Comparing Social Work Students' Perceptions of Risk Using Online Discussion Fora: Lessons Learned from a European Pilot Project

Comparisons of international child welfare systems have identified two basic orientations to practice; a ‘child protection’ orientation and a ‘child welfare’ orientation, which are founded upon fundamentally different values and assumptions regarding the family, the origins of child care problems, and the proper role of the state in relation to the family. This paper describes a project which sought to compare how undergraduate social work students from three European Universities perceive risk in referrals about the welfare of children and to explore the impact of different cultural, ideological and educational contexts on the way in which risk is constructed by students. Students from Northern Ireland, Germany and Poland examined three vignettes via ten online discussion fora each of which provided a narrative summary of their discussion. The paper presents some findings from the analysis of the qualitative data emerging from the student discussions and draws out the lessons learned in terms of how the project was designed and implemented using online discussion fora.

Illness perceptions and coping in physical health conditions: A meta-analysis

Objective: There is a considerable body of research linking elements of Leventhal’s Common Sense Model (CSM) to emotional well-being/distress outcomes among people with physical illness. The present study aims to consolidate this literature and examine the evidence for the role of coping strategies within this literature.
Methods: A systematic review was conducted where the outcomes of interest were: depression, anxiety and quality of life. A total of 1050 articles were identified and 31 articles were considered eligible to be included in the review.
Results: Across a range of illnesses, perceptions of consequences of the illness and emotional representations were consistently the illness perceptions with the strongest relationship with the outcomes. Coping variables tend to be stronger predictors of outcomes than the illness perception variables. The evidence for the mediating effect of coping was inconsistent.
Conclusions: Illness perceptions and coping have an important role to play in the explanation of distress outcomes across a range of physical health conditions. However, some clarity about the theoretical position of coping in relation to illness perceptions, and further longitudinal work is needed if we are to apply this information to the design of interventions for the improvement of psychological health among people with physical health conditions.

Public perceptions of personalised nutrition through the lens of Social Cognitive Theory

Social Cognitive Theory has been used to explain findings derived from focus group discussions (N = 4) held in the United Kingdom with the aim of informing best practice in personalised nutrition. Positive expectancies included weight loss and negative expectancies surrounded on-line security. Monitoring and feedback were crucial to goal setting and progress. Coaching by the service provider, family and friends was deemed important for self-efficacy. Paying for personalised nutrition symbolised commitment to behaviour change. The social context of eating, however, was perceived a problem and should be considered when designing personalised diets. Social Cognitive Theory could provide an effective framework through which to deliver personalised nutrition.

Perceptions of high involvement work practices, person-organization fit and burnout: a time lagged study of health care employees

Previous research demonstrates that high-involvement work practices (HIWPs) may be associated with burnout (emotional exhaustion and depersonalization); however, to date, the process through which HIWPs influence burnout is not clear. This article examined the impact of HIWPs on long-term burnout (emotional exhaustion and depersonalization) by considering the mediating role of person-organization fit (P-O fit) in this relationship. The study used a time-lagged design and was conducted in a Canadian general hospital among health care personnel. Findings from structural equation modeling (N = 185) revealed that perceived HIWPs were positively associated with P-O fit. There was no direct effect of HIWPs on burnout; rather, P-O fit fully mediated the relationship between employee perceptions of HIWPs and burnout. This study fills a void in the HR and burnout literature by demonstrating the role that P-O fit has in explaining how HIWPs alleviate emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Peer tutoring in a medical school: perceptions of tutors and tutees

