Evidencia sobre la eficacia de cannabinoides en el dolor neuropático oncológico

Contexto: La eficacia de los cannabinoides en el dolor neuropático es desconocida. El control del dolor es determinante en los pacientes ya que genera un impacto negativo en la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Objetivo: El presente trabajo pretende demostrar la evidencia sobre la eficacia de los medicamentos cannabinoides en el control del dolor neuropático oncológico, mediante la evaluación de la literatura disponible. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de literatura incluyendo estudios experimentales, observacionales y revisiones sistemáticas en un periodo de 15 años. Se incluyeron todos los estudios desde el años 2000 con evidencia IB según la escala de evidencia de Oxford. Resultados: Cuatro estudios cumplieron criterios para su inclusión, sin embargo la evidencia es baja y no permite recomendar o descartar los cannabinoides como terapia coadyuvante en control del dolor neuropático oncológico. La combinación de THC/CDB (Sativex®) parece ser un medicamento seguro pues no se reportaron muertes asociadas a su uso, sin embargo la presentación de eventos adversos a nivel gastrointestinal y neurológico podría aumentar el riesgo de interacciones medicamentosas y tener un impacto negativo en la calidad de vida de los pacientes oncológicos. Conclusiones: No hay suficiente literatura y la evidencia no es suficiente para recomendar o descartar el uso de los cannabinoides en dolor neuropático oncológico. Futuros estudios deben realizarse para analizar el beneficio de estos medicamentos. Aunque ética y socialmente hay resistencia para el uso de los cannabinoides, actualmente hay una gran discusión política en el mundo y en Colombia para su aceptación como terapia en el control del dolor.

Quantitative susceptibility mapping as biomarker of neurodegeneration: methodological models and clinical applications

Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping (QSM) is an advanced magnetic resonance technique that can quantify in vivo biomarkers of pathology, such as alteration in iron and myelin concentration. It allows for the comparison of magnetic susceptibility properties within and between different subject groups. In this thesis, QSM acquisition and processing pipeline are discussed, together with clinical and methodological applications of QSM to neurodegeneration. In designing the studies, significant emphasis was placed on results reproducibility and interpretability. The first project focuses on the investigation of cortical regions in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. By examining various histogram susceptibility properties, a pattern of increased iron content was revealed in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis compared to controls and other neurodegenerative disorders. Moreover, there was a correlation between susceptibility and upper motor neuron impairment, particularly in patients experiencing rapid disease progression. Similarly, in the second application, QSM was used to examine cortical and sub-cortical areas in individuals with myotonic dystrophy type 1. The thalamus and brainstem were identified as structures of interest, with relevant correlations with clinical and laboratory data such as neurological evaluation and sleep records. In the third project, a robust pipeline for assessing radiomic susceptibility-based features reliability was implemented within a cohort of patients with multiple sclerosis and healthy controls. Lastly, a deep learning super-resolution model was applied to QSM images of healthy controls. The employed model demonstrated excellent generalization abilities and outperformed traditional up-sampling methods, without requiring a customized re-training. Across the three disorders investigated, it was evident that QSM is capable of distinguishing between patient groups and healthy controls while establishing correlations between imaging measurements and clinical data. These studies lay the foundation for future research, with the ultimate goal of achieving earlier and less invasive diagnoses of neurodegenerative disorders within the context of personalized medicine.

L’efficacia della riabilitazione equestre in soggetti con sclerosi multipla sui parametri funzionali del cammino e sulla qualità della vita: Revisione Sistematica della Letteratura

