Design methodologies of microwawe integrated circuits for satellite telecommunications

The running innovation processes of the microwave transistor technologies, used in the implementation of microwave circuits, have to be supported by the study and development of proper design methodologies which, depending on the applications, will fully exploit the technology potentialities. After the choice of the technology to be used in the particular application, the circuit designer has few degrees of freedom when carrying out his design; in the most cases, due to the technological constrains, all the foundries develop and provide customized processes optimized for a specific performance such as power, low-noise, linearity, broadband etc. For these reasons circuit design is always a “compromise”, an investigation for the best solution to reach a trade off between the desired performances. This approach becomes crucial in the design of microwave systems to be used in satellite applications; the tight space constraints impose to reach the best performances under proper electrical and thermal de-rated conditions, respect to the maximum ratings provided by the used technology, in order to ensure adequate levels of reliability. In particular this work is about one of the most critical components in the front-end of a satellite antenna, the High Power Amplifier (HPA). The HPA is the main power dissipation source and so the element which mostly engrave on space, weight and cost of telecommunication apparatus; it is clear from the above reasons that design strategies addressing optimization of power density, efficiency and reliability are of major concern. Many transactions and publications demonstrate different methods for the design of power amplifiers, highlighting the availability to obtain very good levels of output power, efficiency and gain. Starting from existing knowledge, the target of the research activities summarized in this dissertation was to develop a design methodology capable optimize power amplifier performances complying all the constraints imposed by the space applications, tacking into account the thermal behaviour in the same manner of the power and the efficiency. After a reminder of the existing theories about the power amplifier design, in the first section of this work, the effectiveness of the methodology based on the accurate control of the dynamic Load Line and her shaping will be described, explaining all steps in the design of two different kinds of high power amplifiers. Considering the trade-off between the main performances and reliability issues as the target of the design activity, we will demonstrate that the expected results could be obtained working on the characteristics of the Load Line at the intrinsic terminals of the selected active device. The methodology proposed in this first part is based on the assumption that designer has the availability of an accurate electrical model of the device; the variety of publications about this argument demonstrates that it is so difficult to carry out a CAD model capable to taking into account all the non-ideal phenomena which occur when the amplifier operates at such high frequency and power levels. For that, especially for the emerging technology of Gallium Nitride (GaN), in the second section a new approach for power amplifier design will be described, basing on the experimental characterization of the intrinsic Load Line by means of a low frequency high power measurements bench. Thanks to the possibility to develop my Ph.D. in an academic spin-off, MEC – Microwave Electronics for Communications, the results of this activity has been applied to important research programs requested by space agencies, with the aim support the technological transfer from universities to industrial world and to promote a science-based entrepreneurship. For these reasons the proposed design methodology will be explained basing on many experimental results.

