Reencontros: A museologia como instrumento da reconstrução da memória social através da expressão das vontades de futur

Este artigo propõe uma reflexão da museologia social como ferramenta na resolução de processos de conflitualidade nas comunidades através da ativação da memória social. A dor dos entes que partem choradas no embondeiro são também modos de olhar o futuro. Fazem parte dos rituais do ciclo da vida e do renascimento no corpo social, onde as partes do todo são sucessivamente reconstruídas no devir. São modos de expressão das partes de um todo sem autonomia ontológica. As memórias sociais enquanto representações dos processos ontológicos construídos nas comunidades transportam o conhecimento sobre as experiências sociais partilhadas e tornadas conscientes em cada presente como expressão duma vontade de futuros. A proposta da análise da sociomnese na comunidade parte da ativação da consciência da experiencia para construir ações socialmente partilhadas. Neste artigo vamos mostrar como a utilização da sociomnese se constitui como ferramenta de investigação-ação que integra a expressão das heranças das comunidades e dos territórios na construção dos seus processos sociais. Depois de ilustrar alguns processos de reconstrução de memórias a partir das partilhas das heranças comuns, vamos procurar demonstrar a validade da utilização da museologia social na resolução dos conflitos e na reconstrução dos processos socioculturais das comunidades.

Estratégias de resolução de conflitos em adolescentes angolanos e portugueses

Pretendemos estudar situações de conflito interpessoal e sócio-moral e comparar as estratégias de resolução que são escolhidas por adolescentes de contextos culturais diferentes. Participaram no estudo 89 adolescentes, 44 portugueses e 45 angolanos, com idades compreendidas entre os 14 e os 16 anos, distribuídos de forma equivalente pelos dois géneros. Foram construídos quatro dilemas que configuram situações de conflito interpessoal e moral habituais entre adolescentes (humilhação, inveja, rivalidade entre grupos e traição amorosa) e foram utilizadas quatro medidas, atribuição de comportamento e de emoção, perceção de ganhos e antecipação de custos. Os resultados revelaram que a escolha de estratégias de resolução de conflitos interpessoais (agressão física, agressão verbal, indiferença, negociação e outras) é insensível ao género, mas varia inter-medidas nas histórias de inveja e de traição, varia com o conteúdo sócio-moral das situações, sobretudo entre a história de traição amorosa e as outras histórias, e varia inter-culturas também para a história de traição, onde se verificam diferenças estatísticas nas três medidas. Os resultados mostram ainda que os adolescentes têm dificuldade em antecipar os custos associados às estratégias de resolução de conflitos interpessoais, pois optam maioritariamente por não responder a esta questão.

O atendimento educacional especializado para o aluno com paralisia cerebral em uma escola municipal do Nordeste Brasileiro

Ações em torno da efetivação da política de Educação Inclusiva no contexto brasileiro tem sido uma realidade constatada no âmbito da legislação, prevendo ações de qualidade que favoreçam o acesso e a permanência de alunos com deficiência no ensino regular. Dentre essas ações, destaca-se a implantação das Salas de Recursos Multifuncionais (SRMF), visando à garantia do Atendimento Educacional Especializado (AEE). Nessa perspectiva, a presente pesquisa se propõe a descrever o AEE a um aluno com paralisia cerebral em uma escola municipal do Nordeste brasileiro e, também, seus desdobramentos em termos de articulação e atendimento às prerrogativas legais, utilizando-se o método estudo de caso. Participaram do estudo a diretora, a coordenadora pedagógica, as professoras da SRMF e da sala de aula regular, o aluno com paralisia cerebral e a mãe do aluno. Os dados construídos com base em observações e entrevistas, entre outros instrumentos, apontaram, nas análises, para a necessidade de articulação e definição de papéis entre as professoras da Sala de Recursos Multifuncionais e da sala de aula regular, de modo a atender às diretrizes do AEE bem como às ações voltadas para formação continuada e à parceria com a família, com vistas ao fortalecimento do AEE na escola regular.