Background. La sclerosi multipla (SM) è una malattia neurodegenerativa che colpisce il sistema nervoso centrale. I sintomi si manifestano prima dei 55 anni di età, possono essere molto diversi tra loro. Al momento non esiste una cura definitiva, ma sono disponibili tecniche riabilitative che modificano il suo andamento, tra cui la riabilitazione equestre, che consiste in attività svolte con l'aiuto del cavallo a fini di cura. Obiettivi. Lo scopo di questo studio è quello di indagare l’efficacia della riabilitazione equestre sui parametri funzionali del cammino e la qualità della vita in persone con SM. Metodi. Le banche dati visionate per questo studio sono state PUBMED, PEDro, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trial, Web of Science e Scopus. Nella revisione sono stati inclusi i Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) che indagavano i parametri funzionali del cammino e la qualità della vita; articoli che esaminavano soggetti con sclerosi multipla senza limiti di età e sesso, in lingua inglese, pubblicati tra il 2010 e il 2020 e di cui era reperibile il full text. Risultati. Gli studi inclusi sono stati quattro RCT. Gli outcome indagati sono stati i parametri funzionali del cammino e la qualità della vita. In ogni studio esaminato si osserva un miglioramento significativo per ogni misura di outcome, in particolare la qualità della vita. Conclusioni. Ogni studio ha evidenziato come la riabilitazione equestre abbia influito positivamente sul decorso della SM. Riguardo i trial clinici esaminati, il numero esiguo dei partecipanti ai singoli studi, la durata eterogenea delle sessioni, l’impossibilità di disporre della descrizione della seduta, l’utilizzo di scale differenti per ogni studio e l’aver considerato parametri diversi per valutare uno stesso outcome non permettono di avere risultati estendibili a tutta la popolazione. Risulta necessario un ulteriore approfondimento in merito per comprendere la reale efficacia della riabilitazione equestre.

Gli interventi riabilitativi nei pazienti affetti da sclerosi multipla con spasticita (scoping review)

Background :La sclerosi multipla è una malattia neurodegenerativa che colpisce il sistema nervoso centrale. La presa in carico di questi pazienti necessita di un approccio globale. Uno dei sintomi più diffusi in queste persone è la spasticità la cui valutazione e gestione necessità di un approccio multidisciplinare. L’elevato grado di immobilità derivante dalla spasticità interferisce in modo considerevole con l’autonomia quotidiana del paziente e porta ad una significativa riduzione della qualità della vita . Obiettivo: L’obiettivo di questa Scoping review è quello di identificare e mappare la letteratura corrente nell’ambito riabilitativo nella gestione della spasticità nei pazienti affetti da sclerosi multipla ,secondo la checklist della PRISMA Extension per le Scoping Review per identificare concetti chiave , implicazioni per la pratica clinica e individuare spunti per nuove ricerche . Disegno dello Studio: Scoping Review costruita seguendo le indicazioni del PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews Fonti di ricerca: La tipologia di questo lavoro di tesi è una revisione sulle evidenze nella letteratura. Per la ricerca del materiale si sono utilizzate riviste specialistiche e banche dati quali: Pubmed, The Cochrane Library, PeDro, e il motore di ricerca Google Schoolar. Risultati: Sono stati inclusi 5 articoli nello studio ( 2 revisioni sistematiche , 3 studi controllati randomizzati ) . Essendo una scoping review non è stata applicata nessuna scala per valutare la qualità degli articoli selezionanti per questa revisione . Conclusioni: la letteratura disponibile fornisce evidenze sugli approcci in merito al trattamento della spasticità nei pazienti affetti da sclerosi multipla però sono necessari altri studi per verificare l’efficacia dei trattamenti riabilitativi disponibili

Fatigue in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Frequency and associated factors

We aimed to quantify fatigue frequency and evolution in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and to correlate fatigue with factors such as age, sex, educational level, disease duration, functionality, quality of life, dyspnoea, depression and sleepiness. Sixty ALS patients (test group: TG) selected by El Escorial criteria and 60 normal individuals (control group: CG) matched according to sex and age, were followed every three months, during 9 months, by means of self-report scales: Fatigue Assessment Instrument (Fatigue Severity Scale plus three qualitative subscales); ALS Functional Rating Scale; McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire; dyspnoea analogical scale; Beck Depression Inventory and Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Fatigue was reported by 83% of TG (median: 3.6, interquartile range 1.5-5.4), compared with 20% of CG (median: 1, 1 - 1), and was significantly greater in the TG (p < 0.001, Mann-Whitney test). Fatigue severity increased by the ninth month of the study (p=0.0008, Friedman, Muller-Dunn post test). There was no correlation between fatigue and other parameters, except for an inverse correlation with age at disease onset (p=0.0395, Spearman rank correlation). In conclusion, fatigue was frequent in ALS, greater in the youngest patients and worsened during follow-up. Possibly, ALS related fatigue is an independent factor, which deserves individualized approach and treatment.

