999 resultados para Tribunal Europeu dos Direitos do Homem


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L'informe es centra en la publicació científica especialitzada en l'àmbit temàtic propi de l'ETSETB: l'enginyeria de telecomunicacions i l'electrònica. Es comparen indicadors bibliomètrics de la UPC i l'ETSETB amb els d'altres universitats europees amb activitat de recerca notable en l'àrea de les telecomunicacions i l'electrònica.

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L'informe es centra en la publicació científica especialitzada en l'àmbit temàtic propi de l'ETSETB: l'enginyeria de telecomunicacions i l'electrònica. Es comparen indicadors bibliomètrics de la UPC i l'ETSETB amb els d'altres universitats europees amb activitat de recerca notable en l'àrea de les telecomunicacions i l'electrònica.

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Este trabalho foi desenvolvido em um pomar comercial do Pólo Agrícola Mossoró-Assu, localizado no município de Assu-RN. Teve como objetivo caracterizar e determinar o melhor estádio de maturação para a colheita de mangas 'Tommy Atkins' destinadas ao mercado Europeu. Os frutos foram marcados e avaliados aos 82 (E1), 89 (E2), 96 (E3) e 103 (E4) dias após a floração plena (DFP) e no estádio de colheita comercial (EC)., As avaliações foram feitas por ocasião da colheita e após 21 dias de armazenamento refrigerado (13 ± 1° C e 99 % UR). As variáveis analisadas foram cor da casca e da polpa do fruto, perda de massa, firmeza, sólidos solúveis totais (SST), acidez total titulável (ATT), relação SST/ATT, açúcares solúveis totais (AST), amido e atividade respiratória. Observou-se que, os picos climatéricos ocorreram aos 10 dias após a colheita nos frutos colhidos no estádio E2 e aos 7 dias nos colhidos nos estádios E3 e EC. Os frutos colhidos nos estádios E2, E3, E4 e EC amadureceram normalmente após 21 dias de armazenamento refrigerado. Sendo que os colhidos nos estádios E3 e EC se apresentaram muito semelhantes e alcançaram melhor qualidade, indicando que a colheita pode ser realizada nesses estádios, e que o período de 96 DFP pode ser considerado como mais um indicador do ponto de colheita.

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En les darreres dècades s'ha viscut una lenta però important reconceptualització social de la noció de patrimoni. Des d'una visió del patrimoni lligada a la idea de passat i de conservació, s'ha evolucionat cap a una visió dinàmica i funcional, més vinculada al present i a la idea d'utilització. Com a recurs amenaçat per les ràpides i intenses transformacions econòmiques, actualment el paisatge ha assolit una dimensió de patrimoni. Aquesta dimensió està reconeguda en la Convenció Europea del Paisatge, aprovada a Florència l'octubre del 2000, els principals objectius de la qual són la protecció i la gestió del paisatge, i el plantejament de la necessitat de promoure l'ensenyament en els diversos nivells educatius. Aquest article tracta el contingut de la Convenció i les seves implicacions en la didàctica del paisatge, tots exposant alguns dels resultats obtinguts en la investigació sobre didàctica del paisatge feta per l'autor en l"àmbit del Departament de Didàctica de les Ciències Socials de la Universitat de Barcelona.

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La innovació i metodologia a la Universitat dintre de l'Espai Europeu d'Educació Superior (EEES) implica un canvi en tres mirades: el paper del professorat universitari en l"ensenyament, el mitjà d"aprenentatge que es fa servir i el paper de l"alumnat a les aules. Encara que tot això no és nou, la implicació institucional que ocasiona l"EEES pot ser una oportunitat de reflexionar sobre això. Però perquè la innovació sigui una realitat no és suficient amb dir-ho sinó que s"haurien d"engegar diverses mesures: augmentar els recursos econòmics i humans; preocupar-se per la relació ensenyament-aprenentatge; modificar les relacions d"autoritat, saber i poder en els departaments; crear la possibilitat de formar-se i autoformar-se en la impartició docent de la disciplina, i especialitzar-se en l"oferta formativa.

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AIM: In the past few years, spectacular progress in neuroscience has led to the emergence of a new interdisciplinary field, the so-called "neurolaw" whose goal is to explore the effects of neuroscientific discoveries on legal proceedings and legal rules and standards. In the United States, a number of neuroscientific researches are designed specifically to explore legally relevant topics and a case-law has already been developed. In Europe, neuroscientific evidence is increasingly being used in criminal courtrooms, as part of psychiatric testimony, nourishing the debate about the legal implications of brain research in psychiatric-legal settings. Though largely debated, up to now the use of neuroscience in legal contexts had not specifically been regulated by any legislation. In 2011, with the new bioethics law, France has become the first country to admit by law the use of brain imaging in judicial expertise. According to the new law, brain imaging techniques can be used only for medical purposes, or scientific research, or in the context of judicial expertise. This study aims to give an overview of the current state of the neurolaw in the US and Europe, and to investigate the ethical issues raised by this new law and its potential impact on the rights and civil liberties of the offenders. METHOD: An overview of the emergence and development of "neurolaw" in the United States and Europe is given. Then, the new French law is examined in the light of the relevant debates in the French parliament. Consequently, we outline the current tendencies in Neurolaw literature to focus on assessments of responsibility, rather than dangerousness. This tendency is analysed notably in relation to the legal context relevant to criminal policies in France, where recent changes in the legislation and practice of forensic psychiatry show that dangerousness assessments have become paramount in the process of judicial decision. Finally, the potential interpretations of neuroscientific data introduced into psychiatric testimonies by judges are explored. RESULTS: The examination of parliamentary debates showed that the new French law allowing neuroimaging techniques in judicial expertise was introduced in the aim to provide a legal framework that would protect the subject against potential misuses of neuroscience. The underlying fear above all, was that this technology be used as a lie detector, or as a means to predict the subject's behaviour. However, the possibility of such misuse remains open. Contrary to the legislator's wish, the defendant is not fully guaranteed against uses of neuroimaging techniques in criminal courts that would go against their interests and rights. In fact, the examination of the recently adopted legislation in France shows that assessments of dangerousness and of risk of recidivism have become central elements of the criminal policy, which makes it possible, if not likely that neuroimaging techniques be used for the evaluation of the dangerousness of the defendant. This could entail risks for the latter, as judges could perceive neuroscientific data as hard evidence, more scientific and reliable than the soft data of traditional psychiatry. If such neuroscientific data are interpreted as signs of potential dangerousness of a subject rather than as signs of criminal responsibility, defendants may become subjected to longer penalties or measures aiming to ensure public safety in the detriment of their freedom. CONCLUSION: In the current context of accentuated societal need for security, the judge and the expert-psychiatrist are increasingly asked to evaluate the dangerousness of a subject, regardless of their responsibility. Influenced by this policy model, the judge might tend to use neuroscientific data introduced by an expert as signs of dangerousness. Such uses, especially when they subjugate an individual's interest to those of society, might entail serious threats to an individual's freedom and civil liberties.