Educação ambiental na escola : percepções / concepções dos atores pertencentes a esse cenário

Nesse trabalho investigamos de que maneira a escola vem desenvolvendo as questões referentes à educação ambiental enquanto tema transversal e interdisciplinar. Levantamos informações sobre como a Educação Ambiental vem sendo desenvolvida na prática pedagógica de uma escola da rede pública estadual da cidade de Mossoró/RN - Brasil. Onde foi identificada a percepção dos atores envolvidos no processo de educação ambiental, a saber: o nível de consciência ecológica, manifestada pelos alunos, suas práticas em relação aos problemas ambientais vivenciados; a abordagem do docente, frente à temática; bem como a percepção dos representantes do poder, como o professor, a diretoria da escola, a secretária de educação do estado e gerente de meio ambiente do município de Mossoró – RN. Contando com um apanhado bibliográfico com autores como Saviani (2008), Dias (2004), Gadotti (2008), Paulo Freire (1991), Sato (2012), Loureiro (2004), Leff (2010), entre outros. Para essa investigação utilizamos uma abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa, sendo desenvolvido 4 entrevistas com os representantes do poder e um questionário que foi aplicado com os alunos da escola, depois de respondidos esses dados foram tabulados em planilhas do Excel a fim de serem lançados para análises estatísticas, logo em seguida foram tratados através da construção de um banco de dados na planilha eletrônica Microsoft Excel. Após a digitação da base de dados, o banco foi exportado para o software SPSS versão 13.0 no qual foi realizada a análise. Para análise dos dados foram calculadas as frequências observadas e percentuais das percepções dos alunos acerca do julgamento, procedimentos utilizados pela escola, itens associados, problemas e temas relacionados ao meio ambiente. Além das frequências calculadas foram construídos os gráficos para cada distribuição. Já a análise qualitativa de conteúdo possui como estratégia de análise a interpretação qualitativa de emparelhamento de dados. Percebemos que nossos sujeitos acreditam que a educação ambiental vem como instrumento para modificação de comportamentos humanos, é através da educação que modificamos atitudes e conscientizamos a nossa população aos cuidados para com o nosso planeta. Nesta investigação identificamos que 83,1% dos alunos disseram estar bastante consciente da problemática ambiental, e ainda, 71,8% dos discentes disseram que estão bastante motivados para desenvolver projetos de educação ambiental na sua escola. Todavia não foi constatado isso pelos representantes do poder os quais afirma que esses não possuem o nível de consciência ecológica identificada pelos alunos, podendo perceber uma visão crítica por parte dos representantes do poder a respeito da temática, diferente dos discentes que dizem ter consciência, contudo suas práticas não condizem com a realidade. Acreditamos que se a Educação Ambiental fosse introduzida como componente curricular obrigatória essa poderia ser trabalhada de maneira mais direta e contundente a fim de formamos cidadãos verdadeiramente consciente da questão ambiental, uma vez que essa deve ir além dos muros da escola, a questão ambiental é uma questão também social, necessitamos de intervenções a nível global afim de todos contribuírem de maneira significativa para sustentabilidade.

Porquê ensinar sobre Religião na sala de aula?

A fala apresentada nesta mesa redonda pretende levantar a discussão sobre o que pode constituir um objeto capaz de justificar uma área de conhecimento, a saber, a ciência da religião, conferir rigor de ciência a seu discurso, e paralelamente justificar a urgência de disciplina inserida nos currículos escolares: O Ensino Religioso. Colocar esta questão em debate implica em chamar ao debate dos caminhos que devem ser construídos para falar-se com propriedade duma cientificidade do fato religioso. Como resposta a esta falta de cultura sobre o mundo das religiões, aliada ainda a uma nova necessidade cívica de equacionar o novo mundo do terrorismo e dos fundamentalismos religiosos, a religião na sala de aula revela-se cada vez mais como uma realidade que necessita de um amplo debate que responda e corresponda a alguns dos desafios mais prementes do nosso mundo.