Multiple pulmonary artery aneurysms in tuberous sclerosis complex.

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare genetic disorder characterised by multiple hamartomas, caused by inactivating mutations of the TSC1/TSC2 tumour suppressor genes. Classical pulmonary involvement in tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) consists of lymphangioleiomyomatosis and/or multiple micronodular pneumocyte hyperplasia (MMPH). Association of TSC with pulmonary artery aneurysm (PAA) has been only exceptionally described. We report here the first case of TSC with multiple PAA in combination with MMPH, cardiac rhabdomyomas and bone, skin and brain involvement.

"Det är mycket man inte vill minnas" : Upplevelse av kognitiv rehabilitering och livskvalitet samt innebörd av livskvalitet vid stroke

Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie var att beskriva upplevelse och innebörd av begreppen kognitiv rehabilitering och livskvalitet för personer som hade haft stroke. Studien genomfördes med hjälp av personliga intervjuer. Fem personer ingick i studien, tre män och två kvinnor, alla födda på 30-talet utom en man som föddes på 20-talet. Samtliga var gifta. Personerna rekryterades till studien via en sjuksköterska som hade kännedom om lämpliga personer som blivit utskrivna en kort tid före studiens början. Informanterna intervjuades med hjälp av en intervjuguide med utgångspunkt från två frågeområden som berörde upplevelse av kognitiv rehabilitering och upplevelse och innebörd av livskvalitet efter stroke. Analysen gjordes med hjälp av innehållsanalys. Analysen av de fem intervjuerna gav sex teman; Upplevelse av att inte någon kognitiv rehabilitering har utförts, Upplevelse av att informanten själv förväntades träna upp sina kognitiva funktioner, Strävan efter att leva som vanligt, Förändrad livskvalité, Förändrad livssyn, Betydelsen av det sociala stödet. Det framkom att ingen av informanterna upplevde att det hade genomförts någon kognitiv rehabilitering. Alla upplevde sig däremot ha fått en fullständig fysisk rehabilitering på avdelningen. Informanterna hade som mål med sin rehabilitering att klara av de vardagliga funktionerna i hemmet såsom innan stroken. En av deltagarna upplevde att det förväntades att självständigt träna upp sina kognitiva funktioner. Livskvaliteten idag var att kunna fortsätta leva som förut, vilket förhindrades av vissa inskränkningar motoriskt och kognitivt. Alla värdesatte livet högre idag och accepterade sin situation som den var. Vänskapen med andra var också en viktig del i livskvaliteten.

Livskvalitet hos cancerpatienter inom palliativ vård : Mätmetoder och patienters upplevelser : En litteraturstudie

I den sista tiden i en människas liv var det viktigt att livskvaliteten var hög, samtidigt var livskvalitet någonting som var högst subjektivt och ibland svårt att mäta. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva vilka metoder som användes för att värdera cancerpatientens livskvalitet, samt patientens egen upplevelse av livskvalitet i det palliativa skedet, då endast en begränsad tid av livet återstod. Underlag till litteraturstudien framkom genom artikelsökning via databaserna Blackwell Synergy, Elin samt EBSCO Host. Vid sökningen användes enkla sökord eller sökord i kombination. Sökningen begränsades till svensk och engelsk litteratur. Totalt valdes 40 artiklar ut. Vid efterföljande granskning ansågs 15 artiklar av sådan kvalitet att de inkluderades i resultatet. Resultatet visade att mätningar av palliativa cancerpatienters livskvalitet genomfördes med hjälp av specifika frågeformulär utifrån cancertyp eller med hjälp av intervjuer. Frågeformulären var bra att använda när en snabb, övergripande bild av patientens livskvalitet efterfrågades. I många fall användes också/eller djupintervjuer av patienterna vilket gav en mer detaljerad bild av vad livskvalitet var för patienterna. Vad gällde palliativa cancerpatienters upplevelser av livskvalitet visade det sig att cancerrelaterad smärta med sjukdomsspecifika symtom liksom oro för ekonomi och social isolering påverkade livskvaliteten negativt.

