Fracture surface, impact energy and hardness of Ni-free high-Mn steels

Two manganese steels were investigated: Fe-19.7%Mn (VM339A) and Fe-19.7%Mn stabilized with 0.056%C, 0.19%Ti and 0.083%Al (VM339B). The toughness of VM339A was higher than VM339B, but VM339B had higher hardness. Tempering does not affect the toughness of the alloys. SEM images of the fracture surface for both the alloys revealed ductile fractures. A further alloy with a lower manganese content, Fe-8.46%Mn-0.24%Nb-0.038%C, and thus even lower cost than the conventional 3.5Ni cryogenic steel, was tested for its impact toughness after heat treatment at 600°C, giving promising results.

A comparative study of qualitative immunochemical screening assays for the combined measurement of T-2/HT-2 in cereals and cereal-based products

Many different immunochemical platforms exist for the screening of naturally occurring contaminants in food from the low cost enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) to the expensive instruments such as optical biosensors based on the phenomenon of surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The primary aim of this study was to evaluate and compare a number of these platforms to assess their accuracy and precision when applied to naturally contaminated samples containing HT-2/T-2 mycotoxins. Other important factors considered were the speed of analysis, ease of use (sample preparation techniques and use of the equipment) and ultimately the cost implications. The three screening procedures compared included an SPR biosensor assay, a commercially available ELISA and an enzyme-linked immunomagnetic electrochemical array (ELIME array). The qualitative data for all methods demonstrated very good overall agreements with each other, however on comparison with mass spectrometry confirmatory results, the ELISA and SPR assay performed slightly better than the ELIME array, exhibiting an overall agreement of 95.8% compared to 91.7%. Currently, SPR is more costly than the other two platforms and can only be used in the laboratory whereas in theory both the ELISA and ELIME array are portable and can be used in the field, but ultimately this is dependent on the sample preparation techniques employed. Sample preparative techniques varied for all methods evaluated, the ELISA was the most simple to perform followed by that of the SPR method. The ELIME array involved an additional clean-up step thereby increasing both the time and cost of analysis. Therefore in the current format, field use would not be an option for the ELIME array. In relation to speed of analysis, the ELISA outperformed the other methods.

Characterization of novel Ag on TiO2 films for surface-enhanced Raman scattering

Novel Ag on TiO₂ films are generated by semiconductor photocatalysis and characterized by ultraviolet-visible (UV/Vis) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM), as well as assessed for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) activity. The nature and thickness of the photodeposited Ag, and thus the degree of SERS activity, is controlled by the time of exposure of the TiO₂ film to UV light. All such films exhibit the optical characteristics (λ_max ≅ 390 nm) of small (<20 nm) Ag particles, although this feature becomes less prominent as the film becomes thicker. The films comprise quite large (>40 nm) Ag islands that grow and merge with increasing levels of Ag photodeposition. Tested with a benzotriazole dye probe, the films are SERS active, exhibiting activity similar to that of 6-nm-thick vapordeposited films. The Ag/TiO₂ films exhibit a lower residual standard deviation (∼25%) compared with Ag vapor-deposited films (∼45%), which is, however, still unacceptable for quantitative work. The sample-to-sample variance could be reduced significantly (<7%) by spinning the film during the SERS measurement. The Ag/TiO₂ films are mechanically robust and resistant to removal and damage by scratching, unlike the Ag vapor-deposited films. The Ag/TiO₂ films also exhibit no obvious loss of SERS activity when stored in the dark under otherwise ambient conditions. The possible extension of this simple, effective method of producing Ag films for SERS, to metals other than Ag and to semiconductors other than TiO₂, is briefly discussed. 

Production of a monoclonal antibody and its application in an optical biosensor based assay for the quantitative measurement of Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5) in foodstuffs

Pantothenicacid (PA), vitamin B5, is an essential B vitamin that may be fortified in food and as such requires robust and accurate methods of detection to meet compliance legislation. This study reports the production and characterisation of the first monoclonalantibody (MAb) specific for PA and the subsequent development of a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensorassay for the quantification of PA. The developed assay was compared with an SPR based commercial kit which utilised a polyclonal antibody (PAb). Foodstuffs, including cereals (n = 43), infant formulas and baby food (n = 10) and fruit juices (n = 48) were analysed by both the MAb and PAb biosensorassays and comparison plots showed good correlation (R2 0.77–0.99). The results indicate that the MAb basedbiosensorassay is suitable for the measurement of PA in foodstuffs and has the added advantage of facilitating a constant, long term supply of identical antibody. Preliminary matrix studies suggest the MAb basedassay is an excellent candidate for further validation studies and routine quality assurance based analysis.