Background: Peer tutoring has been described as “people from similar social groupings who are not professional teachers helping each other to learn and learning themselves by teaching”. Peer tutoring is well accepted as a source of support in many medical curricula, where participation and learning involve a process of socialisation.
Peer tutoring can ease the transition of the junior students from the university class environment to the hospital workplace. In this paper, we apply the Experienced Based Learning (ExBL) model to explore medical students’ perceptions of their experience of taking part in a newly established peer tutoring program at a hospital based
clinical school.
Methods: In 2014, all students at Sydney Medical School – Central, located at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital were invited to voluntarily participate in the peer tutoring program. Year 3 students (n = 46) were invited to act as tutors for Year 1 students (n = 50), and Year 4 students (n = 60) were invited to act as tutors for Year 2 students (n = 51). Similarly, the ‘tutees’ were invited to take part on a voluntary basis. Students were invited to attend focus groups, which were held at the end of the program. Framework analysis was used to code and categorise data into themes.
Results: In total, 108/207 (52 %) students participated in the program. A total of 42/106 (40 %) of Year 3 and 4 students took part as tutors; and of 66/101 (65 %) of Year 1 and 2 students took part as tutees. Five focus groups were held, with 50/108 (46 %) of students voluntarily participating. Senior students (tutors) valued the opportunity to practice and improve their medical knowledge and teaching skills. Junior students (tutees) valued the opportunity for additional practice and patient interaction, within a relaxed, small group learning environment.
Conclusion: Students perceived the peer tutoring program as affording opportunities not otherwise available within the curriculum. The peer teaching program provided a framework within the medical curriculum for senior students to practice and improve their medical knowledge and teaching skills. Concurrently, junior students were provided with a valuable learning experience that they reported as being qualitatively different to traditional teaching by faculty.

Perceptions of high-involvement work practices and burnout: the mediating role of job demands

This study examined the impact of perceived high-involvement work practices on job demands (role conflict, role overload and role ambiguity) and burnout (emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation). The study was conducted in a Canadian general hospital. Findings from structural equation modelling (N = 545) revealed that perceived HIWPs were significantly and negatively related to job demands and burnout. Role conflict and role overload have a significant positive association with emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation. Finally, role conflict and role overload partially mediate the relationship between perceived HIWPs and burnout. We discuss the theoretical and managerial implications of these findings for our understanding of how HIWPs influence the job demands and burnout of employees.

(Re)examining the relationship between children's subjective wellbeing and their perceptions of participation rights

In recent years wellbeing has been linked increasingly with children’s rights, often characterised as central to their realisation. Indeed it has been suggested that the two concepts are so intertwined that their pairing has become something of a mantra in the literature on childhood. This paper seeks to explore the nature of the relationship between wellbeing and participation rights, using a recently developed ‘rights-based’ measure of children’s participation in school and community, the Children’s Participation Rights Questionnaire (CPRQ), and an established measure of subjective wellbeing – KIDSCREEN-10. The data for the study came from the Kids’ Life and Times (KLT) which is an annual online survey of Primary 7 children carried out in Northern Ireland. In 2013 approximately 3,800 children (51% girls; 49% boys) from 212 schools participated in KLT. The findings showed a statistically significant positive correlation between children’s overall scores on the KIDSCREEN-10 subjective wellbeing measure and their perceptions that their participation rights are respected in school and community settings. Further, the results indicated that it is the social relations/autonomy questions on KIDSCREEN-10 which are most strongly related to children’s perceptions that their participation rights are respected. Exploration of the findings by gender showed that there were no significant differences in overall wellbeing; however girls had higher scores than boys on the social relations/autonomy domain of KIDSCREEN-10. Girls were also more positive than boys about their participation in school and community. In light of the findings from this study, it is suggested that what lies at the heart of the relationship between child wellbeing and children’s participation rights is the social/relational aspects of both participation and wellbeing.

Are food-related perceptions associated with meal portion size decisions? A cross-sectional study