Vibration as a method for muscular stimulation

Human reactions to vibration have been extensively investigated in the past. Vibration, as well as whole-body vibration (WBV), has been commonly considered as an occupational hazard for its detrimental effects on human condition and comfort. Although long term exposure to vibrations may produce undesirable side-effects, a great part of the literature is dedicated to the positive effects of WBV when used as method for muscular stimulation and as an exercise intervention. Whole body vibration training (WBVT) aims to mechanically activate muscles by eliciting neuromuscular activity (muscle reflexes) via the use of vibrations delivered to the whole body. The most mentioned mechanism to explain the neuromuscular outcomes of vibration is the elicited neuromuscular activation. Local tendon vibrations induce activity of the muscle spindle Ia fibers, mediated by monosynaptic and polysynaptic pathways: a reflex muscle contraction known as the Tonic Vibration Reflex (TVR) arises in response to such vibratory stimulus. In WBVT mechanical vibrations, in a range from 10 to 80 Hz and peak to peak displacements from 1 to 10 mm, are usually transmitted to the patient body by the use of oscillating platforms. Vibrations are then transferred from the platform to a specific muscle group through the subject body. To customize WBV treatments, surface electromyography (SEMG) signals are often used to reveal the best stimulation frequency for each subject. Use of SEMG concise parameters, such as root mean square values of the recordings, is also a common practice; frequently a preliminary session can take place in order to discover the more appropriate stimulation frequency. Soft tissues act as wobbling masses vibrating in a damped manner in response to mechanical excitation; Muscle Tuning hypothesis suggest that neuromuscular system works to damp the soft tissue oscillation that occurs in response to vibrations; muscles alters their activity to dampen the vibrations, preventing any resonance phenomenon. Muscle response to vibration is however a complex phenomenon as it depends on different parameters, like muscle-tension, muscle or segment-stiffness, amplitude and frequency of the mechanical vibration. Additionally, while in the TVR study the applied vibratory stimulus and the muscle conditions are completely characterised (a known vibration source is applied directly to a stretched/shortened muscle or tendon), in WBV study only the stimulus applied to a distal part of the body is known. Moreover, mechanical response changes in relation to the posture. The transmissibility of vibratory stimulus along the body segment strongly depends on the position held by the subject. The aim of this work was the investigation on the effects that the use of vibrations, in particular the effects of whole body vibrations, may have on muscular activity. A new approach to discover the more appropriate stimulus frequency, by the use of accelerometers, was also explored. Different subjects, not affected by any known neurological or musculoskeletal disorders, were voluntarily involved in the study and gave their informed, written consent to participate. The device used to deliver vibration to the subjects was a vibrating platform. Vibrations impressed by the platform were exclusively vertical; platform displacement was sinusoidal with an intensity (peak-to-peak displacement) set to 1.2 mm and with a frequency ranging from 10 to 80 Hz. All the subjects familiarized with the device and the proper positioning. Two different posture were explored in this study: position 1 - hack squat; position 2 - subject standing on toes with heels raised. SEMG signals from the Rectus Femoris (RF), Vastus Lateralis (VL) and Vastus medialis (VM) were recorded. SEMG signals were amplified using a multi-channel, isolated biomedical signal amplifier The gain was set to 1000 V/V and a band pass filter (-3dB frequency 10 - 500 Hz) was applied; no notch filters were used to suppress line interference. Tiny and lightweight (less than 10 g) three-axial MEMS accelerometers (Freescale semiconductors) were used to measure accelerations of onto patient’s skin, at EMG electrodes level. Accelerations signals provided information related to individuals’ RF, Biceps Femoris (BF) and Gastrocnemius Lateralis (GL) muscle belly oscillation; they were pre-processed in order to exclude influence of gravity. As demonstrated by our results, vibrations generate peculiar, not negligible motion artifact on skin electrodes. Artifact amplitude is generally unpredictable; it appeared in all the quadriceps muscles analysed, but in different amounts. Artifact harmonics extend throughout the EMG spectrum, making classic high-pass filters ineffective; however, their contribution was easy to filter out from the raw EMG signal with a series of sharp notch filters centred at the vibration frequency and its superior harmonics (1.5 Hz wide). However, use of these simple filters prevents the revelation of EMG power potential variation in the mentioned filtered bands. Moreover our experience suggests that the possibility of reducing motion artefact, by using particular electrodes and by accurately preparing the subject’s skin, is not easily viable; even though some small improvements were obtained, it was not possible to substantially decrease the artifact. Anyway, getting rid of those artifacts lead to some true EMG signal loss. Nevertheless, our preliminary results suggest that the use of notch filters at vibration frequency and its harmonics is suitable for motion artifacts filtering. In RF SEMG recordings during vibratory stimulation only a little EMG power increment should be contained in the mentioned filtered bands due to synchronous electromyographic activity of the muscle. Moreover, it is better to remove the artifact that, in our experience, was found to be more than 40% of the total signal power. In summary, many variables have to be taken into account: in addition to amplitude, frequency and duration of vibration treatment, other fundamental variables were found to be subject anatomy, individual physiological condition and subject’s positioning on the platform. Studies on WBV treatments that include surface EMG analysis to asses muscular activity during vibratory stimulation should take into account the presence of motion artifacts. Appropriate filtering of artifacts, to reveal the actual effect on muscle contraction elicited by vibration stimulus, is mandatory. However as a result of our preliminary study, a simple multi-band notch filtering may help to reduce randomness of the results. Muscle tuning hypothesis seemed to be confirmed. Our results suggested that the effects of WBV are linked to the actual muscle motion (displacement). The greater was the muscle belly displacement the higher was found the muscle activity. The maximum muscle activity has been found in correspondence with the local mechanical resonance, suggesting a more effective stimulation at the specific system resonance frequency. Holding the hypothesis that muscle activation is proportional to muscle displacement, treatment optimization could be obtained by simply monitoring local acceleration (resonance). However, our study revealed some short term effects of vibratory stimulus; prolonged studies should be assembled in order to consider the long term effectiveness of these results. Since local stimulus depends on the kinematic chain involved, WBV muscle stimulation has to take into account the transmissibility of the stimulus along the body segment in order to ensure that vibratory stimulation effectively reaches the target muscle. Combination of local resonance and muscle response should also be further investigated to prevent hazards to individuals undergoing WBV treatments.