Modification of biomaterial surface characteristics by body fluids in vitro

In practice, polyvinyl chloride endotracheal tubes and polyurethane urinary catheters are located in areas where they are exposed to the conditioning fluids saliva and urine, respectively. Samples of both biomaterials were incubated in these conditioning fluids and, following treatment, dynamic contact angle measurement and surface roughness assessment by atomic force microscopy were used to analyse surface characteristics. Over a 24 h period of contact with the conditioning fluids, the surface of both materials became significantly more hydrophilic (p

Standardisation and comparison of methods employed for microbial cell surface hydrophobicity and charge determination

Whilst there are a number of methods available to characterise the cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) and cell surface charge (CSC) of microorganisms, there is still debate concerning the correlation of results between individual methods. In this study, the techniques of bacterial adherence to hydrocarbons (BATH) and hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HTC) were used to measure CSH. Electrostatic interaction chromatography (ESIC) and zeta potential (ZP) measurements were used to determine CSC. To allow meaningful comparisons between the BATH and HIC tests, between ESIC and ZP and also between CSH and CSC, the buffer systems employed in each test were standardised (phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.3, 0.01 mM). Isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis derived from microbial biofilm were used as the test organism in this study. The isolates examined exhibited primarily medium to high CSH and a highly negative CSC. Good correlation of CSH measurement was observed between the BATH and HIC tests (r = 0.89). Good correlation was observed between ESIC (anionic exchange column) and ZP measurements. No correlations were observed between isolate CSC and either increased or decreased CSH. It is recommended that whenever comparisons of various methods to determine either CSC or CSH (by partitioning methods), the buffer systems should remain constant throughout to achieve consistency of results.

Measurement and modelling of perceived slant in surfaces represented by freely viewed line drawings

Simple pictures under everyday viewing conditions evoke impressions of surfaces oriented in depth. These impressions have been studied by measuring the slants of perceived surfaces, with probes (rotating arrowheads) designed to respect the distinctive character of depicted scenes. Converging arguments indicated that the perceived orientation of the probes was near theoretical values. A series of experiments showed that subjects formed well-defined impressions of depicted surface orientation. The literature suggests that perceived objects might be flattened', but that was not the general rule. Instead, both mean slant and uncertainty fitted models in which slant estimates are derived in a relatively straightforward way from local relations in the picture. Simplifying pictures tended to make orientation estimates less certain, particularly away from the natural anchor points (vertical and horizontal). The shape of the object affected all aspects of the observed-object/percept relationship. Individual differences were large, and suggest that different individuals used different relationships as a basis for their estimates. Overall, data suggest that everyday picture perception is strongly selective and weakly integrative. In particular, depicted slant is estimated by finding a picture feature which will be strongly related to it if the object contains a particular regularity, not by additive integration of evidence from multiple directly and indirectly relevant sources.

Prediction of surface roughness during hard turning of AISI 4340 steel (69 HRC)

In this study, 39 sets of hard turning (HT) experimental trials were performed on a Mori-Seiki SL-25Y (4-axis) computer numerical controlled (CNC) lathe to study the effect of cutting parameters in influencing the machined surface roughness. In all the trials, AISI 4340 steel workpiece (hardened up to 69 HRC) was machined with a commercially available CBN insert (Warren Tooling Limited, UK) under dry conditions. The surface topography of the machined samples was examined by using a white light interferometer and a reconfirmation of measurement was done using a Form Talysurf. The machining outcome was used as an input to develop various regression models to predict the average machined surface roughness on this material. Three regression models - Multiple regression, Random Forest, and Quantile regression were applied to the experimental outcomes. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first to apply Random Forest or Quantile regression techniques to the machining domain. The performance of these models was compared to each other to ascertain how feed, depth of cut, and spindle speed affect surface roughness and finally to obtain a mathematical equation correlating these variables. It was concluded that the random forest regression model is a superior choice over multiple regression models for prediction of surface roughness during machining of AISI 4340 steel (69 HRC).