The purpose of this study was to test a comprehensive model of meal portion size determinants consisting of sociodemographic, psychological and food-related variables, whilst controlling for hunger and thirst.
Using cross-sectional nationally representative data collected in 2075 participants from the Island of Ireland (IoI) and Denmark (DK), eight separate hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between food-related variables and meal portion size (i.e. pizza, vegetable soup, chicken salad and a pork meal) within each country. Stepwise regressions were run with physiological control measures (hunger and thirst) entered in the first step, sociodemographic variables (sex, age, body mass index (BMI)) in the second step; psychological variables (cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating, emotional eating, general health interest (GHI)) in the third step and food-related variables (expected fillingness, liking, expected healthfulness, food familiarity) in the fourth step.
Sociodemographic variables accounted for 2-19% of the variance in meal portion sizes; psychological variables explained an additional 3-8%; and food-related variables explained an additional 2-12%. When all four variable groups were included in the regression models, liking and sometimes expected healthfulness was positively associated with meal portion size. The strongest association was for liking, which was statistically significant in both countries for all meal types. Whilst expected healthfulness was not associated with pizza portion size in either country, it was positively associated with meals that have a healthier image (vegetable soup; chicken salad and in IoI, the pork meal).
In conclusion, after considering sociodemographic and psychological variables, and the food-related variables of liking and expected healthfulness, there may be little merit in manipulating the satiating power, at least of these type of meals, to maintain or promote weight loss.
Keywords: Meal portion size; psychological variables; expected fillingness; expected healthfulness; food liking; food familiarity.

Health and Social Care Workers Perceptions of Novel Psychoactive substances in Northern Ireland

Background: The EU Early Warning System currently monitors more than 450 new psychoactive substances (EMCDDA, 2015), far outweighing the total number of illicit drugs under international control (UNODC, 2013). Due to the recent emergence of NPS and rapidly changing nature of the market, evidence about the way in which the emerging drugs are managed in health and social care settings is limited. Methods: The study adopted a mixed methods design, utilising a cross sectional survey and follow up telephone interviews to capture data from staff working in drug and alcohol related services in statutory and voluntary sectors, across the five Health and Social Care (HSC) Trust areas in Northern Ireland. 196 staff participated in the survey and 13 took part in follow up telephone interviews. Results: Study respondents reported that addressing NPS related issues with service users was a key aspect of their daily role and function. Levels of injecting behaviours were also viewed as relatively high by the study participants. Almost all workers used harm reduction as their primary approach when working with service users and the majority of respondents called for additional practical training in relation to addressing drug interactions and intervening with NPS related issues.

An Evaluation of the Dual Diagnosis (substance use and mental health )Strategy in the South Eastern Trust Workers and Service Users Perceptions of Dual Diagnosis Issues

In the UK it is estimated that over 33% of psychiatric patients with enduring mental illness have a substance misuse problem, whilst over 50 % of clients currently accessing drug and alcohol services have a mental health problem. Between 2003 and 2013 in Northern Ireland, there were 741 recorded suicides by patients who were in contact with mental health services. Of this number, 68% (n=501) had a history of either alcohol or drug misuse or both, resulting in an average of 46 patient suicides per year associated with dual diagnosis (University of Manchester 2015).
The current evaluation examined staff attitudes towards working with dual diagnosis (co-existing difficulties) issues, staff confidence in working with clients with dual diagnosis, workers’ perceptions of the South Eastern dual diagnosis strategy and service user perspectives of dual diagnosis service provision.
The purpose of the evaluation was to provide evidence regarding the following in accordance with the current dual diagnosis strategy;
Staff understanding of the concept of dual diagnosis,
Staff attitudes towards working with dual diagnosis,
Staff confidence in working with individuals, who present with dual diagnosis,
Service users’ perspectives of SE Trust provision for dual diagnosis.
Staff views on the South Eastern Trust Dual Diagnosis Strategy.

Development of the Consumer Refrigerator Safety Questionnaire (CRSQ): A Measure of Consumer Perceptions and Practices