Endangered Species, Provincialism, and a Continental Approach to Bird Conservation

I examined lists of endangered species from northeastern and midwestern United States to assess the extent to which they were dominated by species considered rare due to their vulnerability to anthropogenic stressors or, instead, by species whose rarity might be explained otherwise. Northeastern states had longer species lists than midwestern states, and more species associated with locally rare prairie habitats. More species at the edge of their geographic range appeared on lists from the Northeast than the Midwest. About 70% of listed species overall have shown either no significant population trend, or increases, at the continental scale, but wetland and prairie species were frequently listed, consistent with the generally acknowledged, widespread loss of these habitats. Curiously, midwestern states tended to list fewer forest species, despite evidence that forest fragmentation there has had strongly deleterious effects on regional bird populations. Overall, species appear to be listed locally for a variety of reasons not necessarily related to their risk of extinction generally, potentially contributing to inefficient distributions of limited resources to deal effectively with species that legitimately require conservation attention. I advocate a continental perspective when listing species locally, and propose enhanced criteria for characterizing species as endangered at the local level.

Mallard Use of Hen HousesTM in Eastern Ontario

Nesting structures for ground-nesting waterfowl may be an effective technique for increasing nesting success in regions in which nest success is below the 15% threshold needed to maintain a stable population. We studied the occupancy rate of artificial nesting structures called hen housesTM by Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) nesting in two different wetland habitats, beaver ponds and sewage lagoons, in eastern Ontario during 1999–2001. We hypothesized that, because natural cover was sparse on sewage lagoons, Mallards would occupy hen houses at a higher rate on sewage lagoons than on beaver ponds. However, of the 248 hen houses distributed between beaver ponds and sewage lagoons, none was occupied by waterfowl. Common Grackles (Quiscalus quiscula) were the only avian species that nested in hen houses. However, Mallards successfully nested directly under several structures (n = 6) when water levels were low enough to expose the ground beneath them. Mayfield daily nest survival estimates for Mallards nesting in natural cover were similar on sewage lagoons and beaver ponds for all years (mean = 0.99) and were higher than most published estimates. Factors such as nesting cover, predation pressures, and structure design and material may influence the use of artificial hen houses and should be considered when planning a hen house program outside of the Prairie Pothole Region.

Lesser Scaup Population Dynamics: What Can Be Learned from Available Data?

Populations of Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis) have declined markedly in North America since the early 1980s. When considering alternatives for achieving population recovery, it would be useful to understand how the rate of population growth is functionally related to the underlying vital rates and which vital rates affect population growth rate the most if changed (which need not be those that influenced historical population declines). To establish a more quantitative basis for learning about life history and population dynamics of Lesser Scaup, we summarized published and unpublished estimates of vital rates recorded between 1934 and 2005, and developed matrix life-cycle models with these data for females breeding in the boreal forest, prairie-parklands, and both regions combined. We then used perturbation analysis to evaluate the effect of changes in a variety of vital-rate statistics on finite population growth rate and abundance. Similar to Greater Scaup (Aythya marila), our modeled population growth rate for Lesser Scaup was most sensitive to unit and proportional change in adult female survival during the breeding and non-breeding seasons, but much less so to changes in fecundity parameters. Interestingly, population growth rate was also highly sensitive to unit and proportional changes in the mean of nesting success, duckling survival, and juvenile survival. Given the small samples of data for key aspects of the Lesser Scaup life cycle, we recommend additional research on vital rates that demonstrate a strong effect on population growth and size (e.g., adult survival probabilities). Our life-cycle models should be tested and regularly updated in the future to simultaneously guide science and management of Lesser Scaup populations in an adaptive context.