The nitric oxide ISO photocatalytic reactor system: Measurement of NOx removal activity and capacity

Although the NO removal-based air-purification ISO method ISO 22197-1:2007 is well established, its preconditioning requirements mean that only the initial activity of the photocatalyst under test is measured owing to the often-reported, gradual alteration of the surface kinetics for NO oxidation by air through the accumulation of surface HNO3. Herein, we compare the photocatalytic NO removal abilities of a number of different, common TiO2 materials, surface-saturated with photogenerated HNO3, with their behaviours observed during the typical 5 h-long ISO standard test. It is found that all the TiO2 materials studied eventually become largely NO to NO2 converters after sufficient exposure to NO under irradiation (>5 h) due to the accumulation of surface HNO3. The UV exposure time, t*, necessary to reach this HNO3 saturated condition is different for each different catalyst. As a consequence, an alternative preconditioning process for the ISO method is proposed which can be used to provide a more realistic measure of the photocatalytic activity of the underlying material and provide a measure of the NOx removing capacity of the photocatalytic material under test.

Measurement of Local Sodium Ion Levels near Micellar Surfaces with Fluorescent PET (Photoinduced Electron Transfer) Sensors

Na+ near membranes controls our nerve signals, besides several other crucial bioprocesses. We demonstrate that fluorescent PET (photoinduced electron transfer) sensor molecules target Na+ in nanospaces near micellar membranes with excellent discrimination against H+. They find that Na+ near anionic micelles is concentrated by factors of upto 160. Sensor molecules which are not held tight to the micelle surface find a Na+ amplification factor of 8 only. These findings are strengthened by the employment of control compounds whose PET processes are permanently ‘on’ or permanently ‘off’.

Resonantly loaded apertures for high-resolution near field surface imaging

A novel type of microwave probes based on the loaded aperture geometry has been proposed and experimentally evaluated for dielectrics characterisation and high-resolution near-field imaging. Experimental results demonstrate the possibility of very accurate microwave spectroscopic characterisation of thin lossy dielectric samples and biological materials containing water. High-resolution images of the subwavelength lossy dielectric strips and wet and dry leaves have been obtained with amplitude contrast around 10-20 dB and spatial resolution better than one-tenth of a wavelength in the near-field zone. A microwave imaging scenario for the early-stage skin cancer identification based on the artificial dielectric model has also been explored. This model study shows that the typical resolution of an artificial malignant tumour with a characteristic size of one-tenth of a wavelength can be discriminated with at least 6 dB amplitude and 50° phase contrast from the artificial healthy skin and with more than 3 dB contrast from a benign lesion of the same size. It has also been demonstrated that the proposed device can efficiently deliver microwave energy to very small, subwavelength, focal areas which is highly sought in the microwave hyperthermia applications.

Measuring underwater noise with high endurance surface and underwater autonomous vehicles

This paper describes the results of AcousticRobot'13 - a noise measurement campaign that took place off the Portuguese Coast in May 2013, using two high endurance autonomous vehicles capable of silent operation (an underwater glider and an autonmomous sailing vessel) equipped with hydrophones, and a moored hydrophone that served as reference. We show that the autonomous vehicles used can provide useful measurements of underwater noise, and describe the main advantages and shortcomings that became evident during the campaign.

