873 resultados para constrained clustering
Resumo:
We discuss the development and performance of a low-power sensor node (hardware, software and algorithms) that autonomously controls the sampling interval of a suite of sensors based on local state estimates and future predictions of water flow. The problem is motivated by the need to accurately reconstruct abrupt state changes in urban watersheds and stormwater systems. Presently, the detection of these events is limited by the temporal resolution of sensor data. It is often infeasible, however, to increase measurement frequency due to energy and sampling constraints. This is particularly true for real-time water quality measurements, where sampling frequency is limited by reagent availability, sensor power consumption, and, in the case of automated samplers, the number of available sample containers. These constraints pose a significant barrier to the ubiquitous and cost effective instrumentation of large hydraulic and hydrologic systems. Each of our sensor nodes is equipped with a low-power microcontroller and a wireless module to take advantage of urban cellular coverage. The node persistently updates a local, embedded model of flow conditions while IP-connectivity permits each node to continually query public weather servers for hourly precipitation forecasts. The sampling frequency is then adjusted to increase the likelihood of capturing abrupt changes in a sensor signal, such as the rise in the hydrograph – an event that is often difficult to capture through traditional sampling techniques. Our architecture forms an embedded processing chain, leveraging local computational resources to assess uncertainty by analyzing data as it is collected. A network is presently being deployed in an urban watershed in Michigan and initial results indicate that the system accurately reconstructs signals of interest while significantly reducing energy consumption and the use of sampling resources. We also expand our analysis by discussing the role of this approach for the efficient real-time measurement of stormwater systems.
Resumo:
A descoberta e a análise de conglomerados textuais são processos muito importantes para a estruturação, organização e a recuperação de informações, assim como para a descoberta de conhecimento. Isto porque o ser humano coleta e armazena uma quantidade muito grande de dados textuais, que necessitam ser vasculhados, estudados, conhecidos e organizados de forma a fornecerem informações que lhe dêem o conhecimento para a execução de uma tarefa que exija a tomada de uma decisão. É justamente nesse ponto que os processos de descoberta e de análise de conglomerados (clustering) se insere, pois eles auxiliam na exploração e análise dos dados, permitindo conhecer melhor seu conteúdo e inter-relações. No entanto, esse processo, por ser aplicado em textos, está sujeito a sofrer interferências decorrentes de problemas da própria linguagem e do vocabulário utilizado nos mesmos, tais como erros ortográficos, sinonímia, homonímia, variações morfológicas e similares. Esta Tese apresenta uma solução para minimizar esses problemas, que consiste na utilização de “conceitos” (estruturas capazes de representar objetos e idéias presentes nos textos) na modelagem do conteúdo dos documentos. Para tanto, são apresentados os conceitos e as áreas relacionadas com o tema, os trabalhos correlatos (revisão bibliográfica), a metodologia proposta e alguns experimentos que permitem desenvolver determinados argumentos e comprovar algumas hipóteses sobre a proposta. As conclusões principais desta Tese indicam que a técnica de conceitos possui diversas vantagens, dentre elas a utilização de uma quantidade muito menor, porém mais representativa, de descritores para os documentos, o que torna o tempo e a complexidade do seu processamento muito menor, permitindo que uma quantidade muito maior deles seja analisada. Outra vantagem está no fato de o poder de expressão de conceitos permitir que os usuários analisem os aglomerados resultantes muito mais facilmente e compreendam melhor seu conteúdo e forma. Além do método e da metodologia proposta, esta Tese possui diversas contribuições, entre elas vários trabalhos e artigos desenvolvidos em parceria com outros pesquisadores e colegas.
Resumo:
As áreas de visualização e modelagem baseados em pontos têm sido pesquisadas ativamente na computação gráfica. Pontos com atributos (por exemplo, normais) são geralmente chamados de surfels e existem vários algoritmos para a manipulação e visualização eficiente deles. Um ponto chave para a eficiência de muitos métodos é o uso de estruturas de particionamento do espaço. Geralmente octrees e KD-trees, por utilizarem cortes alinhados com os eixos são preferidas em vez das BSP-trees, mais genéricas. Neste trabalho, apresenta-se uma estrutura chamada Constrained BSP-tree (CBSP-tree), que pode ser vista como uma estrutura intermediárias entre KD-trees e BSP-trees. A CBSP-tree se caracteriza por permitir cortes arbitrários desde que seja satisfeito um critério de validade dos cortes. Esse critério pode ser redefinido de acordo com a aplicação. Isso permite uma aproximação melhor de regões curvas. Apresentam-se algoritmos para construir CBSP-trees, valendo-se da flexibilidade que a estrutura oferece, e para realizar operações booleanas usando uma nova classificação de interior/exterior.
Resumo:
In this work we present a new clustering method that groups up points of a data set in classes. The method is based in a algorithm to link auxiliary clusters that are obtained using traditional vector quantization techniques. It is described some approaches during the development of the work that are based in measures of distances or dissimilarities (divergence) between the auxiliary clusters. This new method uses only two a priori information, the number of auxiliary clusters Na and a threshold distance dt that will be used to decide about the linkage or not of the auxiliary clusters. The number os classes could be automatically found by the method, that do it based in the chosen threshold distance dt, or it is given as additional information to help in the choice of the correct threshold. Some analysis are made and the results are compared with traditional clustering methods. In this work different dissimilarities metrics are analyzed and a new one is proposed based on the concept of negentropy. Besides grouping points of a set in classes, it is proposed a method to statistical modeling the classes aiming to obtain a expression to the probability of a point to belong to one of the classes. Experiments with several values of Na e dt are made in tests sets and the results are analyzed aiming to study the robustness of the method and to consider heuristics to the choice of the correct threshold. During this work it is explored the aspects of information theory applied to the calculation of the divergences. It will be explored specifically the different measures of information and divergence using the Rényi entropy. The results using the different metrics are compared and commented. The work also has appendix where are exposed real applications using the proposed method
Resumo:
This work proposes a collaborative system for marking dangerous points in the transport routes and generation of alerts to drivers. It consisted of a proximity warning system for a danger point that is fed by the driver via a mobile device equipped with GPS. The system will consolidate data provided by several different drivers and generate a set of points common to be used in the warning system. Although the application is designed to protect drivers, the data generated by it can serve as inputs for the responsible to improve signage and recovery of public roads
Resumo:
A neural network model for solving constrained nonlinear optimization problems with bounded variables is presented in this paper. More specifically, a modified Hopfield network is developed and its internal parameters are completed using the valid-subspace technique. These parameters guarantee the convergence of the network to the equilibrium points. The network is shown to be completely stable and globally convergent to the solutions of constrained nonlinear optimization problems. A fuzzy logic controller is incorporated in the network to minimize convergence time. Simulation results are presented to validate the proposed approach.
Resumo:
The ability of neural networks to realize some complex nonlinear function makes them attractive for system identification. This paper describes a novel method using artificial neural networks to solve robust parameter estimation problems for nonlinear models with unknown-but-bounded errors and uncertainties. More specifically, a modified Hopfield network is developed and its internal parameters are computed using the valid-subspace technique. These parameters guarantee the network convergence to the equilibrium points. A solution for the robust estimation problem with unknown-but-bounded error corresponds to an equilibrium point of the network. Simulation results are presented as an illustration of the proposed approach.
Resumo:
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)