Agricultural Policy and Nest Success of Prairie Ducks in Canada and the United States

The Prairie Pothole Region of North America has been modified by agriculture during the past 100 yr, resulting in habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation that have reduced the abundance and productivity of many wildlife species. The 1985 U.S. Farm Bill provided economic incentives to agriculture that are considered by many to be beneficial to nesting waterfowl and other wildlife. Canada has not experienced an equally comprehensive legislative initiative, which would seem to indicate that benefits to waterfowl in Canada should lag behind those in the United States. However, with the removal of some agricultural subsidies in Canada during the 1990s, the amount of perennial cover in the Canadian prairies increased to levels similar to those of the 1970s. Therefore, it is unclear whether and how the U.S. and Canadian prairies might differ with regard to habitat quality for nesting waterfowl. We used historical and contemporary data to compare temporal trends in duck nest success between the United States and Canada and to assess how mean nest success varied with proportion of cropland and wetland density. The data best supported models with nonlinear temporal trends that varied between the two countries and suggested that mean nest success in Canada declined from its high point in 1930s and remained below the long-term value of 0.16 until the end of the time series in 2005. Mean nest success in the United States also declined from its high point in the 1930s, but increased to above the long-term value of 0.25 during the early 2000s. Mean nest success varied negatively with proportion of cropland in both the United States and Canada. Mean nest success was positively correlated with pond density at Canadian sites, but showed only a weak association with pond density at U.S. sites. All models explained the low proportions of the variation in nest success, suggesting that unmeasured factors such as the abundance and identity of nest predators may have strong effects on nest success. Nonetheless, these results support earlier suggestions that agricultural policy that encourages permanent cover positively influences duck reproductive success. We also found that, for reasons that are not entirely clear, nest success for the same intensity of row cropping was generally higher in the United States than in Canada. Further research is required to elucidate the exact nature of the composition, size, and distribution of permanent cover that coincides with greater average nest success by dabbling ducks in the United States. In addition, the data suggest that the benefits that might accrue from increases in the amount of perennial cover in Canada would be better realized if these efforts are accompanied by strong measures to conserve wetlands.

Relationships between Duck and Grassland Bird Relative Abundance and Species Richness in Southern Saskatchewan

Digital map products that integrate long-term duck population and land-use data are currently being used to guide conservation program delivery on the Canadian Prairies. However, understanding the inter-relationships between ducks and other grassland bird species would greatly enhance program planning and delivery. We hypothesized that ducks, and Northern Pintail (Anas acuta) in particular, may function as an umbrella guild for the overall breeding habitat quality for other grassland bird species. We compared grassland bird species richness and relative abundance among areas of low, moderate, and high predicted waterfowl breeding densities (i.e., duck density strata) in the southern Missouri Coteau, Saskatchewan. We conducted roadside point counts and delineated habitats within a 400 m radius of each point. The duck high-density stratum supported greater avian species richness and abundance than did the duck low-density stratum. Overall, duck and other grassland bird species richness and abundance were moderately correlated, with all r between 0.37 and 0.69 (all P < 0.05). Although the habitat requirements of Northern Pintail may overlap with those of other grassland endemics, priority grassland bird species richness was only moderately correlated with total pintail abundance in both years, and the abundances of pintail and grassland songbirds listed by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada were not correlated. No differences in the mean number of priority grassland species were detected among the strata. Adequate critical habitat for several priority species may not be protected if conservation is focused only in areas of moderate to high wetland density because large tracts of contiguous, dry grassland habitat (e.g., pasture) occur infrequently in high-quality duck habitat.

Nest Boxes Facilitate Local-Scale Conservation of Common Goldeneye (Bucephala clangula) and Bufflehead (Bucephala albeola) in Alberta, Canada

We tested the general predictions of increased use of nest boxes and positive trends in local populations of Common Goldeneye (Bucephala clangula) and Bufflehead (Bucephala albeola) following the large-scale provision of nest boxes in a study area of central Alberta over a 16-year period. Nest boxes were rapidly occupied, primarily by Common Goldeneye and Bufflehead, but also by European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris). After 5 years of deployment, occupancy of large boxes by Common Goldeneye was 82% to 90% and occupancy of small boxes by Bufflehead was 37% to 58%. Based on a single-stage cluster design, experimental closure of nest boxes resulted in significant reductions in numbers of broods and brood sizes produced by Common Goldeneye and Bufflehead. Occurrence and densities of Common Goldeneye and Bufflehead increased significantly across years following nest box deployment at the local scale, but not at the larger regional scale. Provision of nest boxes may represent a viable strategy for increasing breeding populations of these two waterfowl species on landscapes where large trees and natural cavities are uncommon but wetland density is high.

