Aod1, the immunoregulatory locus controlling abrogation of tolerance in neonatal thymectomy-induced autoimmune ovarian dysgenesis, maps to mouse chromosome 16.

Mice thymectomized at three days of age (D3Tx) develop during adulthood a variety of organ-specific autoimmune diseases, including autoimmune ovarian dysgenesis (AOD). The phenotypic spectrum of AOD is characterized by the development of anti-ovarian autoantibodies, oophoritis, and atrophy. The D3Tx model of AOD is unique in that disease induction depends exclusively on perturbation of the normal developing immune system, is T-cell-mediated, and is strain specific. For example, D3Tx A/J mice are highly susceptible to AOD, whereas C57BL/6J mice are resistant. After D3Tx, self ovarian antigens, expressed at physiological levels, trigger an autoimmune response capable of eliciting disease. The D3Tx model provides, therefore, the opportunity to focus on the mechanisms of self-tolerance that are relevant to disease pathogenesis. Previous studies indicate that the principal mechanisms involved in AOD susceptibility are genetically controlled and govern developmental processes associated with the induction and maintenance of peripheral tolerance. We report here the mapping of the Aod1 locus to mouse chromosome 16 within a region encoding several loci of immunologic relevance, including scid, Igl1, VpreB, Igll, Igl1r, Mtv6 (Mls-3), Ly-7, Ifnar, and Ifgt.

Evidence for a role of endothelin 1 and protein kinase C in nitroglycerin tolerance.

We sought to examine mechanisms responsible for increased vasoconstriction that occurs during development of nitroglycerin tolerance. Rabbits were treated for 3 days with nitroglycerin patches (0.4 mg/hr), and their aortic segments were studied in organ chambers. This treatment resulted in attenuated in vitro relaxations to nitroglycerin and increased contractile sensitivity to angiotensin II, serotonin, phenylephrine, KCl, and a direct activator of protein kinase C, the phorbol ester phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate. The protein kinase C antagonists calphostin C (100 nM) and staurosporine (10 nM) corrected the hypersensitivity to constrictors in tolerant vessels, yet had minimal effects on constrictions in control vessels. Paradoxically, constrictions caused by endothelin 1 were decreased in nitrate-tolerant vessels. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed intense endothelin 1-like and big endothelin 1-like immunoreactivity in the media of nitroglycerin-tolerant but not of control aortas. The enhanced vasoconstriction to angiotensin II, serotonin, KCl, and phenylephrine could be mimicked in normal vessels by addition of subthreshold concentrations of endothelin 1, and this effect was prevented by calphostin C. We propose that increased autocrine production of endothelin 1 in nitrate tolerance sensitizes vascular smooth muscle to a variety of vasoconstrictors through a protein kinase C-mediated mechanism.

Encapsulação de colecalciferol (vitamina D3) por spray chilling

A indústria de alimentos está constantemente desenvolvendo produtos que fornecem, além de nutrientes, benefícios adicionais à saúde, tais como os enriquecidos com vitaminas. A vitamina D3 (colecalciferol) é sintetizada na pele durante a exposição da luz solar, controla a homeostase de cálcio e fósforo, metabolismo ósseo, pressão arterial e reabsorção renal de cálcio. O processo de microencapsulação vem sendo bastante aplicado em alimentos e um dos objetivos principais é o controle da liberação do agente ativo no momento e local desejado. A tecnologia de spray chilling é interessante para a microencapsulação de vitaminas lipossolúveis. O objetivo deste trabalho foi microencapsular vitamina D3, utilizando o método de spray chilling para a produção das micropartículas lipídicas sólidas (MLS). Para produção das MLS utilizou-se gordura vegetal com ponto de fusão em torno de 48 °C como carreador. Três tratamentos foram estabelecidos: sem aditivos (T1), com adição de 1% de cera de abelha (T2) e com 1% de lecitina de soja (T3). As micropartículas foram caracterizadas quanto à morfologia por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, tamanho médio por difração a laser, espectroscopia no infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e foi analisada a estabilidade da vitamina D3 durante o armazenamento a 10 e 25 °C, por meio de quantificações periódicas em cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). As micropartículas obtidas foram esféricas, semelhantes morfologicamente e com distribuição monocaudal de partículas. O tamanho médio das partículas variou em função dos seus ingredientes, sendo que as micropartículas produzidas apenas com vitamina e gordura foram menores em relação às demais (83,0% < 100 µm). A espectroscopia na região do infravermelho (FTIR) demonstrou que não ocorreu interação entre os ingredientes. A estabilidade da vitamina D3 encapsulada foi satisfatória ao longo de 65 dias com valores superiores a 87% para os três tratamentos e a temperatura apresentou influência na estabilidade. As MLS produzidas com cera apresentaram melhores resultados de estabilidade de vitamina D3 com valores de 90,18 ± 2,23 % após 65 dias de estocagem. Esses resultados são promissores e demostram a viabilidade da técnica de spray chilling na produção de MLS carregadas de vitamina D3, possibilitando uma futura aplicação em alimentos.

