La traducción audiovisual en ETB2: Estudio descriptivo del género Western

360 p.

Estudio de la gestión de riesgo de crédito para empresas no financieras y propuesta de aplicación de una metodología de análisis de riesgo de crédito para los agentes de Western Union, para la empresa DHL Express Ecuador S.A. de la ciudad de Quito

El análisis del riesgo de crédito debe considerarse como un importante punto desencadenador de nuevas oportunidades de negocio para cualquier tipo de industria. Las características peculiares de cada tipo de emprendimiento despiertan varias incertidumbres en la administración, de este modo el reconocimiento profundo de los riesgos que se aceptan para impulsar las actividades comerciales es de interés relevante. El sector financiero a lo largo de la historia ha perfeccionado significativamente la administración de este riesgo, dado que es la razón de ser de su negocio, y para ellos han existido varios precedentes que le ha permitido tomar decisiones focalizadas al mejoramiento continuo de sus productos en pos de maximizar el valor de sus compañías. Para el sector comercial existe una desventaja comparativamente, que radica en el hecho de que no exista un marco normativo que regule el crédito que se concede a través la venta de sus productos o servicios, es decir que no existe un organismo que dicte normas claras de regulación y control. Se entiende como desventaja este hecho puesto que cada empresa deberá sentirse responsable de crear un modelo propio que se ajuste a sus necesidades de administración. A lo largo del presente estudio se analizan las similitudes y diferencias más significativas del manejo de este tipo de riesgo en dos sectores diferentes, el financiero y el comercial y se propone una metodología de administración de riesgo de crédito para una empresa comercial adoptando como mejores prácticas algunos de los lineamientos obligatorios para el sector financiero.

Vesper Sparrows and Western Meadowlarks Show a Mixed Response to Cattle Grazing in the Intermountain Region of British Columbia

Livestock grazing in the shortgrass steppe of the Intermountain region of British Columbia is predicted to have significant effects on grassland habitats and their associated ground-nesting bird communities. We tested whether grazed and ungrazed sites could be discriminated on the basis of their vegetation communities, whether the abundance of two ground-nesting bird species, Vesper Sparrow (Pooecetes gramineus) and Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta), differed between grazed and ungrazed sites, and whether vegetation variables found to differ between grazed and ungrazed plots could be used to predict the abundance of the two bird species at a fine scale. Grazed sites were easily distinguishable from a site that had been ungrazed for >30 years based on the structure and composition of their vegetation communities. However, more detailed grazing categories could not be distinguished on the basis of vegetation characteristics. Despite the existence of grazing effects on vegetation structure and composition, we found no consistent differences in abundance of Vesper Sparrows and Western Meadowlarks between the grazed and ungrazed sites. However, there was weak evidence that the abundance of both species was higher at fine-scale plots (100 m radius point count station) with less bare ground and taller vegetation. Bare ground cover was lower on grazed plots, but vegetation was taller on ungrazed plots. Combined, our results suggest that low intensity grazing leads to grassland habitat change with both negative and positive effects on Vesper Sparrows and Western Meadowlarks, resulting in no net change in their broad-scale abundance.

Breeding Biology of Grassland Birds in Western New York: Conservation and Management Implications

Declining grassland breeding bird populations have led to increased efforts to assess habitat quality, typically by estimating density or relative abundance. Because some grassland habitats may function as ecological traps, a more appropriate metric for determining quality may be breeding success. Between 1994 and 2003 we gathered data on the nest fates of Eastern Meadowlarks (Sturnella magna), Bobolinks (Dolichonyx oryzivorous), and Savannah Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis) in a series of fallow fields and pastures/hayfields in western New York State. We calculated daily survival probabilities using the Mayfield method, and used the logistic-exposure method to model effects of predictor variables on nest success. Nest survival probabilities were 0.464 for Eastern Meadowlarks (n = 26), 0.483 for Bobolinks (n = 91), and 0.585 for Savannah Sparrows (n = 152). Fledge dates for first clutches ranged between 14 June and 23 July. Only one obligate grassland bird nest was parasitized by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater), for an overall brood parasitism rate of 0.004. Logistic-exposure models indicated that daily nest survival probabilities were higher in pastures/hayfields than in fallow fields. Our results, and those from other studies in the Northeast, suggest that properly managed cool season grassland habitats in the region may not act as ecological traps, and that obligate grassland birds in the region may have greater nest survival probabilities, and lower rates of Brown-headed Cowbird parasitism, than in many parts of the Midwest.