Citizenship in the discourse of Egyptian political parties. EUSpring Working Paper No. 6, June 2015 [also Citizenship Report no. 3]

The concept of citizenship is one of the most complicated in political and social sciences. Its long process of historical development makes dealing with it particularly complicated. Citizenship is by nature a multi-dimensional concept: there is a legal citizenship, referring first to the equal legal status of individuals, for instance the equality between men and women. Legal citizenship also refers to a political dimension, the right to start and/or join political parties, or political participation more broadly. Thirdly, it has a religious dimension relating to the right of all religious groups to equally and freely practice their religious customs and rituals. Finally, legal citizenship possesses a socio-economic dimension related to the non-marginalisation of different social categories, for instance women. All of these dimensions, far from being purely objects of legal texts and codifications, are emerging as an arena of political struggle within the Egyptian society. Citizenship as a concept has its roots in European history and, more specifically, the emergence of the nation state in Europe and the ensuing economic and social developments in these societies. These social developments and the rise of the nation state have worked in parallel, fostering the notion of an individual citizen bestowed with rights and obligations. This gradual interaction was very different from what happened in the context of the Arab world. The emerging of the nation state in Egypt was an outcome of modernisation efforts from the top-down; it coercively redesigned the social structure, by eliminating or weakening some social classes in favour of others. These efforts have had an impact on the state-society relation at least in two respects. First, on the overlapping relation between some social classes and the state, and second, on the ability of some social groups to self-organise, define and raise their demands. This study identifies how different political parties in Egypt envision the multi-dimensional concept of citizenship. We focus on the following elements: Nature of the state (identity, nature of the regime) Liberties and rights (election laws, political party laws, etc.) Right to gather and organise (syndicates, associations, etc.) Freedom of expression and speech (right to protest, sit in, strike, etc.) Public and individual liberties (freedom of belief, personal issues, etc.) Rights of marginalised groups (women, minorities, etc.)

Involvement and detachment in David Cameron and Ed Miliband’s political discourse. An analysis of deictic shields on the pronoun ‘I’ in UK 2015 General Election news interviews

The goal of my study is to investigate the relationship between selected deictic shields on the pronoun ‘I’ and the involvement/detachment dichotomy in a sample of television news interviews. I focus on the use of personal pronouns in political discourse. Drawing upon Caffi’s (2007) classification of mitigating devices into bushes, hedges and shields, I focus on deictic shields on the pronoun ‘I’: I examine the way a selection of ‘I’-related deictic shields is employed in a collection of news interviews broadcast during the electoral campaign prior to the UK 2015 General Election. My purpose is to uncover the frequencies of each of the linguistic items selected and the pragmatic functions of those linguistic items in the involvement/detachment dichotomy. The research is structured as follows. Chapter 1 provides an account of previous studies on the three main areas of research: speech event analysis, institutional interaction and the news interview, and the UK 2015 General Election television programmes. Chapter 2 is centred on the involvement/detachment dichotomy: I provide an overview of nonlinguistic and linguistic features of involvement and detachment at all levels of sentence structure. Chapter 3 contains a detailed account of the data collection and data analysis process. Chapter 4 provides an accurate description of results in three steps: quantitative analysis, qualitative analysis and discussion of the pragmatic functions of the selected linguistic features of involvement and detachment. Chapter 5 includes a brief summary of the investigation, reviews the main findings, and indicates limitations of the study and possible inputs for further research. The results of the analysis confirm that, while some of the linguistic items examined point toward involvement, others have a detaching effect. I therefore conclude that deictic shields on the pronoun ‘I’ permit the realisation of the involvement/detachment dichotomy in the speech genre of the news interview.

An historical discourse, on the two hundredth anniversary of the founding of the Hopkins grammar school, New Haven, Connecticut. Delivered before the "Hopkins grammar school association", July 24th, 1860 / by Leonard Woolsey Bacon. With notes and an appendix. Pub. by request of the Association.

Mode of access: Internet.

Historical discourse at the one hundredth anniversary of the general convention of Congregational ministers and churches of Vermont, at Bennington, June 11, 1895 /

Mode of access: Internet.

Discourse-sensitive measurement of language development in bilingual children /

Mode of access: Internet.

Sermons on practical subjects: to which is added, a farewell discourse, delivered at Paisley in April and May 1768.

Mode of access: Internet.

An epistolary discourse containing a new resolution and improvement of the grand apocalyptical question, concerning the rise and fall of Rome papal /

Early editions published under title: Apocalyptical key.

God's discriminating but mysterious treatment of his own people : a discourse delivered at the funeral of Rev. Joseph Bennett, Woburn, November 22, 1847 /

Mode of access: Internet.

A memorial discourse of Nathaniel F. Moore, LL.D. : sometime president of Columbia College, New York, delivered at the request of the alumni, January 14, 1874, in the college chapel /

Published by direction of the alumni and of the board of trustees.

New York during the last half century : a discourse in commemoration of the fifty-third anniversary of the New York historical society, and of the dedication of their new edifice,(November 17, 1857).

Mode of access: Internet.

A historical discourse /

Mode of access: Internet.

A Discourse on the lives and characters of Thomas Jefferson and John Adams : who both died on the Fourth of July, 1826 /

Mode of access: Internet.

The President's fast : a discourse upon our national crimes and follies, preached in the Broadway Tabernacle Church, January 4, 1861 /

Mode of access: Internet.

A discourse /

Mode of access: Internet.

Apocalyptical key : a discourse on the rise and fall of anti-Christ; or, The puring out of the vials in the sixteenth chapter of Revelations.

Mode of access: Internet.