of integrating water considerations into the CAPRI model. First, a literature review of modelling approaches integrating food and water issues has been conducted. Three agro-economic models, IMPACT, WATERSIM and GLOBIOM, have been analysed in detail. In addition, biophysical and hydrological models estimating agricultural water use have also been studied, in particular the global hydrological model WATERGAP and the LISFLOOD model. Thanks to the programming approach of its supply module, CAPRI shows a high potentiality to integrate environmental indicators as well as to enter new resource constraints (land potentially irrigated, irrigation water) and input-output relationships. At least in theory, the activity-based approach of the regional programming model in CAPRI allows differentiating between rainfed and irrigated activities. The suggested approach to include water into the CAPRI model involves creating an irrigation module and a water use module. The development of the CAPRI water module will enable to provide scientific assessment on agricultural water use within the EU and to analyze agricultural pressures on water resources. The feasibility of the approach has been tested in a pilot case study including two NUTS 2 regions (Andalucia in Spain and Midi-Pyrenees in France). Preliminary results are presented, highlighting the interrelations between water and agricultural developments in Europe. As a next step, it is foreseen to further develop the CAPRI water module to account for competition between agricultural and non-agricultural water use. This will imply building a water use sub-module to compute water use balances.

Determining electric vehicle charging point locations considering drivers' daily activities

In this paper the daily temporal and spatial behavior of electric vehicles (EVs) is modelled using an activity-based (ActBM) microsimulation model for Flanders region (Belgium). Assuming that all EVs are completely charged at the beginning of the day, this mobility model is used to determine the percentage of Flemish vehicles that cannot cover their programmed daily trips and need to be recharged during the day. Assuming a variable electricity price, an optimization algorithm determines when and where EVs can be recharged at minimum cost for their owners. This optimization takes into account the individual mobility constraint for each vehicle, as they can only be charged when the car is stopped and the owner is performing an activity. From this information, the aggregated electric demand for Flanders is obtained, identifying the most overloaded areas at the critical hours. Finally it is also analyzed what activities EV owners are underway during their recharging period. From this analysis, different actions for public charging point deployment in different areas and for different activities are proposed.

Search for ultrahigh energy neutrinos in highly inclined events at the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Surface Detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory is sensitive to neutrinos of all flavors above 0.1 EeV. These interact through charged and neutral currents in the atmosphere giving rise to extensive air showers. When interacting deeply in the atmosphere at nearly horizontal incidence, neutrinos can be distinguished from regular hadronic cosmic rays by the broad time structure of their shower signals in the water-Cherenkov detectors. In this paper we present for the first time an analysis based on down-going neutrinos. We describe the search procedure, the possible sources of background, the method to compute the exposure and the associated systematic uncertainties. No candidate neutrinos have been found in data collected from 1 January 2004 to 31 May 2010. Assuming an E-2 differential energy spectrum the limit on the single-flavor neutrino is E(2)dN/dE < 1.74 x 10(-7)GeVcm(-2)s(-1)sr(-1) at 90% C.L. in the energy range 1 x 10(17) eV < E < 1 x 10(20)eV.

MDD vs. traditional software development: a practitioner’s subjective perspective

Context: Today’s project managers have a myriad of methods to choose from for the development of software applications. However, they lack empirical data about the character of these methods in terms of usefulness, ease of use or compatibility, all of these being relevant variables to assess the developer’s intention to use them. Objective: To compare three methods, each following a different paradigm (Model-Driven, Model-Based and Code-Centric) with respect to their adoption potential by junior software developers engaged in the development of the business layer of a Web 2.0 application. Method: We have conducted a quasi-experiment with 26 graduate students of the University of Alicante. The application developed was a Social Network, which was organized around a fixed set of modules. Three of them, similar in complexity, were used for the experiment. Subjects were asked to use a different method for each module, and then to answer a questionnaire that gathered their perceptions during such use. Results: The results show that the Model-Driven method is regarded as the most useful, although it is also considered the least compatible with previous developers’ experiences. They also show that junior software developers feel comfortable with the use of models, and that they are likely to use them if the models are accompanied by a Model-Driven development environment. Conclusions: Despite their relatively low level of compatibility, Model-Driven development methods seem to show a great potential for adoption. That said, however, further experimentation is needed to make it possible to generalize the results to a different population, different methods, other languages and tools, different domains or different application sizes.

Adjustable compression method for still JPEG images

There are a large number of image processing applications that work with different performance requirements and available resources. Recent advances in image compression focus on reducing image size and processing time, but offer no real-time solutions for providing time/quality flexibility of the resulting image, such as using them to transmit the image contents of web pages. In this paper we propose a method for encoding still images based on the JPEG standard that allows the compression/decompression time cost and image quality to be adjusted to the needs of each application and to the bandwidth conditions of the network. The real-time control is based on a collection of adjustable parameters relating both to aspects of implementation and to the hardware with which the algorithm is processed. The proposed encoding system is evaluated in terms of compression ratio, processing delay and quality of the compressed image when compared with the standard method.

A quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR assay for the assessment of drug activities against intracellular Theileria annulata schizonts.