Use of Large Clear-Cuts by Wilson’s Warbler in an Eastern Canadian Boreal Forest

Wilson’s Warbler (Cardellina pusilla; WIWA) has been declining for several decades, possibly because of habitat loss. We compared occupancy of territorial males in two habitat types of Québec’s boreal forest, alder (Alnus spp.) scrubland and recent clear-cuts. Singing males occurred in clusters, their occupancy was similar in both habitats, but increased with the amount of alder or clear-cut within 400 m of point-count stations. A despotic distribution of males between habitats appeared unlikely, because there were no differences in morphology between males captured in clear-cuts vs. alder. Those results contrast with the prevailing view, mostly based on western populations, that WIWA are wetland or riparian specialists, and provide the first evidence for a preference for large tracts of habitat in this species. Clear-cuts in the boreal forest may benefit WIWA by supplying alternative nesting habitat. However, the role of clear-cuts as source or sink habitats needs to be addressed with data on reproduction.

An eclectic morphostratigraphic model for the sedimentary response to Holocene sea-level rise in northwest Europe

The improved empirical understanding of silt facies in Holocene coastal sequences provided by such as diatom, foraminifera, ostracode and testate amoebae analysis, combined with insights from quantitative stratigraphic and hydraulic simulations, has led to an inclusive, integrated model for the palaeogeomorphology, stratigraphy, lithofacies and biofacies of northwest European Holocene coastal lowlands in relation to sea-level behaviour. The model covers two general circumstances and is empirically supported by a range of field studies in the Holocene deposits of a number of British estuaries, particularly, the Severn. Where deposition was continuous over periods of centuries to millennia, and sea level fluctuated about a rising trend, the succession consists of repeated cycles of silt and peat lithofacies and biofacies in which series of transgressive overlaps (submergence sequences) alternate with series of regressive overlaps (emergence sequences) in association with the waxing and waning of tidal creek networks. Environmental and sea-level change are closely coupled, and equilibrium and secular pattern is of the kind represented ideally by a closed limit cycle. In the second circumstance, characteristic of unstable wetland shores and generally affecting smaller areas, coastal erosion ensures that episodes of deposition in the high intertidal zone last no more than a few centuries. The typical response is a series of regressive overlaps (emergence sequence) in erosively based high mudflat and salt-marsh silts that record, commonly as annual banding, exceptionally high deposition rates and a state of strong disequilibrium. Environmental change, including creek development, and sea-level movement are uncoupled. Only if deposition proceeds for a sufficiently long period, so that marshes mature, are equilibrium and close coupling regained. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

An application of the GLUE methodology for estimating the parameters of the INCA-N model

The conceptual and parameter uncertainty of the semi-distributed INCA-N (Integrated Nutrients in Catchments-Nitrogen) model was studied using the GLUE (Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation) methodology combined with quantitative experimental knowledge, the concept known as 'soft data'. Cumulative inorganic N leaching, annual plant N uptake and annual mineralization proved to be useful soft data to constrain the parameter space. The INCA-N model was able to simulate the seasonal and inter-annual variations in the stream-water nitrate concentrations, although the lowest concentrations during the growing season were not reproduced. This suggested that there were some retention processes or losses either in peatland/wetland areas or in the river which were not included in the INCA-N model. The results of the study suggested that soft data was a way to reduce parameter equifinality, and that the calibration and testing of distributed hydrological and nutrient leaching models should be based both on runoff and/or nutrient concentration data and the qualitative knowledge of experimentalist. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.