A numerical program for Railway vehicle-track-structure dynamic interaction using a modal substructuring approach

This work presents a program for simulations of vehicle-track and vehicle-trackstructure dynamic interaction . The method used is computationally efficient in the sense that a reduced number of coordinates is sufficient and doesn’t require high efficiency computers. The method proposes a modal substructuring approach of the system by modelling rails , sleepers and underlying structure with modal coordinates, the vehicle with physical lumped elements coordinates and by introducing interconnection elements between these structures (wheel-rail contact, railpads and ballast) by means of their interaction forces. The Frequency response function (FRF) is also calculated for both cases of track over a structure (a bridge, a viaduct ...) and for the simple vehicle-track program; for each case the vehicle effect on the FRF is then analyzed through the comparison of the FRFs obtained introducing or not a simplified vehicle on the system.

Caratterizzazione e generazione di segnali PWM per amplificatori in classe D ad alta efficienza

The convergence of information technology and consumer electronics towards battery powered portable devices has increased the interest in high efficiency, low dissipation amplifiers. Class D amplifiers are the state of the art in low power consumption and high performance amplification. In this thesis we explore the possibility of exploiting nonlinearities introduced by the PWM modulation, by designing an optimized modulation law which scales its carrier frequency adaptively with the input signal's average power while preserving the SNR, thus reducing power consumption. This is achieved by means of a novel analytical model of the PWM output spectrum, which shows how interfering harmonics and their bandwidth affect the spectrum. This allows for frequency scaling with negligible aliasing between the baseband spectrum and its harmonics. We performed low noise power spectrum measurements on PWM modulations generated by comparing variable bandwidth, random test signals with a variable frequency triangular wave carrier. The experimental results show that power-optimized frequency scaling is both feasible and effective. The new analytical model also suggests a new PWM architecture that can be applied to digitally encoded input signals which are predistorted and compared with a cosine carrier, which is accurately synthesized by a digital oscillator. This approach has been simulated in a realistic noisy model and tested in our measurement setup. A zero crossing search on the obtained PWM modulation law proves that this approach yields an equivalent signal quality with respect to traditional PWM schemes, while entailing the use of signals whose bandwidth is remarkably smaller due to the use of a cosine instead of a triangular carrier.

A Unitary Approach to Information and Estimation Theory in Digital Communication Systems

This thesis presents the outcomes of a Ph.D. course in telecommunications engineering. It is focused on the optimization of the physical layer of digital communication systems and it provides innovations for both multi- and single-carrier systems. For the former type we have first addressed the problem of the capacity in presence of several nuisances. Moreover, we have extended the concept of Single Frequency Network to the satellite scenario, and then we have introduced a novel concept in subcarrier data mapping, resulting in a very low PAPR of the OFDM signal. For single carrier systems we have proposed a method to optimize constellation design in presence of a strong distortion, such as the non linear distortion provided by satellites' on board high power amplifier, then we developed a method to calculate the bit/symbol error rate related to a given constellation, achieving an improved accuracy with respect to the traditional Union Bound with no additional complexity. Finally we have designed a low complexity SNR estimator, which saves one-half of multiplication with respect to the ML estimator, and it has similar estimation accuracy.

Characterisation of the cell-transistor coupling

Die Verbindung von elektrisch aktiven, lebenden Zellen zu extrazellulären Sensorsystemen eröffnet vielfälige Möglichkeiten im Bereich der Biosensorik. Die vorliegende Arbeit leistet einen Beitrag zum tieferen Verständnis der elektrischen Kopplungsmechanismen zwischen den biologischen und elektronischen Teilen solcher Hybridsysteme. Es wurden dazu drei Hauptbereiche bearbeitet:Ein System zur extrazellulären Signalableitung an lebenden Zellen bestehend aus einem Sensorchip, einem Vorverstärkerkopf und einem Hauptverstärker wurde weiterentwickelt.Als Sensoren wurden entweder Metallmikroelektroden-Chips mit 64 Kanälen oder Feldeffekt Transistoren-Chips mit 16 Kanälen (FET) eingesetzt. Es wurden zusätzlich spezielle FET Sensoren mit Rückseitenkontakten hergestellt und eingesetzt.Die elektrische Kopplung von einzelnen Nervenzellen der neuronalen Zell-Linien SH-SY5Y und TR14 oder primär kultivierten Neuronen aus dem Hirnstamm oder dem Hippocampus von embryonalen Ratten mit den extrazellulären Sensoren wurde untersucht. In der 'whole-cell' Patch-Clamp Technik wurden die Beiträge der spannungsgesteuerten Na+- und K+-Ionenkanäle zur extrazellulären Signalform identifiziert. Die Simulation der Signale mit einem Ersatzschaltkreis (Punkt-Kontakt Modell), der in PSPICE implementiert wurde, deutet auf eine starke Abhängigkeit der Signalformen in bezug auf Konzentrationsänderungen von Na+- und K+-Ionen im Volumenbereich zwischen Zelle und den ionensensitiven Transistoren hin. Ein empirisch erweitertes Punkt-Kontakt Modell wurde daraufhin vorgestellt.Im dritten Teil der Arbeit wurden Zellschichten von Kardiomyocyten embryonaler Ratten auf den extrazellulären Sensoren kultiviert. Die Eignung eines solchen Hybridsensors als Modellherz fuer das pharmazeutische Screeing wurde durch Messungen mit Herzstimulanzien und -relaktanzien bestätigt.