Intracellular schizonts of the apicomplexans Theileria annulata and Theileria parva immortalize bovine leucocytes thereby causing fatal immunoproliferative diseases. Buparvaquone, a hydroxynaphthoquinone related to parvaquone, is the only drug available against Theileria. The drug is only effective at the onset of infection and emerging resistance underlines the need for identifying alternative compounds. Current drug assays employ monitoring of proliferation of infected cells, with apoptosis of the infected host cell as a read-out, but it is often unclear whether active compounds directly impair the viability of the parasite or primarily induce host cell death. We here report on the development of a quantitative reverse transcriptase real time PCR method based on two Theileria genes, tasp and tap104, which are both expressed in schizonts. Upon in vitro treatment of T. annulata infected bovine monocytes with buparvaquone, TaSP and Tap104 mRNA expression levels significantly decreased in relation to host cell actin already within 4 h of drug exposure, while significant differences in host cell proliferation were detectable only after 48-72 h. TEM revealed marked alterations of the schizont ultrastructure already after 2 h of buparvaquone treatment, while the host cell remained unaffected. Expression of TaSP and Tap104 proteins showed a marked decrease only after 24 h. Therefore, the analysis of expression levels of mRNA coding for TaSP and Tap104 allows to directly measuring impairment of parasite viability. We subsequently applied this method using a series of compounds affecting different targets in other apicomplexan parasites, and show that monitoring of TaSP- and Tap104 mRNA levels constitutes a suitable tool for anti-theilerial drug development.

(Table 2) Oxygen and carbon isotope composition of planktonic foraminiferal species from DSDP Holes 93-603B and 93-604, and one benthic species from Hole 93-604

Holes 603C and 604 of DSDP Leg 93 were drilled on the western Atlantic continental rise at water depths of 4633 m and 2364 m, respectively. In Hole 603C, a nearly continuous, undisturbed, and complete section of Pliocene and lower Pleistocene sediments was recovered by hydraulic piston coring; in Hole 604, a section of uppermost Miocene to Pleistocene sediments was incompletely recovered by rotary coring. In order to reconstruct the Pliocene and Pleistocene history of isotopic variations, 139 oxygen and carbon isotope values were determined for planktonic and monospecific benthic foraminifer samples from these holes. Large parts of the Pleistocene history could not, however, be documented because sample intervals were large and sediments at Site 604 were redeposited. Time correlation is based on magnetostratigraphic (Hole 603C) and micropaleontologic (Hole 603C, Site 604) interpretation. Stable isotope analyses were carried out on the planktonic foraminiferal species Globigerinoides ruber, G. obliquus, and Globorotalia inflata from Hole 603C (48 analyses) and from Site 604 (48 analyses); at Site 604, the benthic foraminifer Uvigerina peregrina (43 analyses) was also studied through the section. Age calibration for Hole 603C is based on the magnetostratigraphy of Canninga et al. (1987; doi:10.2973/dsdp.proc.93.130.1987), which uses the time scale of Lowrie and Alvarez (1981).

Role of polarisation in automatic target recognition using resonance descriptions

The role of polarisation in late time complex resonance based target identification is investigated numerically for the case of an L-shaped wire. While repeated extraction of the resonances for varying polarisation allows for better signal-to-noise immunity, it is also found that there are preferred polarisations for each complex resonance. The first few of these polarisations are extracted for the sample target.

Women, computing and the 'ideal worker': A comparison of professional occupations

In this paper we use recent census data supplemented with case study evidence to investigate the extent to which professional computing occupations in Australia are constructed around the notion of an ‘ideal’ worker. Census data are used to compare computer professionals with other selected professional occupational groups, illustrating different models of accommodating (or not accommodating) workers who do not fit the ideal model. The computer professionals group is shown to be distinctive in combining low but consistent levels of female representation across age groups, average rates of parenthood and minimal provisions for working-time flexibility. One strategy employed by women in this environment is selection of relatively routine technical roles over more time intensive consultancy based work.

Pensando e agindo estrategicamente:novos desafios para a análise estratégical

Este artigo estabelece uma postura crítica e analítica em relação às abordagens baseadas em microatividades para se entender a estratégia. Argumenta-se que tais abordagens trazem desafios teóricos e empíricos importantes. Argumenta-se também contra a tendência ao reducionismo, sem igual ênfase nas influências contextuais que configuram a estratégia em um nível micro. Finalmente, o artigo defende uma abordagem mais internacional e comparativa para os estudos da estratégia em um nível micro. This paper takes a critical and evaluative stance toward micro-activity-based approaches to understanding strategy. It argues that such approaches bring with them important theoretical and empirical challenges. The paper argues against a tendency to reductionism without equal emphasis to the contextual influences that bound micro-strategising. Finally, the paper argues for a more international and comparative approach to micro-strategy studies than has currently been the case.

Thinking and acting strategically:new challenges for interrogating strategy

This paper takes a critical and evaluative stance toward micro-activity-based approaches to understanding strategy. It argues that such approaches bring with them important theoretical and empirical challenges. The paper argues against a tendency to reductionism without equal emphasis to the contextual influences that bound micro-strategising. Finally, the paper argues for a more international and comparative approach to micro-strategy studies than has currently been the case.