Measurement of forces between and within bilayers of neutral phospholipids

Phospholipids in water form lamellar phases made up of alternating layers of water and bimolecular lipid leaflets. Three complementary methods, osmotic, mechanical, and vapour pressures, were used to measure the work of removing water from lamellar phases composed of frozen dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine ( DPPC ), melted DPPC, egg phosphatidylethanolamine or equimolar mixtures of DPPC and cholesterol ( DPPC/CHOL ), Concurrently the structural changes that resulted from this water removal were measured using X-ray diffraction. The work was divided into that which forces the bilayers together ( F ) and that which compresses the molecules together within the bilayers ( F )# A large repulsive force exists between bilayers composed of each of the lipids studied and this force increases exponentially as bilayer separation is decreased. F is affected by the nature of the head groups, conformation of the acyl chains and heterogeneity of these chains. In general all of the melted phosphatidylcholines ( melted DPPC, egg lecithin and DPPC/CHOL ) have large equilibrium separations in excess water resulting from large repulsive hydration forces between these bilayers. By comparison, egg PE has an increased attractive force, and frozen DPPC has a decreased hydration force; each results in smaller separations in water for these two lipids. The chemical potentials of the water between the bilayers for all these lipids lie on a continuum, indicating that interbilayer water cannot be characterized by two discrete states, usually referred to as "bound" or "non**bound". For all lipids studied a maximum of 25 % of the total work done on the system goes into deforming the bilayers. The method used here viii to separate repulsion from deformation, developed for us by v. A. Parsegian, provides a unique method for the measurement of lateral pressure of a bilayer and its modulus of deformability ( Y ). Lateral pressure is affected by the nature of the head group, conformation and heterogeneity of the acyl chains. For small changes in molecular surface area ( A ) near equilibrium, both melted and frozen DPPC have similar values for the deformability modulus. Thus in this regime it requires about the same force to change the angle of tilt of frozen chains as it does to compress the fluid bilayer. The introduction of cholesterol into bilayers of DPPC reduces dramatically the lateral pressure of the bilayers over a large range of molecular surface areas ( A ). The variation in the magnitude of bilayer repulsion with different phospholipids provides a basis for the mechanism of lipid segregation in mixed lipid systems and suggests that interacting heterogeneous membranes may influence or modulate the composition of the opposing membrane. The measurements of deformabilities of bilayers provides a direct comparison of them with the properties of monolayers.

Une nouvelle méthode de détection du glaucome par la mesure de l'asymétrie interoculaire : l’asymétrie du rapport de la surface neurorétinienne sur la surface du disque optique ou rim area to disc area asymmetry ratio (RADAAR)

Cette thèse constitue à la fois un apport de nature clinique et technologique dans l’approche diagnostique du glaucome. Plus précisément, nous nous proposons d’étudier une nouvelle façon de détecter le glaucome par la mesure de l’asymétrie du rapport de la surface de l’anneau neurorétinien et de la surface de la papille ou du disque optique ou rim to disc area asymmetry ratio (RADAAR). Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous avons recours à une base de données composée d’une population subdivisée en 4 différents groupes de diagnostic (normal, glaucome possible, glaucome probable et glaucome définitif). Les mesures du RADAAR sont calculées de différentes façons à partir des paramètres stéréométriques de la tête du nerf optique des sujets, produits par la microscopie confocale à balayage laser (Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT) (Heidelberg Engineering, Germany)). Nous procédons à une analyse de données grâce au logiciel SPSS où nous mettons en exergue la distribution du RADAAR dans les différentes populations, sa validité et son utilité dans le dépistage du glaucome. Nous enrôlons donc 523 sujets dans cette étude avec 82 sujets atteints de glaucome définitif. La moyenne d’âge est de 62 ans. Il y a plus de femmes que d’hommes et plus de Caucasiens que d’Africains Caribéens. Nous trouvons que la distribution de la mesure du RADAAR est différente des sujets d’un groupe de diagnostic à l’autre. En termes de performance, la sensibilité de la mesure du RADAAR est très basse c'est-à-dire que sa capacité de détecter la maladie est basse. En revanche la mesure du RADAAR est plus spécifique c'est-à-dire que sa capacité d’identifier les sujets exempts de la maladie est plus grande. Elle tendrait à être aussi plus performante chez les Africains Caribéens que chez les Caucasiens. De même, elle serait plus sensible chez les hommes que chez les femmes. La mesure du RADAAR est utile si on l’associe à une autre méthode de diagnostic comme l’analyse de Régression de Moorfields (MRA) incluse dans le logiciel du HRT3 spécialement lors de la détection du glaucome dans la population à haut risque. En définitive, nous déterminons que la mesure du RADAAR se veut un outil d’aide au diagnostic. Elle est particulièrement intéressante dans le contexte de dépistage de glaucome.