Il ruolo delle barriere paramassi nella mitigazione del rischio da frana nella Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano

Negli ultimi anni si è sviluppata una forte sensibilità nei confronti del rischio che il dissesto idrogeologico comporta per il territorio, soprattutto in un paese come il nostro, densamente abitato e geologicamente fragile. Il rischio idrogeologico In Italia infatti è diffuso in modo capillare e si presenta in modo differente a seconda dell’assetto geomorfologico del territorio. Tra i fattori naturali che predispongono il nostro territorio a frane ed alluvioni, rientra la conformazione geologica e geomorfologica, caratterizzata da un’orografia giovane e da rilievi in via di sollevamento. A seguito del verificarsi di una serie di eventi calamitosi (Piemonte 1994, Campania 1998 e 1999, Sovereto 2000, Alpi centrali 2000 e 2002) sono state emanate leggi specifiche finalizzate all’individuazione e all’applicazione di norme, volte a prevenire e contenere i gravi effetti derivanti dai fenomeni di dissesto. Si fa riferimento in particolare, alle leggi n°267 del 3/08/1998 e 365/2000 che hanno integrato la legge 183/1989. In questo modo gli enti territoriali (Regioni, Autorità di bacino) sono stati obbligati a predisporre una adeguata cartografia con perimetrazione delle aree a differente pericolosità e rischio. Parallelamente continuano ad essere intrapresi, promossi e finanziati numerosi studi scientifici volti allo studio dei fenomeni ed alla definizione più puntuale delle condizioni di rischio, oltre alle iniziative volte alla creazione di un efficace sistema di allertamento e di sorveglianza dei fenomeni e alla messa a punto di una pianificazione di emergenza volta a coordinare in modo efficace la risposta delle istituzioni agli eventi. In questo contesto gli studi su validi approcci metodologici per l’analisi e la valutazione del rischio possono fornire un supporto al processo decisionale delle autorità preposte alla gestione del territorio, identificando gli scenari di rischio e le possibili strategie di mitigazione, e individuando la soluzione migliore in termini di accettabilità sociale e convenienza economica. Nel presente elaborato si vuole descrivere i temi relativi alla valutazione della pericolosità, del rischio e della sua gestione, con particolare attenzione ai fenomeni di instabilità dei versanti e nello specifico ai fenomeni di crollo da pareti rocciose che interessano il territorio della Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano. Il fenomeno della caduta massi infatti è comunemente diffuso in tutte le regioni di montagna e lungo le falesie costiere, ed in funzione dell’elevata velocità con cui si manifesta può costituire una costante fonte di pericolo per le vite, i beni e le attività umane in zone generalmente molto attive dal punto di vista del turismo e delle grandi vie di comunicazione. Il territorio della Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano è fortemente interessato da questo problema, sia per la morfologia montuosa della provincia che per le infrastrutture che sempre più occupano zone di territorio un tempo poco urbanizzate. Al fine di pervenire ad una legittima programmazione delle attività di previsione e prevenzione, il Dipartimento dei Lavori Pubblici della Provincia, ha scelto di utilizzare una strategia che prevedesse un insieme di attività dirette allo studio ed alla determinazione delle cause dei fenomeni calamitosi, alla identificazione dei rischi, ed alla determinazione delle zone del territorio soggette ai rischi stessi. E’ nato così, con l’operatività dell’Ufficio Geologia e Prove Materiali, il supporto del Dipartimento Opere Pubbliche e della Ripartizione Protezione Civile e la collaborazione scientifica del DISTART – Università degli Studi di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum, il progetto VISO che riguarda i pericoli generati da frane di crollo, ribaltamento, scivolamento di porzioni di pareti rocciose e caduta massi. Il progetto ha come scopo la valutazione del pericolo, della vulnerabilità e del rischio e dell’effettiva funzionalità delle opere di protezione contro la caduta massi lungo la strada statale del Brennero. Il presente elaborato mostra l’iter per l’individuazione del rischio specifico che caratterizza un particolare tratto stradale, così come è stato pensato dalla Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano all’interno di una strategia di previsione e prevenzione, basata su metodi il più possibile oggettivi, ed estesa all’intera rete stradale di competenza provinciale. Si esamina l’uso di metodologie diverse per calcolare l’intensità di un fenomeno franoso che potrebbe potenzialmente svilupparsi su un versante e si osserva in che modo la presenza di opere di protezione passiva influisce sull’analisi di pericolosità. Nel primo capitolo viene presentata una panoramica sui fenomeni di crollo descrivendo i fattori principali che li originano e gli interventi di protezione posti a difesa del versante. Si esaminano brevemente le tipologie di intervento, classificate in opere attive e passive, con particolare attenzione alle barriere paramassi., che si collocano tra gli interventi di difesa passivi e che stanno diventando il tipo di intervento più frequentemente utilizzato. Nel capitolo vengono descritte dal punto di vista progettuale, prendendo in esame anche la normativa di riferimento nonché le nuove linee guida per la certificazione CE delle barriere, nate negli ultimi anni per portare ad una facile comparabilità dei vari prodotti sottoposti ad impatti normalizzati, definendo con chiarezza i livelli energetici ai quali possono essere utilizzati i vari prodotti e, nel contempo, fornendo informazioni assolutamente indispensabili per la buona progettazione degli stessi. Nel capitolo successivo si prendono in esame i temi relativi alla valutazione della pericolosità e del rischio, l’iter procedurale di analisi del rischio adottato dalla Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano in relazione alle frane da crollo che investono le strade della rete provinciale ed in particolare viene descritto il progetto VISO (Viability Information Operating System), nato allo scopo di implementare un catasto informatizzato che raccolga indicazioni sul patrimonio delle opere di protezione contro la caduta massi e di rilevare e valutare il pericolo, la vulnerabilità, il rischio e l’effettiva funzionalità delle opere di protezione contro la caduta massi lungo le strade statali e provinciali. All’interno dello stesso capitolo si espone come, nell’ambito del progetto VISO e grazie alla nascita del progetto europeo Paramount ” (Improved accessibility reliability and safety of Alpine tran sport infrastructure related to mountainous hazard in a changing climate) si è provveduto, con l’aiuto di una collega del corso di laurea, a raccogliere i dati relativi all’installazione delle barriere paramassi sul territorio della Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano. Grazie ad un’analisi di archivio effettuata all’interno delle diverse sedi del servizio strade della Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano, si è presa visione (laddove presenti) delle schede tecniche delle barriere collocate sul territorio, si sono integrati i dettagli costruttivi contattando le principali ditte fornitrici e si è proceduto con una classificazione delle opere, identificando alcuni modelli di “barriere-tipo che sono stati inseriti nel database PARAMOUNT, già creato per il progetto VISO. Si è proseguito associando a tali modelli le barriere provviste di documentazione fotografica rilevate in precedenza dall’istituto di Geologia della Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano e inserite in VISO e si è valutata la corrispondenza dei modelli creati, andando a verificare sul posto che le barriere presenti sul territorio ed inserite nel database (tramite modello), effettivamente coincidessero, nelle misure e per le caratteristiche geometrico-costruttive, ai modelli a cui erano state associate. Inoltre sono stati considerati i danni tipici a cui può essere soggetta una barriera paramassi durante il suo periodo di esercizio poiché tali difetti andranno ad incidere sulla valutazione dell’utilità del sistema di difesa e di conseguenza sulla valutazione della pericolosità del versante(H*). Nel terzo capitolo si è esposta una possibile integrazione, mediante il software di calcolo RocFall, della procedura di valutazione dell’analisi di pericolosità di un versante utilizzata nell’ambito del progetto VISO e già analizzata in dettaglio nel secondo capitolo. Il software RocFall utilizza un metodo lumped mass su schema bidimensionale basato su ipotesi semplificative e consente di effettuare simulazioni probabilistiche di fenomeni di caduta massi, offrendo importanti informazioni sull’energia che si sviluppa durante il crollo, sulle velocità raggiunte e sulle altezze di rimbalzo lungo tutto il versante considerato, nonché sulla distanza di arresto dei singoli massi. Si sono realizzati dei profili-tipo da associare al versante, considerando il pendio suddiviso in tre parti : parete verticale (H = 100 m) lungo la quale si sviluppa il movimento franoso; pendio di altezza H = 100 m e angolo pari ai quattro valori medi della pendenza indicati nella scheda di campagna; strada (L = 10 m). Utilizzando il software Cad si sono realizzati 16 profili associando la pendenza media del versante a 4 morfologie individuate grazie all’esperienza dell’Istituto di Geologia e Prove materiali della Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano; si è proceduto importando tali profili in RocFall dove sono state aggiunte informazioni riguardanti la massa del blocco e l’uso del suolo, ottenendo 256 profili-tipo ai quali è stata associata una sigla definita come segue : morfologia (1, 2, 3, 4) _ pendenza (37, 53, 67, 83 gradi) _ uso del suolo (A, B, C, D) _ massa (a,b,c,d). Fissando i parametri corrispondenti al peso del masso ( inserito al solo scopo di calcolare la velocità rotazionale e l’energia cinetica ) e considerando, per ogni simulazione, un numero di traiettorie possibili pari a 1000, avendo osservato che all’aumentare di tale numero (purchè sufficientemente elevato) non si riscontrano variazioni sostanziali nei risultati dell’analisi, si è valutato come i parametri uso del suolo (A;B;C;D), morfologia (1;2;3;4) e pendenza (37°;53°;67°;83°) incidano sulla variazione di energia cinetica, di altezza di rimbalzo e sulla percentuale di massi che raggiunge la strada, scegliendo come punto di riferimento il punto di intersezione tra il pendio e la strada. Al fine di realizzare un confronto tra un profilo reale e un profilo-tipo, sono stati utilizzati 4 profili posti su un versante situato nel Comune di Laives, noto per le frequenti cadute di massi che hanno raggiunto in molti casi la strada. Tali profili sono stati visionati in sede di sopralluogo dove si è provveduto alla compilazione delle schede di campagna (impiegate per valutare l’intensità del fenomeno che potenzialmente si sviluppa dal versante) e all’individuazione dei profili-tipo corrispondenti. Sono state effettuate analisi di simulazione per entrambe le tipologie di profilo, e sono stati confrontati i risultati ottenuti in termini di Energia cinetica; altezza di rimbalzo e percentuale dei blocchi in corrispondenza della strada. I profili reali sono stati importati in RocFal in seguito ad estrapolazione dal modello digitale del terreno (ottenuto da analisi con Laser Scanner) utilizzando l’ estensione Easy Profiler nel software Arcmap. Infine si è valutata la possibilità di collocare eventuali barriere paramassi su un profilo reale, si è proceduto effettuando una analisi di simulazione di caduta massi in RocFall, importando in excel i valori corrispondenti all’andamento dei massimi dell’Energia cinetica e dell’altezza di rimbalzo lungo il pendio che forniscono una buona indicazione circa l´idonea ubicazione delle opere di protezione.