Noise-tolerance feasibility for restricted-domain Information Retrieval systems

Information Retrieval systems normally have to work with rather heterogeneous sources, such as Web sites or documents from Optical Character Recognition tools. The correct conversion of these sources into flat text files is not a trivial task since noise may easily be introduced as a result of spelling or typeset errors. Interestingly, this is not a great drawback when the size of the corpus is sufficiently large, since redundancy helps to overcome noise problems. However, noise becomes a serious problem in restricted-domain Information Retrieval specially when the corpus is small and has little or no redundancy. This paper devises an approach which adds noise-tolerance to Information Retrieval systems. A set of experiments carried out in the agricultural domain proves the effectiveness of the approach presented.

The association of feeding behavior with the resistance and tolerance to parasites in recently diverged sticklebacks

Divergent natural selection regimes can contribute to adaptive population divergence, but can be sensitive to human-mediated environmental change. Nutrient loading of aquatic ecosystems, for example, might modify selection pressures by altering the abundance and distribution of resources and the prevalence and infectivity of parasites. Here, we used a mesocosm experiment to test for interactive effects of nutrient loading and parasitism on host condition and feeding ecology. Specifically, we investigated whether the common fish parasite Gyrodactylus sp. differentially affected recently diverged lake and stream ecotypes of three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). We found that the stream ecotype had a higher resistance to Gyrodactylus sp. infections than the lake ecotype, and that both ecotypes experienced a cost of parasitism, indicated by negative relationships between parasite load and both stomach fullness and body condition. Overall, our results suggest that in the early stages of adaptive population divergence of hosts, parasites can affect host resistance, body condition, and diet.

Dynamic Precision Phenotyping Reveals Mechanism of Crop Tolerance to Root Herbivory

The western corn rootworm (WCR) is a major pest of maize that is well adapted to most crop management strategies. Breeding for tolerance is a promising alternative to combat WCR, but is currently constrained by a lack of physiological understanding and phenotyping tools. We developed dynamic precision phenotyping approaches using carbon-11 with positron emission tomography, root autoradiography and radiometabolite flux analysis to understand maize tolerance to WCR. Our results reveal that WCR attack induces specific patterns of lateral root growth which are associated with a shift in auxin biosynthesis from indole-3-pyruvic acid to indole-3-acetonitrile. WCR attack also increases transport of newly synthesized amino acids to the roots, including the accumulation of glutamine. Finally, the regrowth zones of WCR attacked roots show an increase in glutamine turnover which strongly correlates with the induction of indole-3-acetonitrile-dependent auxin biosynthesis. In summary, our findings identify local changes in the auxin flux network as a promising marker for induced WCR tolerance.

Environmental requirements and pollution tolerance of Plecoptera /

Issued Oct. 1978.

Environmental requirements and pollution tolerance of ephemeroptera /

Oct. 1978.

A review of human tolerance to side impact. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Office of Crashworthiness, Washington, D.C.

Motor vehicle brake fluid: water tolerance and viscosity. Final report. [Summary.].

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C.

Jesus-Christ, par sa tolerance, modele des Legislateurs.

Mode of access: Internet.