The effects of flavonoid and other polyphenol consumption on cognitive performance: A systematic research review of human experimental and epidemiological studies

Literature reviews suggest flavonoids, a sub-class of polyphenols, are beneficial for cognition. This is the first review examining the effect of consumption of all polyphenol groups on cognitive function. Inclusion criteria were polyphenol vs. control interventions and epidemiological studies with an objective measure of cognitive function. Participants were healthy or mildly cognitively impaired adults. Studies were excluded if clinical assessment or diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, or cognitive impairment was the sole measure of cognitive function, or if the polyphenol was present with potentially confounding compounds such as caffeine (e.g. tea studies) or Ginkgo Biloba. 28 studies were identified; 4 berry juice studies, 4 cocoa studies, 13 isoflavone supplement studies, 3 other supplement studies, and 4 epidemiological surveys. Overall, 16 studies reported cognitive benefits following polyphenol consumption. Evidence suggests that consuming additional polyphenols in the diet can lead to cognitive benefits, however, the observed effects were small. Declarative memory and particularly spatial memory appear most sensitive to polyphenol consumption and effects may differ depending on polyphenol source. Polyphenol berry fruit juice consumption was most beneficial for immediate verbal memory, whereas isoflavone based interventions were associated with significant improvements for delayed spatial memory and executive function. Comparison between studies was hampered by methodological inconsistencies. Hence, there was no clear evidence for an association between cognitive outcomes and polyphenol dose response, duration of intervention, or population studied. In conclusion, however, the findings do imply that polyphenol consumption has potential to benefit cognition both acutely and chronically.

Micronutrient prenatal supplementation prevents the development of hypertension and vascular endothelial damage induced by intrauterine malnutrition

Aims: The premise that intrauterine malnutrition plays an important role in the development of cardiovascular and renal diseases implies that these disorders can be programmed during fetal life. Here, we analyzed the hypothesis that supplementation with mixed antioxidant vitamins and essential mineral in early life could prevent later elevation of blood pressure and vascular and renal dysfunction associated with intrauterine malnutrition. Main methods: For this, female Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups on day 1 of pregnancy: control fed standard chow ad libitum; restricted group fed 50% of the ad libitum intake and a restricted plus micronutrient cocktail group treated daily with a combination of micronutrient (selenium, folate, vitamin C and vitamin E) by oral gavage. Key findings: In adult offspring, renal function and glomerular number were impaired by intrauterine malnutrition. and the prenatal micronutrient treatment did not prevent it. However, increased blood pressure and reduced endothelium-dependent vasodilation were prevented by the micronutrient prenatal treatment. Intrauterine malnutrition also led to reduced NO production associated with increased superoxide generation, and these parameters were fully normalized by this prenatal treatment. Significance: Our current findings indicate that programming alterations during fetal life can be prevented by interventions during the prenatal period, and that disturbance in availability of both antioxidant vitamins and mineral may play a crucial role in determining the occurrence of long-term cardiovascular injury. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue by TiO(2)-Cu thin films: Theoretical and experimental study

In this work the effect of doping concentration and depth profile of Cu atoms on the photocatalytic and surface properties of TiO(2) films were studied. TiO(2) films of about 200 nn thickness were deposited on glass substrates on which a thin Cu layer (5 nm) was deposited. The films were annealed during 1 s to 100 degrees C and 400 degrees C, followed by chemical etching of the Cu film. The grazing incidence X-ray fluorescence measurements showed a thermal induced migration of Cu atoms to depths between 7 and 31 nm. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis detected the presence of TiO(2), Cu(2)O and Cu(0) phases and an increasing Cu content with the annealing temperature. The change of the surface properties was monitored by the increasing red-shift and absorption of the ultraviolet-visible spectra. Contact angle measurements revealed the formation of a highly hydrophilic surface for the film having a medium Cu concentration. For this sample photocatalytic assays, performed by methylene blue discoloration, show the highest activity. The proposed mechanism of the catalytic effect, taking place on Ti/Cu sites, is supported by results obtained by theoretical calculations. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Economics of climate change in Latin America and the Caribbean: summary 2009

Includes bibliography

Economics of climate change in Latin America and the Caribbean: summary 2010

Spanish version available at the Library