Electrothermal characterization and nonlinear modelling of GaN transistors for telecommunication circuit design

This thesis starts showing the main characteristics and application fields of the AlGaN/GaN HEMT technology, focusing on reliability aspects essentially due to the presence of low frequency dispersive phenomena which limit in several ways the microwave performance of this kind of devices. Based on an equivalent voltage approach, a new low frequency device model is presented where the dynamic nonlinearity of the trapping effect is taken into account for the first time allowing considerable improvements in the prediction of very important quantities for the design of power amplifier such as power added efficiency, dissipated power and internal device temperature. An innovative and low-cost measurement setup for the characterization of the device under low-frequency large-amplitude sinusoidal excitation is also presented. This setup allows the identification of the new low frequency model through suitable procedures explained in detail. In this thesis a new non-invasive empirical method for compact electrothermal modeling and thermal resistance extraction is also described. The new contribution of the proposed approach concerns the non linear dependence of the channel temperature on the dissipated power. This is very important for GaN devices since they are capable of operating at relatively high temperatures with high power densities and the dependence of the thermal resistance on the temperature is quite relevant. Finally a novel method for the device thermal simulation is investigated: based on the analytical solution of the tree-dimensional heat equation, a Visual Basic program has been developed to estimate, in real time, the temperature distribution on the hottest surface of planar multilayer structures. The developed solver is particularly useful for peak temperature estimation at the design stage when critical decisions about circuit design and packaging have to be made. It facilitates the layout optimization and reliability improvement, allowing the correct choice of the device geometry and configuration to achieve the best possible thermal performance.