Food preparation and storage behaviors in the home deviating from the ‘best practice’ food safety recommendations may result in food borne illnesses. Currently, there are limited tools available to fully evaluate the consumer knowledge, perceptions and behavior in the area of refrigerator safety. The current study aimed to develop a valid and reliable tool in the form of a questionnaire (CFSQCRSQ) for assessing systematically all these aspects. Items relating to refrigerator safety knowledge (n=17), perceptions (n=46), reported behavior (n=30) were developed and pilot tested by an expert reference group and various consumer groups to assess face and content validity (n=20), item difficulty and item consistency (n=55) and construct validity (n=23). The findings showed that the CFSQCRSQ has acceptable face and content validity with acceptable levels of item difficulty. Item consistency was observed for 12 out of 15 refrigerator safety knowledge. Further, all five of the subscales of consumer perceptions of refrigerator safety practices relating to risk of developing foodborne disease food poisoning showed acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach’s α value > 0.8). Construct validity of the CFSQCRSQ was shown to be very good (p=0.022). The CFSQCRSQ exhibited acceptable test-retest reliability at 14 days with majority of knowledge items (93.3%) and reported behavior items (96.4%) having correlation coefficients of greater than 0.70. Overall, the CFSQCRSQ was deemed valid and reliable in assessing refrigerator safety knowledge and behavior and therefore has the potential for future use in identifying groups of individuals at increased risk of deviating from recommended refrigerator safety practices as well as the assessment of refrigerator safety knowledge, behavior for use before and after an intervention.

Pathways to teacher education for intercultural communicative competence: teachers’ perceptions

Intercultural and plurilingual encounters have become increasingly frequent due to Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) developments, mobility (real/ virtual) and migration. To face the challenges inherent in such encounters, the development of intercultural communicative competence (ICC) is crucial. ICC development may start in the home but should also be a commitment in school curricula, in particular in language classrooms. To facilitate this, language teachers require training in order to integrate the intercultural dimension into their professional practice. In such a context, we implemented a training programme entitled The Intercultural Teacher with an experimental group of language teachers from secondary schools in the Aveiro district (Portugal). In this article, we describe teachers’ social perceptions of ICC and explore the following questions: (a) what does ICC mean for language teachers?; and (b) what are teachers’ views on the development of ICC? The findings of this analysis enabled us, firstly, to design a heuristic model of ICC, based on teachers’ views and perceptions. We were then able to identify some pathways for developing ICC through teacher education, which were validated by teachers themselves.

Os mais velhos nas organizações : um desafio para a gestão

Numa era em que a força de trabalho está a envelhecer, fruto do envelhecimento da população mundial, as organizações enfrentam desafios consideráveis no que toca à gestão, motivação e retenção dos trabalhadores mais velhos. As atitudes dos gestores perante os trabalhadores mais velhos configuram restrições consideráveis à superação desses desafios. Neste sentido, foram realizados três estudos visando desenvolver e validar um instrumento de medida das atitudes dos gestores perante os trabalhadores mais velhos. No primeiro estudo, exploraram-se (a) as atitudes dos gestores perante os trabalhadores mais velhos, e (b) as perceções dos aposentados sobre suas últimas experiências antes da aposentação. No segundo estudo, foram desenvolvidos 51 itens, que emergiram tanto do primeiro estudo, como da literatura. O questionário resultante foi então aplicado a uma amostra de 224 gestores portugueses, que foram também convidados a tomar decisões em três cenários envolvendo trabalhadores mais jovens e mais velhos. O terceiro estudo é uma réplica do segundo, numa amostra de 249 gestores brasileiros. As principais conclusões são: (a) cinco tipos de atitudes dos gestores perante os trabalhadores mais velhos foram identificados; (b) essas atitudes predizem as decisões dos gestores no que se refere à seleção de um trabalhador mais jovem versus mais velho, em processos de contratação e na seleção de colaboradores para participar em programas de formação; (c) os padrões empíricos identificados nas amostras de portugueses e brasileiros são semelhantes; (d) apesar dos gestores reconhecerem qualidades positivas significativas nos trabalhadores mais velhos, tendem a discriminá-los; (e) os gestores desenvolvem diferentes perfis atitudinais em relação aos trabalhadores mais velhos, os quais têm consequências nas decisões que tomam sobre esses trabalhadores. Um quarto estudo foi levado a cabo, com o objetivo de tentar compreender se a estrutura penta-dimensional do instrumento de medida das atitudes dos gestores perante os trabalhadores mais velhos pode ser replicado numa amostra de estudantes, e se essas mesmas atitudes ajudam a explicar as decisões dos estudantes em cenários similares aos dos apresentados aos gestores. Os resultados principais foram os seguintes: (a) apesar dos estudantes reconhecerem qualidades nos trabalhadores mais velhos, levam a cabo práticas discriminatórias relativamente a esses trabalhadores; (b) um número significativo de estudantes prefere um trabalhador mais jovem, mesmo quando o mais velho é descrito de forma mais positiva. Um quinto estudo foi efetuado, visando testar em que medida as atitudes dos gestores perante os trabalhadores mais velhos explicam a segurança psicológica das equipas. O estudo envolveu 52 equipas. Os respetivos líderes descreveram as suas atitudes perante os mais velhos, e 266 membros dessas equipas descreveram a segurança psicológica da equipa. Os resultados sugerem que os líderes com atitudes mais positivas perante os trabalhadores mais velhos tendem a desenvolver equipas psicologicamente mais seguras. Todavia, estudos futuros são necessários para testar mecanismos mediadores e moderadores que tornem essa relação mais clara.