Prostatacancer - Männens Upplevelser av Livskvalitet samt Behov av Stöd från Sjuksköterskan och Närstående : Systematisk Litteraturstudie

Syftet med denna systematiska litteraturstudie var att beskriva männens upplevelser av livskvalitet vid prostatacancer samt deras behov av stöd från sjuksköterskan och närstående. Studiens resultat grundade sig på 17 vetenskapliga artiklar av både kvalitativ samt kvantitativ ansats. Artiklarna söktes med hjälp av valda sökord via Högskolan Dalarnas databaser. Artiklarna kvalitetgranskades utifrån modifierade granskningsmallar. Resultatet visade att män med prostatacancer upplevde urininkontinens som den svåraste emotionella upplevelsen och de kände stor frustration över att inte kunna kontrollera sin vattenkastning. Männen negligerade sina kroppar på grund av sina inkontinensbesvär. Männen beskrev även att de upplevde en saknad efter lust för sexuell samvaro speciellt de yngre männen som uttryckte förtvivlan över sin nedsatta erektionsförmåga. Männen upplevde förändringarna i sin identitet och maskulinitet som mycket smärtsamma. I stödet från sjuksköterskan beskrev männen att de kände en saknad efter att få diskutera existentiella frågor och tankar med sjuksköterskan medan andra män upplevde att sjuksköterskan bemötte deras behov av stöd. Männen kände sig lugna när de samtalat med sjuksköterskan. I stödet från närstående uppskattade männen sin partners omtanke och förståelse. De förlitade sig främst på sin partner och familj som fanns vid deras sida för att tillsammans dela de djupaste tankar och funderingar.

Cytostatikabehandling vid cancersjukdom : Upplevelse av livskvalitet samt omvårdnadsåtgärder

Syftet med denna systematiska litteraturstudie var att beskriva patienters upplevelse av livskvalitet samt sjuksköterskans omvårdnadsåtgärder i samband med cytostatikabehandling vid cancersjukdom. För att besvara studiens syfte har sökning efter artiklar (n=17) genomförts i databaserna Blackwell Synergy samt Elin@Dalarna. Följande sökord har använts i olika kombinationer; cancer, patients, experience, nurse care, quality of life, scale, instrument, chemotherapy och care. Resultatet visade att cytostatikabehandlingen hade både positiv och negativ inverkan på patienternas livskvalitet. Livskvaliteten ökade då symtom lindrades. Försämrad livskvalitet var alltid associerad till biverkningar av cytostatikabehandlingen. De vanligaste biverkningarna som inverkade på livskvaliteten var illamående och kräkningar, fatigue, hårförlust samt neutropeni. Biverkningarna påverkade patienternas livskvalitet negativt då de försämrade deras välmående samt förändrade deras situation i vardagslivet. Information och undervisning var viktiga omvårdnadsåtgärder för att förbereda patienterna inför behandlingen och för att underlätta deras situation under behandlingstiden. Även att få stöd från sjuksköterskan ansågs vara viktigt under behandlingstiden.

The moderating role of personal mastery on the relationship between caregiving status and multiple dimensions of fatigue

OBJECTIVE: A substantial proportion of chronically-stressed spousal dementia caregivers report fatigue. The objective of this study was to examine whether personal mastery moderates the relationship between caregiving status (caregiver/non-caregiver) and multiple dimensions of fatigue. METHODS: Seventy-three elderly Alzheimer's caregivers and 41 elderly non-caregivers completed the Multidimensional Fatigue Symptom Inventory-Short Form (MFSI-SF) and questionnaires assessing mastery. RESULTS: Regression analyses indicated that global fatigue was significantly higher for caregivers (M = 38.0 +/- 21.0) compared to non-caregivers (M = 18.2 +/- 10.4). However, personal mastery moderated the relation between caregiving status and global fatigue (t = -2.03, df = 107, p = 0.045), such that for those with low mastery, caregivers' fatigue scores were 18.1 points higher than non-caregivers, and for those with high mastery, this difference was only 7.5 points. For specific dimensions of fatigue, mastery moderated the relations between caregiving status and both emotional (t = -2.01, df = 107, p = 0.047) and physical (t = -2.51, df = 107, p = 0.014) fatigue. Specifically, association between caregiving status and emotional fatigue was greater when mastery was low than when mastery was high. Caregiving status was significantly associated with physical fatigue when mastery was low, but not when mastery was high. Significant main effects were found between mastery and general fatigue and vigor. CONCLUSION: Given the proportion of fatigued caregivers and the impact fatigue has on health; these findings provide important information regarding mastery's relationship with fatigue and may inform interventions aiming to alleviate fatigue in caregivers. Copyright (c) 2009 John Wiley ; Sons, Ltd.