Laser systems for collinear spectroscopy and the charge radius of 12 Be

Die kollineare Laserspektroskopie hat sich in den vergangenen drei Jahrzehnten zur Bestimmung der Kernladungsradien mittelschwerer und schwerer kurzlebiger Atomkerne in ausgezeichneter Weise bewährt. Auf die Isotope sehr leichter Elemente konnte sie allerdings erst kürzlich erweitert werden. Dieser Bereich der Nuklidkarte ist von besonderem Interesse, denn die ersten ab-initio Modelle der Kernphysik, die den Aufbau eines Atomkerns basierend auf individuellen Nukleonen und realistischenWechselwirkungspotentialen beschreiben, sind gegenwärtig nur für die leichtesten Elemente anwendbar. Außerdem existiertrnin dieser Region eine besonders exotische Form von Atomkernen, die sogenanntenrnHalokerne. Die Isotopenkette der Berylliumisotope zeichnet sich durch das Auftreten des Ein-Neutronen Halokerns 11Be und des Zwei- oder Vier-Neutronen-Halos 14Be aus. Dem Isotop 12Be kommt durch seine Position zwischen diesen beiden Exoten und den im Schalenmodell erwarteten magischen Schalenabschluss N = 8 eine besondere Bedeutung zu.rnIm Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden mehrere frequenzstabilisierte Lasersysteme für die kollineare Laserspektroskopie aufgebaut. An TRIGA-SPEC stehen nun unter anderem ein frequenzverdoppeltes Diodenlasersystem mit Trapezverstärker und frequenzkammstabilisierter Titan-Saphirlaser mit Frequenzverdopplungsstufe für die Spektroskopie an refraktären Elementen oberhalb von Molybdän zur Verfügung, die für erste Testexperimente eingesetzt wurden. Außerdem wurde die effiziente Frequenzvervierfachung eines Titan-Saphirlasers demonstriert. An ISOLDE/CERN wurde ein frequenzkammstabilisierter und ein jodstabilisierter Farbstofflaser installiert und für die Laserspektroskopie an 9,10,11,12Be eingesetzt. Durch das verbesserte Lasersystem und den Einsatz eines verzögerten Koinzidenznachweises für Photonen und Ionen gelang es die Empfindlichkeitrnder Berylliumspektroskopie um mehr als zwei Größenordnungen zu steigern und damit die früheren Messungen an 7−11Be erstmals auf das Isotop 12Be auszuweiten. Außerdem wurde die Genauigkeit der absoluten Übergangsfrequenzen und der Isotopieverschiebungen der Isotope 9,10,11Be signifikant verbessert.rnDurch den Vergleich mit Ergebnissen des Fermionic Molecular Dynamics Modells kann der Trend der Ladungsradien der leichteren Isotope durch die ausgeprägte Clusterstruktur der Berylliumkerne erklärt werden. Für 12Be wird ersichtlich, dass der Grundzustand durch eine (sd)2 Konfiguration statt der vom Schalenmodell erwarteten p2 Konfiguration dominiert wird. Dies ist ein klares Indiz für das bereits zuvor beobachtete Verschwinden des N = 8 Schalenabschlusses bei 12Be.