État des conditions qui favorisent l'intégration des technologies de l'information et de la communication en adaptation scolaire au primaire et au secondaire selon les perceptions des enseignantes et des enseignants du Québec

Les recherches menées en éducation permettent de constater que les technologies de l'information et de la communication ont des effets positifs sur plusieurs dimensions de l'élève. Pourtant, dans ce domaine, l'implantation de la micro-informatique s'effectue lentement. Le projet de recherche trace le portrait des conditions qui favorisent l'intégration des TIC en adaptation scolaire et démontre dans quelle mesure elles sont présentes selon les perceptions des enseignants au Québec. Les sujets sont des enseignants en adaptation scolaire à la commission scolaire de Montréal (CSDM). Le questionnaire et l'entrevue semi-structurée ont été utilisés pour la collecte de données. Les résultats de l'enquête sont présentés à partir d'une analyse quantitative et qualitative. Ils démontrent que des efforts ont été déployés pour fournir aux écoles des ressources matérielles et pour développer des attitudes et perceptions positives chez les enseignants. Cependant, les enseignants réclament davantage de formation ainsi qu'un soutien technique et pédagogique continu.

Motivation à apprendre des élèves et modèle d'autorité de l'enseignant étude du lien au travers des perceptions d'élèves de troisième d'enseignement agricole

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre d'une thématique d'interrelation recherche-formation-pratique. Elle a pour objectif principal d'étudier le lien entre les perceptions motivationnelles à apprendre d'élèves de troisième d'enseignement agricole et leur perception du modèle d'autorité de l'enseignant. Son caractère novateur repose sur l'interculturalité des approches utilisées: la motivation à apprendre empruntée aux études nord-américaines et le modèle d'autorité de l'enseignant empruntée aux études françaises. L'étape de recension des écrits nous a permis de préparer le terrain à un questionnaire de type quantitatif. Il comprend deux sections sur les modèles d'autorité (autoritaire et d'autorité) et trois sections sur les perceptions motivationnelles (valeur, sentiment de compétence et contrôlabilité) en lien avec deux matières: français et STP (sciences et techniques professionnelles). À la suite de cette investigation, les entrevues menées ont permis de découvrir deux cas de figure non envisagés au départ. Le premier est qu'un enseignant de tendance autoritaire sur l'axe relationnel n'altère pas la perception de la valeur de la matière si celui-ci autonomise et responsabilise les élèves et s'il est impliqué dans leur réussite. Il en est de même si cela rejoint les buts éloignés des élèves (brevet, projet personnel ou professionnel). Enfin, il ressort des résultats un troisième modèle d'autorité de l'enseignant inattendu qu'est l'enseignant manquant d'autorité. Il fait apparaître le besoin des élèves d'avoir un enseignant cadrant sur l'axe relationnel afin de contenir les apprentissages. Même si les apprentissages sont variés et novateurs et que l'enseignant est disponible et explique bien ses cours, ils ne sont pas suffisants pour motiver les élèves rencontrés. Il semble que le cadre donné par l'enseignant les sécurise, donne de la fiabilité à l'enseignant et de la valeur à la matière même s'il est de tendance autoritaire.