Collagen V-induced nasal tolerance downregulates pulmonary collagen mRNA gene and TGF-beta expression in experimental systemic sclerosis

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate collagen deposition, mRNA collagen synthesis and TGFbeta expression in the lung tissue in an experimental model of scleroderma after collagen V-induced nasal tolerance. Methods: Female New Zealand rabbits (N = 12) were immunized with 1 mg/ml of collagen V in Freund's adjuvant (IM). After 150 days, six immunized animals were tolerated by nasal administration of collagen V ( 25 mu g/day) (IM-TOL) daily for 60 days. The collagen content was determined by morphometry, and mRNA expressions of types I, III and V collagen were determined by Real-time PCR. The TGF-beta expression was evaluated by immunostaining and quantified by point counting methods. To statistic analysis ANOVA with Bonferroni test were employed for multiple comparison when appropriate and the level of significance was determined to be p < 0.05. Results: IM-TOL, when compared to IM, showed significant reduction in total collagen content around the vessels (0.371 +/- 0.118 vs. 0.874 +/- 0.282, p < 0.001), bronchioles (0.294 +/- 0.139 vs. 0.646 +/- 0.172, p < 0.001) and in the septal interstitium (0.027 +/- 0.014 vs. 0.067 +/- 0.039, p = 0.026). The lung tissue of IM-TOL, when compared to IM, showed decreased immunostaining of types I, III and V collagen, reduced mRNA expression of types I (0.10 +/- 0.07 vs. 1.0 +/- 0.528, p = 0.002) and V (1.12 +/- 0.42 vs. 4.74 +/- 2.25, p = 0.009) collagen, in addition to decreased TGF-beta expression ( p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Collagen V-induced nasal tolerance in the experimental model of SSc regulated the pulmonary remodeling process, inhibiting collagen deposition and collagen I and V mRNA synthesis. Additionally, it decreased TGF-beta expression, suggesting a promising therapeutic option for scleroderma treatment.

Effect of eight weeks of strength training on fatigue resistance in men and women

The purpose of the present study was to compare the effects of eight weeks of strength training on fatigue resistance in men and women. Thirty-three men and twenty-three women performed eight weeks of strength training in three weekly sessions. Subjects performed four sets using 80% of 1-RM tests on bench press, squat and arm curl. Fatigue index (FI) was used for analysis of decline in motor performance along the sets. The sum of the number of repetitions accomplished in the four sets in each exercise was used to indicate the fatigue resistance. Anova or Ancova two-way ( time x gender) was employed for statistical analysis ( P < 0.05). Eight weeks of strength training increased significantly 1-RM strength, fatigue resistance and total number of repetitions in both genders. FI decreased significantly in both genders after training ( men = 50% vs. women = Time x gender interaction was observed in the total number of repetitions in squat ( P = 0.04) and arm curl exercises, regarding gains to women ( P = 0.01). In conclusion, eight weeks of ST improved strength, FR, FI and total number of repetitions performed. However, women obtained greater adaptations than men.

Multiple random crack propagation using a boundary element formulation

This paper proposes a boundary element method (BEM) model that is used for the analysis of multiple random crack growth by considering linear elastic fracture mechanics problems and structures subjected to fatigue. The formulation presented in this paper is based on the dual boundary element method, in which singular and hyper-singular integral equations are used. This technique avoids singularities of the resulting algebraic system of equations, despite the fact that the collocation points coincide for the two opposite crack faces. In fracture mechanics analyses, the displacement correlation technique is applied to evaluate stress intensity factors. The maximum circumferential stress theory is used to evaluate the propagation angle and the effective stress intensity factor. The fatigue model uses Paris` law to predict structural life. Examples of simple and multi-fractured structures loaded until rupture are considered. These analyses demonstrate the robustness of the proposed model. In addition, the results indicate that this formulation is accurate and can model localisation and coalescence phenomena. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.