Studio dei circuiti di clamper negli amplificatori operanti in classe e

Questa tesi tratta dell’amplificatore di potenza (PA–Power Amplifier) operante in classe E. Si tratta di un convertitore DC/AC ad elevato rendimento che può trovare impiego in numerose applicazioni in cui il problema della generazione di calore o la necessità di non sprecare energia sono particolarmente stringenti (ad esempio apparati per cui non è previsto un impianto di raffreddamento e/o apparati alimentati a batteria). L’elevato rendimento di un amplificatore operante in classe E deriva dalle specifiche forme d’onda ai capi del dispositivo attivo impiegato, tali per cui la perdita di commutazione durante la fase di accensione dello switch diviene pressoché trascurabile (Zero-Voltage-Switching e Zero-Derivative-Voltage Turn-ON). Il prezzo da pagare per ottenere queste benefiche forme d’onda è quello di avere un valore di cresta della tensione sul dispositivo che commuta assai più elevato del valore medio, coincidente con la tensione di alimentazione DC. In generale si stima una tensione di picco fra le 3 e le 5 volte più elevata della tensione DC, in funzione del Duty-Cycle e dell’assorbimento di corrente sul carico. Occorre poi tenere presente che in condizioni dinamiche (ad esempio qualora si collegasse direttamente l’amplificatore all’alimentazione) potrebbero innescarsi dei transitori tali per cui la tensione di picco ecceda anche il range suddetto. Per questo motivo è bene porre un limite alla massima tensione di picco adottando dei circuiti di protezione del transistore al fine di evitare la sua distruzione per limiti legati alla tensione di breakdown. Questi circuiti sono denominati clamper: in questa tesi valuteremo le modalità con cui si può implementare tale protezione; valuteremo, inoltre, i vantaggi e gli svantaggi derivanti dall’impiego di tali circuiti. Questi clamper sono prevalentemente di tipo dissipativo (Zener); nel corso della tesi si è studiato la realizzazione di un clamper rigenerativo che utilizza un trasformatore, ma si è constatata la irrealizzabilità fisica a causa della inevitabile presenza della induttanza dispersa.

Implementazione su fpga di un pre-distorsore digitale a banda larga per sistemi a microonde di backhaul

The development of next generation microwave technology for backhauling systems is driven by an increasing capacity demand. In order to provide higher data rates and throughputs over a point-to-point link, a cost-effective performance improvement is enabled by an enhanced energy-efficiency of the transmit power amplification stage, whereas a combination of spectrally efficient modulation formats and wider bandwidths is supported by amplifiers that fulfil strict constraints in terms of linearity. An optimal trade-off between these conflicting requirements can be achieved by resorting to flexible digital signal processing techniques at baseband. In such a scenario, the adaptive digital pre-distortion is a well-known linearization method, that comes up to be a potentially widely-used solution since it can be easily integrated into base stations. Its operation can effectively compensate for the inter-modulation distortion introduced by the power amplifier, keeping up with the frequency-dependent time-varying behaviour of the relative nonlinear characteristic. In particular, the impact of the memory effects become more relevant and their equalisation become more challenging as the input discrete signal feature a wider bandwidth and a faster envelope to pre-distort. This thesis project involves the research, design and simulation a pre-distorter implementation at RTL based on a novel polyphase architecture, which makes it capable of operating over very wideband signals at a sampling rate that complies with the actual available clock speed of current digital devices. The motivation behind this structure is to carry out a feasible pre-distortion for the multi-band spectrally efficient complex signals carrying multiple channels that are going to be transmitted in near future high capacity and reliability microwave backhaul links.

Modelling, simulation and characterization of epithelial cell culture biochip

A microfluidic Organ-on-Chip has been developed for monitoring the epithelial cells monolayer. Equivalent circuit Model was used to determine the electrical properties from the impedance spectra of the epithelial cells monolayer. Black platinum on platinum electrodes was electrochemically deposited onto the surface of electrodes to reduce the influence of the electrical double layer on the impedance measurements. Measurements of impedance with an Impedance Analyzer were done to validate the equivalent circuit model and the decrease of the double layer effect. A Lock-in Amplifier was designed to measure the impedance.

A Metric to Evaluate and Synthesize Distributed Compliant Mechanisms

Compliant mechanisms with evenly distributed stresses have better load-bearing ability and larger range of motion than mechanisms with compliance and stresses lumped at flexural hinges. In this paper, we present a metric to quantify how uniformly the strain energy of deformation and thus the stresses are distributed throughout the mechanism topology. The resulting metric is used to optimize cross-sections of conceptual compliant topologies leading to designs with maximal stress distribution. This optimization framework is demonstrated for both single-port mechanisms and single-input single-output mechanisms. It is observed that the optimized designs have lower stresses than their nonoptimized counterparts, which implies an ability for single-port mechanisms to store larger strain energy, and single-input single-output mechanisms to perform larger output work before failure.

Design techniques and analysis of high-resolution neural recording systems targeting epilepsy focus localization

The design of a high-density neural recording system targeting epilepsy monitoring is presented. Circuit challenges and techniques are discussed to optimize the amplifier topology and the included OTA. A new platform supporting active recording devices targeting wireless and high-resolution focus localization in epilepsy diagnosis is also proposed. The post-layout simulation results of an amplifier dedicated to this application are presented. The amplifier is designed in a UMC 0.18µm CMOS technology, has an NEF of 2.19 and occupies a silicon area of 0.038 mm(2), while consuming 5.8 µW from a 1.8-V supply.